东茛菪碱对吗啡依赖大鼠条件位置性偏爱激活的抑制作用

目的：观察东莨菪碱（Scopolamine，Sco）对吗啡（Morphine，Mor）依赖大鼠条件位置性偏爱激活的抑制作用。方法：以剂量递增连续皮下（SC）给吗啡6天建立吗啡诱导大鼠条件位置性偏爱（CPP）模型，第7天用生理盐水替代吗啡训练大鼠10天，使形成的CPP逐渐消退，单次SC4mg／kg吗啡激发消退的CPP。部分大鼠在注射吗啡前30分钟分别腹腔注射（ip）Sco（1mg／kg、2mg／kg、3mg／kg）。观察东莨菪碱对吗啡依赖大鼠在伴药箱停留时间的变化。结果：与Mor依赖组相比在SC4mg／kgMor引燃刺激前30min应用Sco 1mg／kg、2mg／kg、3mg／kg均可以使大鼠在伴药箱停留时间缩短（P〈0．05）。结论：Sco一定程度上抑制Mor引燃的Mor依赖大鼠的条件位置性偏爱激活。     

褪黑素对吗啡依赖大鼠复吸行为的抑制作用

目的 :研究褪黑素对吗啡依赖大鼠复吸行为的抑制作用。方法 :以剂量递增法连续皮下注射 (sc)吗啡 6d建立吗啡诱导的大鼠条件性位置偏爱 (CPP)模型 ,d7用生理盐水替代吗啡训练大鼠 10d ,以使形成的CPP逐渐消退。单次sc 4mg·kg- 1 吗啡以唤起消退的CPP的恢复。部分大鼠在注射吗啡前 30min分别腹腔注射 (ip)褪黑素 2 0、4 0和 80mg·kg- 1 进行治疗。结果 :与吗啡依赖组相比 ,在sc 4mg·kg- 1 吗啡引燃刺激前 30min应用褪黑素 4 0和 80mg·kg- 1 急性治疗 ,可以使大鼠在伴药箱的停留时间明显缩短 ,(P <0 0 5、P <0 0 1) ;而褪黑素 2 0mg·kg- 1 急性治疗亦使大鼠在伴药箱的停留时间缩短 ,但无统计学意义 ,P >0 0 5。结论 :褪黑素在一定程度上可以抑制吗啡引燃的吗啡依赖大鼠的复吸行为     

吗啡不同剂量和给药时程对建立大鼠条件性位置偏爱模型的影响

目的：比较吗啡不同给药剂量及不同给药时程对建立大鼠条件性位置偏爱（cPP）模型的影响，用于建立满意的CPP模型。方法：分别采用15mg／kg吗啡连续颈背部皮下注射（SC）6d，10mg／kg吗啡连续颈背部皮下注射（SC）6d、8d、10d进行CPP训练，测定大鼠在伴药箱停留的时间。结果：与对照组比较，15mg／kg吗啡6d组、10mg／kg吗啡8d组和10mg／kg吗啡10d组大鼠在伴药箱停留的时间均明显延长（P〈0．05），诱导大鼠CPP建立，三组大鼠在伴药箱停留时间比较差异无统计学意义；10mg／kg吗啡训练大鼠6d后，与相应的生理盐水对照组比较，大鼠在伴药箱停留时间差异无统计学意义，未能诱导CPP形成。结论：大鼠在用10mg／kg吗啡训练8d、10d及15mg／kg吗啡训练6d后，均可诱导大鼠CPP形成，但10mg／kg吗啡训练8d建立的CPP模型较满意。     

吗啡依赖大鼠皮质内BDNF和即早基因c-fos的表达

目的 建立大鼠条件性位置偏爱(CPP)模型,探讨脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)和即早基因c-fos在大鼠吗啡精神依赖中所起的作用.方法 大鼠连续6d腹腔注射吗啡mg/kg·d-1,诱导吗啡CPP形成.免疫组化法测定大鼠皮质内BDNF和C-fos的表达.结果 经6d吗啡训练后,吗啡组在伴药侧的停留时间较对照组显著增加(P...     

α-芋螺毒素TxIB抗药物依赖的初步探索

目的 探究作用于α6/α3β2β3烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nAChRs)的α-芋螺毒素TxIB对吗啡/尼古丁诱导条件性位置偏爱(CPP)的影响,为进一步设计筛选抗药物依赖的芋螺毒素提供理论和实验依据。方法 选用SPF级雄性C57BL/6小鼠,采用皮下注射吗啡(5 mg/kg)或尼古丁(0.5 mg/kg)建立CPP模型。侧脑室注射不同剂量的α-芋螺毒素TxIB,记录小鼠在伴药箱的停留时间。结果 皮下注射吗啡(5 mg/kg)或尼古丁(0.5 mg/kg)均可成功建立CPP模型,经侧脑室注射不同剂量的TxIB后测值,发现TxIB能显著性抑制吗啡/尼古丁诱导小鼠CPP的表达(P<0.05),且存在剂量依赖性效果。侧脑室注射最高剂量TxIB(10 nmol)对生理盐水对照组小鼠在伴药箱停留时间无影响(P>0.05)。结论 α-芋螺毒素TxIB可以抑制吗啡/尼古丁诱导小鼠CPP的表达,有望进一步开发成为戒烟戒毒的候选新药。     

大鼠相关脑区p—CREB和c—Fos在吗啡点燃条件性位置偏爱条件下的变化

目的：研究磷酸化cAMP反应元件结合蛋白（phospho—cAMP response element binding protein,p-CREB）和c-Fos在吗啡点燃条件性位置偏爱激活大鼠海马、杏仁核表达的变化。方法：以剂量递增连续皮下（s．c．）注射吗啡6d建立吗啡诱导大鼠条件位置性偏爱（conditionedplacepreference,CPP）模型,第7天用生理盐水替代吗啡训练大鼠10d,使CPP消退,单次s．c．吗啡（4mg／kg）激发已消退的CPP。采用免疫组化技术测定吗啡激发CPP重现时大鼠海马、杏仁核p-CREB和c—Fos的变化。结果：吗啡可使大鼠产生CPP效应,吗啡4mg／kg可使已消失的CPP效应激活;吗啡诱发CPP激活时大鼠海马、杏仁核p-CREB和c—Fos的表达增加。结论：海马、杏仁核p-CREB和c—Fos蛋白的表达参与了吗啡点燃CPP重现。     

东莨菪碱对吗啡诱发条件位置性偏爱重现大鼠杏仁核p-CREB及c-Fos表达的影响

目的：探讨东莨菪碱对吗啡诱发条件位置性偏爱（conditioned place preference,CPP）重现大鼠杏仁核（amygdala nucleus,Amy）cAMP反应元件结合蛋白（phospho-cAMP response element binding protein,p-CREB）和c-Fos表达的变化。方法：以剂量递增法建立大鼠CPP模型,生理盐水替代吗啡训练大鼠,使形成的CPP逐渐消退,小剂量吗啡激活已消退的CPP。采用免疫组化技术测定不同剂量东莨菪碱对吗啡诱发CPP重现时大鼠杏仁核p-CREB和c-Fos的变化。结果：东莨菪碱可抑制吗啡点燃诱发大鼠CPP重现行为;并可减少吗啡诱发的CPP重现时大鼠杏仁核p-CREB和c-Fos的表达。结论：东莨菪碱对小剂量吗啡诱发吗啡依赖大鼠CPP重现行为的抑制作用可能与其抑制大鼠杏仁核p-CREB和c-Fos蛋白表达有关。     

丹参、黄芪小复方对吗啡依赖小鼠复吸行为的抑制作用

目的:研究丹参、黄芪小复方抑制吗啡依赖小鼠复吸行为的药理作用。方法:利用条件性位置偏爱(conditioned place preference,CPP)的方法,建立吗啡精神依赖小鼠复吸模型,给予丹参、黄芪小复方,研究其对吗啡依赖小鼠复吸行为的作用。结果:与吗啡对照组比较,在sc小剂量(3mg·kg-1)吗啡引燃刺激前30min应用丹参、黄芪小复方60、120mg·kg-1急性治疗,可以使小鼠在伴药箱停留时间显著缩短(P<0.05);而丹参、黄芪小复方30mg·kg-1急性治疗使小鼠在伴药箱停留时间有一定程度缩短,但无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:丹参、黄芪小复方在一定程度上可以抑制吗啡引燃的吗啡依赖小鼠的复吸行为。     

一种可以使动物同时产生条件性位置偏爱和偏恶的实验模型

目的:采用一种全新的条件性位置偏爱装置,探索一种可以使动物同时产生奖赏和厌恶记忆的实验模型。方法:使用一种全新的条件性位置偏爱箱,其独特的"Y"字形结构具有三个方向的开口,可以使动物向三个方向进行探索,同时进行两种药物的训练。采用大鼠蔗糖-奎宁自然奖赏和厌恶、甲基苯丙胺-氯化锂以及吗啡-氯化锂药物奖赏和厌恶同时建立动物的条件性位置偏爱以及偏恶模型。结果:(1)在蔗糖-奎宁试验中,大鼠在伴蔗糖箱中的停留时间明显高于伴去离子水箱(P<0.05),在伴奎宁箱中停留时间明显低于伴去离子水箱(P<0.01)。(2)在甲基苯丙胺-氯化锂试验中,大鼠在甲基苯丙胺伴药箱停留时间明显高于生理盐水伴药箱(P<0.05),大鼠在氯化锂伴药箱停留时间明显低于生理盐水伴药箱(P<0.05)。(3)在大鼠吗啡-氯化锂条件位置偏爱实验中,大鼠在吗啡伴药箱停留时间明显高于生理盐水伴药箱(P<0.01),在氯化锂伴药箱停留时间明显低于生理盐水伴药箱(P<0.001)。结论:该新型实验装置可以使动物同时产生条件性位置偏爱和位置偏恶,可以建立动物同时具有奖赏记忆和厌恶记忆的实验模型。     

不同给药时间间隔对吗啡诱导的条件性位置偏爱的影响

目的:比较两种不同给药时间间隔的实验方案对大鼠吗啡条件性位置偏爱(CPP)的影响。方法:采用三箱式非平衡设计的CPP装置,在实验方案1中,吗啡组大鼠注射吗啡(10 mg.kg-1.d-1,ip)后放入伴药箱50 min,间隔6 h后注射同等剂量的生理盐水后放入非伴药箱50 min,共12 d,检测期检测13 d。实验方案2中,奇数天给吗啡组大鼠注射吗啡(10 mg.kg-1,ip),偶数天注射同等剂量的生理盐水,共8 d,在检测期不定期地把大鼠放入到CPP箱中进行检测。结果:两种实验方案的吗啡组大鼠在伴药箱停留的时间均明显多于生理盐水对照组(P<0.01,P<0.01);自然戒断后,实验方案1和实验方案2中吗啡组大鼠的CPP维持分别为5 d和42 d。结论:两种实验方案均能有效建立大鼠吗啡CPP模型,而实验方案2更经济、省时,可提高实验效率。     

Reactivation of morphine conditioned place preference by drug priming: role of environmental cues and sensitization

RATIONALE: Relapse is a major characteristic of drug addiction and remains the primary problem in treating drug abuse. Despite a great deal of research, the exact factors that determine renewed drug-seeking and persistent craving for them remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to evaluate the role of environmental cues and behavioral sensitization in reactivation of place preference following long-term extinction of morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats. METHODS: After being injected with morphine and saline alternately for 6 days to induce morphine CPP, the rats were subjected to extinction of conditioning for 21 days. The rats were then administered various doses of morphine, heroin, or cocaine and confined in the previous drug- or saline-paired compartment. CPP was determined. Some rats were treated with scopolamine or naloxone prior to administration of these three drugs. RESULTS: Morphine CPP disappeared following a 21-day extinction. A single injection of morphine, heroin, or cocaine evoked place preference for the previous drug-paired side. However, place preference for the previous vehicle-paired side was induced after the animals received a single injection of morphine, heroin or cocaine and confined to the previous vehicle-paired compartment. Administration of naloxone prior to drug treatment significantly attenuated the place preference induced by morphine or heroin, but had no significant effect on the place preference elicited by cocaine. Administration of the cholinergic antagonist scopolamine before morphine, heroin and cocaine inhibited the expression of place preference. CONCLUSIONS: Environment-related cues and behavioral sensitization play critical roles in the incentive motivation underlying drug-seeking behaviors.     

Effects of beta-funaltrexamine and naloxonazine on single-trial morphine-conditioned place preference and locomotor activity

The current study assessed the ability of the selective irreversible mu-opioid receptor antagonists beta-funaltrexamine (betaFNA) and naloxonazine (NALZ) to alter the locomotor and rewarding effects of a single intravenous injection of morphine using the conditioned place preference (CPP) model. In the first experiment, rats were conditioned with a single injection of morphine (10 mg/kg iv) paired with one compartment of a CPP apparatus and then were tested for CPP at either 1 or 7 days after conditioning. Rats showed hypoactivity following acute morphine on the conditioning trial and showed CPP when tested either 1 or 7 days later. In the next experiments, rats were pretreated with betaFNA (20 mg/kg sc, 20 h before conditioning), NALZ (15 or 30 mg/kg sc, 24 h before conditioning) or saline and then were conditioned with a single injection of morphine (10 mg/kg iv) or saline. Pretreatment with NALZ alone, but not betaFNA, significantly decreased locomotor activity; neither antagonist alone produced a significant shift in preference for either compartment of the CPP apparatus. Pretreatment with either betaFNA or NALZ blocked completely morphine-induced hypoactivity, but neither antagonist had a significant effect on morphine CPP. These results indicate that mu-opioid receptors are more critically involved in acute morphine-induced hypoactivity than in acute morphine reward.     

The effect of L-stepholidine, a novel extract of Chinese herb, on the acquisition, expression, maintenance, and re-acquisition of morphine conditioned place preference in rats

The effect of L-stepholidine (SPD), a novel alkaloid extract of the Chinese herb Stephania with partial dopamine D1 receptor agonistic and D2 receptor antagonistic dual actions, on morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) was studied. Daily injection of morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) for 6 days induced CPP in rats, and daily treatment with SPD at 10 or 20 mg/kg before morphine injection dose-dependently attenuated morphine-induced CPP. On the day following acquisition of morphine CPP, a single administration of SPD at 10 or 20 mg/kg failed to block the expression of CPP. However, daily administration of SPD at 20 mg/kg for 7 days attenuated the maintenance of CPP. Morphine-induced CPP extinguished after a 21-day saline training and then a single injection of morphine (3 mg/kg, i.p.) induced re-acquisition of morphine CPP; however, pretreatment with SPD at 10 or 20 mg/kg 30 min before morphine injection dose-dependently blocked morphine (3 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced re-acquisition of morphine CPP. Furthermore, our data indicate that SPD had no effect on food-induced CPP or state-dependent learning, suggesting that the observed effect of SPD does not result from an inhibition of general learning ability. These results demonstrate that SPD can inhibit acquisition, maintenance, and re-acquisition of morphine conditioned place preference and suggest its potential for treatment of opioid addiction.     

Effects of scopolamine and ketamine on reconsolidation of morphine conditioned place preference in rats

Persistent memory associated with addictive drugs contributes to the relapse of drug abuse. The current study was conducted to examine the effects of scopolamine and ketamine on reconsolidation of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). In experiment 1, after morphine CPP was acquired, rats were injected with ketamine (60 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and scopolamine (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), respectively, after reexposure to an earlier morphine-paired context or in their home cages. The CPP was reassessed 24 and 48 h after reexposure. An additional group of rats received saline following reexposure to the earlier morphine-paired context. In experiment 2, two groups of rats were only given saline during the CPP training and subsequent administration of ketamine or scopolamine during the reexposure. In experiment 1, rats failed to exhibit morphine CPP when ketamine and scopolamine were administered only after reexposure to a morphine-paired context. CPP was not abolished by ketamine or scopolamine administration in the animals' home cages. Also, the animals receiving only saline injections showed strong morphine CPP 24 h after a short exposure to the morphine-paired context. In experiment 2, ketamine or scopolamine treatment alone did not induce CPP or aversion. Administration of scopolamine and ketamine, after reexposure to a drug-paired context, resulted in the disruption of morphine CPP, suggesting the potential effects of scopolamine and ketamine in disrupting memory associated with environmental cues and addictive drugs.     

吗啡依赖对大鼠不同脑区内神经甾体水平的影响

目的建立大鼠条件性位置偏爱(CPP)模型，探讨吗啡精神依赖对大鼠脑内神经甾体水平的影响。方法 大鼠连续10 d腹腔注射吗啡5 mg·kg^-1，诱导CPP形成。高效液相色谱-质谱法测定大鼠伏隔核、杏仁核、下丘脑和血浆中脱氢表雄酮、孕烯醇酮、别孕烯醇酮、脱氢表雄酮硫酸酯及孕烯醇酮硫酸酯的含量。结果经10 d吗啡训练后，吗啡组大鼠在伴药侧的停留时间显著长于对照组，吗啡诱导的大鼠CPP形成。与对照组相比，吗啡组大鼠下丘脑内孕烯醇酮明显降低，伏隔核和血浆中的脱氢表雄酮明显降低。结论吗啡诱导CPP形成，吗啡处理影响大鼠脑内某些神经甾体的水平，表明内源性神经甾体可能参与吗啡依赖的形成。