上唇红唇缺损畸形修复手术方法的选择

目的探讨口轮匝肌/颊肌黏膜瓣在一期修复上唇红唇缺损畸形中的应用效果。方法根据红唇缺损部位及面积,在颊部设计蒂在口角内侧的颊肌黏膜瓣,或在下唇红唇设计蒂在口角内侧的红唇口轮匝肌黏膜瓣,深达肌肉浅层,通过局部旋转的方法一期修复上唇红唇缺损,供区直接缝合,重建红唇正常形态和功能。结果本组共16例患者,术后随访6~24个月。术后红唇形态饱满对称,口角无破坏,无开闭口功能障碍,供区瘢痕不明显。结论采用颊肌/红唇口轮匝肌黏膜瓣修复红唇缺损,血运可靠、操作简单、治疗周期短,可以根据患者具体特点选择适合的手术方式。     

应用下唇双蒂口轮匝肌黏膜瓣修复上唇红唇缺损畸形

目的探讨下唇双蒂口轮匝肌黏膜瓣修复上唇红唇缺损畸形的临床效果。方法根据红唇缺损量及部位,设计下唇口轮匝肌黏膜瓣的长度和宽度,双侧蒂部切口适当向口角内延伸,红唇复合组织瓣转位修复红唇缺损。结果本组8例患者术后口轮匝肌黏膜瓣血运良好,随访6~12个月,修复红唇饱满对称,口角形态自然,张口不受限,术区瘢痕不明显,上唇外观改善良好,下唇形态良好,无与手术相关的并发症发生。结论采用下唇双蒂口轮匝肌黏膜瓣修复上唇红唇缺损畸形具有手术操作简单,安全性高,切口隐蔽,修复效果好等优点,值得临床推广应用。     

相对唇粘膜口轮匝肌瓣修复口角红唇缺损

目的：为口角处红唇缺损的修复、提供一种简单有效的手术方法。方法：据唇红组织缺失大小,在缺损的红唇相对的唇粘膜设计蒂在同侧口角的唇粘膜口轮匝肌瓣,旋转至红唇缺损部位,唇粘膜口轮匝肌瓣供区直接拉拢缝合。结果：2009年以来,采用本术式共治疗上下唇近临口角处红唇缺损18例,随访3～6个月,所有唇粘膜口轮匝肌瓣全部成活,修复后的红唇形态及感觉良好。结论：唇部血运丰富,组织丰厚,口角的唇粘膜口轮匝肌瓣长宽比可适当增加,成活率高,简单易行,术后不需二期断蒂,减轻患者的痛苦,为临近口角处红唇缺损修复提供了较为理想的治疗方法。     

红唇复合组织瓣游离移植修复唇裂术后继发畸形

目的 探讨下唇红唇黏膜复合组织瓣游离移植矫正唇裂术后继发红唇组织缺损畸形的效果.方法 依据上唇红唇组织缺损量,切取下唇正中包括黏膜、黏膜下层及部分口轮匝肌的复合组织瓣,游离移植以矫治上唇红唇组织缺损.自2006年4月至2011年4月,共修复唇裂术后继发上唇红唇组织缺损患者37例.结果 本组37例患者,术后移植物成活良好,随访6～12个月,效果满意,供区瘢痕不明显.结论 下唇复合组织瓣游离移植修复唇裂术后继发上唇红唇组织缺损,方法简单,可利用组织量充足,瘢痕轻微;但不适用于因白唇组织缺损较多,上唇过紧的患者.     

缺损两侧的唇黏膜瓣在修复上唇中部红唇凹陷性缺损中的应用

目的探讨缺损两侧的唇黏膜瓣在上唇中部红唇凹陷性缺损畸形修复中的应用价值。方法在上唇中部红唇凹陷性缺损两侧，红唇与黏膜交界处内侧设计横行反向三角形黏膜瓣，两瓣共蒂于红唇凹陷部位。在缺损正中后部，黏膜瓣画线下方设计“人”形切口。沿设计线切开，掀起黏膜瓣，在该瓣下及两侧上唇切口下方稍加游离口轮匝肌．使其有一定移动度。将两侧口轮匝肌在掀起的黏膜瓣蒂下方正中处对拢缝合。然后将两侧黏膜瓣向下旋转90°，插入其下的“人”形切口内，使上唇中部组织量进一步增加，并加深唇龈沟，而两瓣移植后的共同蒂部“猫耳”正好形成唇珠，逐层缝合切口。结果共26例，其中双侧唇裂术后继发红唇缺损18例，尊侧唇裂术后继发红唇凹陷畸形4例，先天性4例，术后伤口均I期愈合。修复后红唇凹陷处饱满，唇珠明显，上唇外形满意，手术瘢痕小明显。结论应用缺损两侧的唇黏膜瓣转移修复上唇中部红唇凹陷性缺损畸形及唇珠再造，为同类组织修复，效果理想、操作简便、应用范围广泛，对任何原因引起的上唇中部红唇凹陷性缺损畸形均可应用。     

双侧“V”形唇红瓣联合口轮匝肌成形术修复双侧唇裂术后凹陷畸形

目的探讨双侧唇裂修复术后继发红唇凹陷畸形的有效矫治方法。方法本组患者26例,均为双侧唇裂一期手术后。术中,首先切除原有瘢痕,解剖分离出两侧口轮匝肌,重建连续的口轮匝肌肌环;然后在双侧红唇瓣上分别设计＂Y＂型切口,三角瓣尖端朝向中线;最后将双侧＂V＂型三角黏膜瓣向中线推进交叉缝合,重建唇珠。结果 26例患者红唇口哨畸形均得以矫正,上唇人中得以延长。所有患者术后随访3个月至2.5年,效果良好。结论在口轮匝肌重建基础上,应用＂V＂型皮瓣推进交叉成形术,是种操作简单、效果良好的修复双侧唇裂术后继发红唇凹陷畸形的方法 。     

应用颊肌黏膜瓣修复腭部缺损

目的 探讨应用颊肌黏膜瓣修复腭部缺损的方法 及效果.方法 修复腭裂时,设计蒂在后的颊肌黏膜瓣,通过翼下颌缝黏膜下隧道修复软硬腭口腔面缺损;腭部肿瘤切除后缺损时,则将该瓣直接转移修复;修补腭裂术后瘘孔时,以蒂在前的颊肌黏膜瓣,通过齿槽裂隙缺损直接覆盖修复.切取最大颊肌黏膜岛状瓣6.0 cm×3.5 cm(成人),供区松解直接闭合.结果 临床应用14例,除1例腭裂术后护理不当软腭有部分复裂,1例远端表皮轻度糜烂外,余12例组织瓣均完全成活.结论 该瓣能Ⅰ期修复腭部肿瘤切除后缺损,功能形态良好,且术后可尽早接受放射治疗,提高了远期疗效;同时对宽大腭裂或腭裂术后并发较大腭前瘘孔,也是一种新的修复术式,且为牙槽嵴裂修复预留软组织床.     

颊肌黏膜瓣在口腔癌术后软组织缺损修复中的应用

目的：探讨颊肌黏膜瓣在口腔癌术后软组织缺损修复中的应用价值。方法：连续性纳入2020年1月-2021年1月笔者医院收治的26例口腔癌患者,均进行病灶扩大切除术,术后根据缺损部位分别选择面动脉颊肌黏膜瓣(FAMM)、颊动脉颊肌黏膜瓣(BAMM)及面动脉岛状颊肌黏膜瓣(FAMMIF)进行修复重建,观察皮瓣存活率、修复手术时间、住院时间、修复效果及术后并发症情况。结果：26例患者中,8例采用FAMM修复,9例采用BAMM修复,9例采用FAMMIF修复。皮瓣成活率为88.46%(23/26),均为Ⅰ期愈合,修复手术时间为(3.04±0.52) h,住院时间为(13.27±2.20) d。修复后皮肤色泽评分为(8.48±0.55)分,创面美观评分为(8.60±0.79)分,颌面功能评分为(7.45±0.35)分。未发生血管危象、供区血肿及感染等术后并发症。结论：颊肌黏膜瓣对口腔癌术后软组织缺损的修复效果显著,皮瓣成活率高,安全性好。     

下唇血管的解剖学研究与下唇双蒂肌黏膜瓣的临床应用

目的研究应用下唇双蒂肌黏膜瓣修复上红唇黏膜缺损.方法通过对唇血管解剖学研究,设计、提起下唇双蒂肌黏膜瓣,修补上红唇黏膜缺损.结果采用下唇双蒂肌黏膜瓣修复上唇缺损8例患者,术后随访6个月至3年,肌黏膜瓣均全部成活,术后外形与功能均满意.结论下唇双蒂肌黏膜瓣血液供应充分,转移后易成活,具有良好的外形与功能,下唇未出现不对称畸形,对上、下唇较严重不协调、下唇肥大或缺损局限于红唇的患者,是一种较好的治疗方法.     

下唇血管的解剖学研究与下唇双蒂肌黏膜瓣的临床应用

目的研究应用下唇双蒂肌黏膜瓣修复上红唇黏膜缺损。方法通过对唇血管解剖学研究，设计、提起下唇双蒂肌黏占膜瓣，修补上红唇黏膜缺损。结果采用下唇双蒂肌黏膜瓣修复上唇缺损8例患者，术后随访6个月至3年，肌黏膜瓣均全部成活，术后外形与功能均满意。结论下唇双蒂肌黏占膜瓣血液供应充分，转移后易成活，具有良好的外形与功能，下唇未出现不对称畸形，对上、下唇较严重不协调、下唇肥大或缺损局限于红唇的患者，是一种较好的治疗方法．     

A new flap design for reconstruction of full-thickness defects of the lower lip: the extended upper lip island (EULI) flap.

The extended upper lip island (EULI) flap has two advantages. It provides a wide mucosal surface, like that of the facial artery musculomucosal flap and does not leave a pedicle across the mouth. Aesthetic results with the EULI flap are almost as good as those with the cross-lip flap. An 89-year-old woman presented with squamous cell carcinoma of the lower oral vestibule. Full-thickness lower lip resection and marginal mandibulectomy, including resection of the surrounding gingiva and mucosa, were performed. The defect was reconstructed with an EULI flap that included the facial artery and vein. There were no severe postoperative complications, but two mild complications did occur: mild congestion of the distal end of the skin paddle and mucosa for two days after surgery and partial paralysis of the orbicularis oris and levator anguli oris muscles. The EULI flap is useful for extended lower lip reconstruction.     

Combined tongue flap and V-Y advancement flap for lower lip defects.

A combined tongue flap and V-Y advanced flap were used for reconstruction of the lower lip after radical excision of squamous cell carcinoma. This V-Y advancement flap is useful because the procedure does not require any difficult technique, and preservation of the orbicularis oris muscle and the branch of the mental artery and nerve are possible. The vermilion is reconstructed with a tongue flap, with almost no disturbance in the patients' speaking or eating and satisfactory cosmetic results. We describe this procedure in two cases.     

Lip reconstruction with motor and sensory innervated composite flaps

Among the most elegant of recent flap refinements are innervated composite skin-muscle-mucosal flaps that restore the oral sphincter and carry both motor and sensory nerves. These flaps are based on the orbicularis oris, depressor anguli oris, and levator anguli oris perioral muscles of facial expression. Each flap can be dissected in a manner that allows transfer of the muscle into the oral sphincteric ring while restoring lip form and preserves the motor and sensory innervation. Each flap can be designed to carry skin and mucosa as needed for cover, lining, and vermilion reconstruction. Choice is determined by the specific anatomic lip defects. The orbicularis oris flap is most useful for large central defects of either the upper or lower lip. The depressor anguli oris flap is most useful for lateral lower lip defects or total lower lip reconstruction with bilateral flaps. The levator anguli oris is most useful for upper lip lateral element defects or for total upper lip restoration with bilateral flaps and an Abbe flap philtral reconstruction. Innervated composite flaps demonstrate substantial advantages when compared with preceding methods because of the superior function conveyed by the sphincter reconstruction and preserved motor and sensory nerve innervation.     

面横裂的功能性修复

目的:探讨面横裂功能性修复的手术方法。方法:10例单侧面横裂患者行患侧口角口轮匝肌环形重建及口角周围肌肉结构重建;口角红唇瓣返折插入对侧;口角皮瓣交叉缝合,重建患侧口角功能。结果:10例患者经采用此方法修复后双侧口角对称、运动时协调、自然,颊部丰满。结论:面横裂患者经患侧口角皮肤、粘膜及肌肉的功能性修复可以取得非常满意的手术效果。     

Inclusion of a skin strip into Goldstein's myomucosal flap for labial reconstruction.

Traumatic defects of the vermilion are often associated with defects of the adjacent skin. We present a case in which we reconstructed a combined labial defect, both mucosal and cutaneous, by means of a composite advancement flap consisting of orbicularis oris muscle, oral mucosa and underlying skin.     

The buccinator musculomucosal island flap for partial tongue reconstruction

BACKGROUND: Ideal tongue reconstruction after partial or total glossectomy should be accomplished with like tissue. The buccinator musculomucosal island flap is similar to lingual tissue, consisting of thin, pliable mucosa of mucus production, with high cell renewal rate and minimal scar formation, excellent color, contour, texture match, and buccinator muscle fibers over the flap's entire length, providing tongual muscle reconstruction without a conspicuous donor site. STUDY DESIGN: The buccinator musculomucosal island flap, based on the facial artery and vein, is designed in a shuttle or in a fish-mouth fashion, encompassing the oral commissure anteriorly. If the flap design is made in a three-leaf shape, a larger flap will be obtained without an oral corner deformity or mouth opening difficulty. The flap is safe and simple to raise. The pedicle of the flap is longer and quite reliable and has a wide range of applicability. The flap may be used for reconstruction of the partial glossectomy defect (tongual defect was not more than half a tongue). The surgeon must know about possible anatomic variations, especially in the venous system, and plan to raise a contralateral buccinator musculomucosal island flap if homolateral facial vascular variation jeopardizes the flap's survival. RESULTS: The flap was successfully used for partial tongue reconstruction in 16 patients, and all flaps have survived without complications. Satisfactory results (including configuration and function of the neotongue) were achieved. Electromyographic studies performed on one patient with half glossectomy revealed reinnervation of the muscle in the flap with active motion of the reconstructed tongue. CONCLUSION: The buccal musculomucosal island flap based on the facial artery and vein is a better reconstruction option with the same or similar kind of tissue as the tongue and, with the addition of the reinnervated flap, offers the potential for improved physiologic motion.     

以唇动脉为蒂的唇瓣修复中度和重度唇全层缺损

目的探讨中、重度全层唇缺损的修复方法.方法在缺损一侧或两侧(若缺损较大,一侧唇瓣不够用时)设计以唇动脉为蒂的唇瓣向缺损区推进转移修复全层唇缺损.若缺损较大,单纯用缺损两侧口唇组织仍不足以修复时,可将一侧唇瓣向外侧延伸绕过口角至另一侧上或下唇(根据缺损是在下唇或上唇),形成包括上下唇组织在内的大型唇瓣向缺损区推进修复缺损.若缺损为单纯的红唇缺损,唇瓣切口应沿唇弓设计.结果临床应用于67例,其中上唇38例,下唇29例.缺损最大水平宽度3.5 cm,最小1.6 cm.单纯红唇瓣20例,红白唇瓣47例.单侧唇瓣10例,双侧57例.所有唇瓣均全部存活,伤口Ⅰ期愈合,修复后的口唇丰满,外形满意.结论唇动脉血管恒定,唇瓣血供可靠,本法不仅能用于单纯红唇缺损的修复,还可广泛用于红、白唇同时缺损的修复,因是用同类组织修复,且组织量丰富,故术后能完全恢复口唇所特有的红、白唇结构及功能,是修复中、重度全层唇缺损的理想方法.     

Force balance reconstruction of the orbicularis oris in unilateral incomplete cleft lip

PurposeTo demonstrate a maneuver for achieving optimal force balance of reconstructed orbicularis oris during primary unilateral incomplete cleft lip reconstruction.MethodsThe surgical maneuver was performed as follows: the length of the orbicularis oris on the noncleft side is first isolated and adjusted to be equal to the length of the muscle on the cleft side. The remaining muscle from the noncleft side near the midline is used to fill in the vermilion tubercle, and finally, the two orbicularis oris muscles are sutured at the midline. Finite element analysis was utilized to model the biomechanics of our novel surgical method.ResultsFinite element analysis showed that when the lengths of two orbicularis oris muscles were the same after primary cleft lip repair, the stress on this muscle system was minimized under different lip conformations. Seventeen cleft lip patients were enrolled to receive reconstruction with this new maneuver. Significant differences were found in (1) noncleft/cleft alar base width, nasal dorsum angle, columella length relationship between two sides, and columella angle under the comparison between preoperative and postoperative; (2) noncleft/cleft alar base width, nasal dorsum angle, and columella angle under the comparison between preoperative and follow-up; and (3) columella length relationship between two sides under the comparison between postoperative and follow-up.ConclusionForce balance of the orbicularis oris muscles is important during unilateral incomplete cleft lip repair. This surgical maneuver for achieving force balance of the orbicularis oris and the muscle system of the lips is easy to perform and can help avoid relapses.