重型颅脑损伤胃肠内营养并发症的护理

目的探讨颅脑损伤昏迷病人鼻饲并发症的原因和有效的预防及护理措施。方法对90例重型颅脑损伤病人（GCS≤8分）伤后或术后鼻饲的观察与分析，总结肠内营养并发症的观察和采取有效的护理措施。结果经采取针对性的护理措施，各项并发症均得到妥善处理。结论肠内营养时营养液的配置和灌注过程中的加强监护，密切观察并妥善处理各项并发症，能提高治疗效果，促进病人康复。     

两种鼻饲法用于重型颅脑损伤急性期肠内营养的并发症比较

目的 比较两种鼻饲法在重型颅脑损伤急性期患者早期肠内营养中并发症的发生情况,以提供更好的护理措施.方法 采用随机数字表将满足入选条件的重型颅脑损伤急性期患者122例分为观察组67例和对照组55例,观察组采用肠内营养泵24 h持续滴注法,对照组采用传统鼻饲法.观察21 d内患者胃肠道并发症和高血糖、吸入性肺炎等并发症的发生情况.结果 观察组胃肠道并发症发生率低于对照组,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 持续滴注鼻饲营养液能使重型颅脑损伤急性期患者顺利实施早期肠内营养,明显减少并发症的发生率.     

两种鼻饲法用于重型颅脑外伤患者的效果观察

目的探讨肠内营养泵持续恒温泵入鼻饲液用于重型颅脑损伤患者鼻饲的效果。方法将60例重型颅脑损伤患者按入院日单双号分为观察组30例和对照组30例。对照组应用注射器推注鼻饲液,观察组应用肠内营养泵恒温持续泵入鼻饲液。结果两组患者鼻饲并发症发生率比较,x2=4.344,P<0.05。结论给重型颅脑损伤患者鼻饲,采用肠内营养泵持续泵入,能降低并发症的发生。     

重型颅脑外伤患者胃肠内营养并发症的相关因素及护理

目的::探讨重型颅脑外伤患者胃肠内营养并发症发生的原因及护理方法。方法:回顾性分析191例重型颅脑损伤患者的临床资料,总结胃肠内营养并发症的预防及护理措施。结果:经给予针对性护理措施,各并发症均妥善处理。结论:胃肠内营养时营养液严格调配和管理,输注过程中加强监护并采取预见性护理,可有效预防胃肠内营养并发症。     

术后早期肠内营养支持对重型颅脑损伤开颅术患者的影响

目的:探讨重型颅脑损伤开颅患者术后早期给予肠内营养支持的效果及护理方法。方法:将128例重型颅脑损伤开颅术后患者随机分为实验组66例和对照组62例。对照组术后给予常规治疗、护理,实验组在此基础上给予早期鼻饲肠内营养液(安素),并做好专科护理。比较两组患者术后营养状况并发症及预后情况。结果:实验组术后各营养指标均明显优于对照组(P<0.05),并发症发生率及病死率明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:术后早期肠内营养支持有利于维护重型颅脑损伤开颅术患者胃肠道功能,合理的营养设计和护理能改善患者的营养状况及预后。     

重型颅脑损伤昏迷气管切开病人鼻饲的护理

重型颅脑损伤昏迷气管切开病人进行鼻饲肠内营养是较好的营养途径,对72例重型颅脑损伤昏迷气管切开病人进行护理,护理内容包括鼻饲管护理、病人护理及并发症护理.     

重型颅脑损伤患者两种鼻饲法肠内营养并发症的对比研究

目的探讨在重型颅脑损伤患者中合理应用营养输注泵对降低早期肠内营养并发症的价值。方法将89例颅脑损伤患者随机分为实验组和对照组。实验组46例,伤后早期即通过营养输注泵进行鼻饲肠内营养;对照组43例,按传统的方法给予鼻饲相同流质饮食。结果实验组胃肠功能障碍症状较对照组明显减少,可以较好耐受早期胃肠道营养。实验组肠内营养并发症,如腹泻、呕吐返流、血糖升高、误吸和堵管发生情况明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论应用营养输注泵实施持续滴注的早期肠内营养可以明显减少肠内营养并发症,使重型颅脑损伤患者的肠内营养支持更为安全、有效。     

重型颅脑损伤病人肠内营养支持的护理问题及对策

目的：分析重型颅脑损伤病人肠内营养支持存在的护理问题，提出对策。方法：分析病人的具体护理问题，制定个体化的喂养计划，并不断调整，选择适当的鼻饲方法，妥善解决各种问题。结果：通过护士认真观察、细致护理，肠内营养并发症的发生率明显降低。结论：在对颅脑损伤病人肠内营养支持治疗时，只要护理得当，采取有针对性的护理措施，可有效避免各项护理问题的发生。     

重型颅脑损伤早期肠内营养支持并发症原因分析与护理体会

目的：探讨重型颅脑损伤患者早期肠内营养支持常见并发症及护理方法。方法：对231例重型颅脑损伤患者给予伤后或术后48h开始肠内营养,密切观察营养支持后反应,做好腹泻、恶心、呕吐等并发症的护理。结果：231例患者腹泻106例,便秘56例,恶心71例,误吸5例,高糖血症28例。结论：重型颅脑损伤患者进行早期肠内营养支持期间,应做好各项护理措施,可预防并发症的发生,保证肠内营养支持安全与有效。     

两种鼻饲肠内营养法治疗重型颅脑损伤患者并发症的对比观察及护理措施

目的 探讨两种鼻饲肠内营养法治疗重型颅脑损伤患者的并发症发生情况及护理措施.方法 选取该院2014年9月~2016年9月收治的重型颅脑损伤患者160例,随机分为营养输注泵鼻饲肠内营养法组(研究组80例)和传统鼻饲肠内营养法组(对照组80例)两组,对两组患者的血糖水平、高血糖发生情况及发生时间、并发症发生情况进行统计分析.结果 两组患者治疗后的血糖水平显著低于治疗前(P<0.05),治疗前后两组患者的血糖水平之间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两组患者的高血糖发生率、高血糖发生时间的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);研究组患者的呕吐、反流、腹泻、便秘发生率均显著低于对照组(均P<0.05),但两组患者的吸入性肺炎发生率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 营养输注泵鼻饲肠内营养法治疗重型颅脑损伤患者的并发症发生率较传统鼻饲肠内营养法低,值得在临床推广使用.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.