胸腺少见原发性恶性肿瘤的CT表现

目的探讨胸腺少见原发性恶性肿瘤的CT表现特点。方法对经病理证实的10例胸腺少见原发性恶性肿瘤的CT表现进行回顾性分析,并结合文献分析胸腺少见原发性恶性肿瘤的CT表现特点。结果 (1)胸腺原始神经外胚层肿瘤1例,平扫以囊性低密度为主,可见索条状分隔影,无钙化;增强扫描,囊状低密度区无强化,索条状分隔影呈轻度强化,可见血管影穿行于瘤体内。(2)胸腺类癌3例,平扫瘤体密度不均匀,内部见小囊状低密度区,无钙化;增强扫描,肿瘤呈中度不均匀强化,囊状区未见强化,瘤内均可见多发细条状血管影。(3)胸腺鳞癌6例,平扫瘤体密度不均匀,均见囊性低密度区,2例瘤内见斑点状钙化影;增强扫描,肿瘤呈中度不均匀强化,囊状区无强化,2例瘤内见细条状血管影。结论胸腺少见原发性恶性肿瘤术前极易误诊,CT增强扫描能较好地显示肿瘤的内部结构,明确受侵范围,有助于判断手术的可切除性,确诊仍需依靠病理检查。     

肝脏少见恶性肿瘤的CT表现

目的 分析5例不同组织类型的肝脏少见恶性肿瘤的CT表现，以提高对这些恶性肿瘤的识别能力。方法 经临床和病理证实的肝脏少见恶性肿瘤5例，均行CT检查，其中肝肉瘤3例(包括血管肉瘤1例，恶性间叶瘤1例，恶性纤维组织细胞瘤1例，类癌2例)。结果 上述肝脏恶性肿瘤表现多样化，恶性间叶瘤以儿童肝内巨大单发囊性为主病灶；肝血管肉瘤表现为肝内多发境界清楚的低密度灶，可合并坏死、囊变及新鲜出血，无肝硬化基础；恶性纤维组织细胞瘤为肝右叶单发巨块低密度病灶，可伴纤维分隔，免疫组织化学标记具有诊断价值；类癌CT特征为肝内单发或多发病灶，密度不均匀，呈单房或多房，增强表现实质部分强化，伴类癌综合征时更具有诊断价值。结论 本组分析的5例肝脏恶性肿瘤临床均较少见，各种病理类型的此类肿瘤有其相似和不同的CT征象，结合临床及实验室检查，应在临床诊断中考虑到上述肿瘤的可能，以免漏诊或误诊。     

成人原发性肝脏肉瘤的螺旋CT诊断

目的分析7例成人原发性肝脏肉瘤的螺旋CT表现,探讨CT对其诊断价值。资料与方法回顾性分析7例经手术病理证实的成人原发性肝肉瘤的CT征象,所有病例均行平扫及增强检查,其中肝血管内皮肉瘤、恶性间叶瘤、癌肉瘤各1例,平滑肌肉瘤4例。结果原发性肝肉瘤分血管及非血管源性两大类,均无肝硬化基础。血管源性（肝血管内皮肉瘤）表现为肝内多发低密度灶,强化明显,非血管源性（恶性间叶瘤）表现为肝内巨大单发囊性病灶,增强囊壁和分隔明显强化;癌肉瘤表现为混杂密度肿块伴有坏死囊变,增强实质部分强化;平滑肌肉瘤表现为肝内巨大低密度病灶,可伴有囊变及钙化,增强见边缘强化。结论成人原发性肝肉瘤的螺旋CT表现与病理类型有关,典型CT征象结合临床有助于对其诊断,确诊需依靠病理及免疫组织化学检查。     

肾脏少见原发性恶性肿瘤的CT表现

目的:探讨肾脏少见原发性恶性肿瘤的CT表现特点。方法:对经病理证实的9例肾脏少见原发性恶性肿瘤的CT表现进行回顾性分析,并结合文献分析肾脏少见原发性恶性肿瘤的CT表现特点。结果:类癌1例,平扫肿瘤呈不均匀等低密度,边界不清,瘤体大部突出于肾外,增强扫描肿瘤呈轻中度不均匀强化,病灶内部可见线条状强化血管影穿行。成人肾母细胞瘤2例,CT平扫肿瘤与周缘组织分界较清,见假包膜,瘤内见低密度囊变坏死区及斑片状稍高密度出血影,增强扫描病灶实质部分明显强化,肿瘤周缘见少量不规则强化血管影。恶性纤维组织细胞瘤2例,CT平扫肿瘤边界不清,瘤内见片状密度减低区,增强扫描肿瘤明显强化。平滑肌肉瘤4例,CT平扫肿瘤呈等低混杂密度,边界模糊,瘤内见片状密度减低区;增强扫描肿瘤呈轻-中度强化,其中2例表现为延迟强化。结论:肾脏少见原发性恶性肿瘤术前极易误诊,结合临床资料、发病率及影像表现可以提高诊断准确率,确诊仍需依靠病理检查。     

小肠平滑肌类来源肉瘤肝转移CT及血管造影表现(附7例报告)

目的　分析小肠平滑肌类来源肉瘤肝转移的CT表现和肝动脉造影表现。材料与方法　回顾性分析 7例小肠平滑肌类肉瘤肝转移病例 ,肝脏转移肿瘤共 46个。 7例均行肝脏CT三期扫描和肝动脉造影。结果　肝脏转移病灶CT平扫呈低密度实性或囊实性占位。肿瘤膨胀生长 ,与周围肝实质分界清楚。动脉期增强扫描肿瘤实质部分明显强化 ,门脉期与周围肝实质强化差异缩小。肿瘤囊变坏死区无强化。肝动脉造影示转移肿瘤血管和染色丰富。结论　小肠平滑肌类来源肉瘤肝转移以肝动脉供血为主 ,为富血供肿瘤 ,类似于肝细胞癌。肿瘤多伴有明显囊变坏死     

CT finding of rare primary malignant tumor of the liver

目的:探讨肝脏少见原发性恶性肿瘤的CT表现特点.方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的8例肝脏少见原发性恶性肿瘤的CT表现并复习相关文献.结果:血管肉瘤3例(巨块结节型2例,弥漫多结节型1例),平扫呈不均匀低密度,2例内部见云絮状稍高密度影;增强扫描动脉期,巨块结节型主灶呈斑片状不均匀强化,弥漫多结节型呈结节状强化,门脉期及延迟期病灶均呈持续向心性强化.恶性纤维组织细胞瘤4例,平扫以等密度为主,夹杂条带状低密度区;3例增强扫描动脉期轻度不均匀强化,门脉期及延迟期强化程度下降,另1例动脉期呈轻度强化,门脉期强化程度增高,延迟期强化度减低.上皮样血管内皮瘤1例,CT平扫呈较均匀低密度影;增强扫描动脉期呈不规则环形强化,门脉期强化程度增高且向中央扩展,延迟期肿瘤均匀强化且程度降低.结论:CT平扫+三期增强扫描并结合临床资料可提高肝脏少见原发性恶性肿瘤的诊断率,确诊仍需依靠病理学检查.     

肝脏囊性病变的CT和MR诊断

目的 探讨肝脏囊性占位性病变的CT和MR表现及其诊断价值.方法 收集78例肝脏囊性占位性病变的临床及影像学资料,其中炎症性囊性病变21例,肿瘤囊变病例30例,发育性囊肿27例.结果 肝脏囊性病变CT和MR检出率100%.对于炎症性囊性病变﹑肿瘤囊变和发育性囊肿,CT诊断准确率分别是76%、90%和93%,MR诊断准确率分别是83%、93%和100%.CT和MR表现:炎症性囊性病变中,肝脓肿和肝包虫囊肿表现为囊性占位,囊肿有张力,肝脓肿周围大片状低密度影或水样信号影,囊肿内可以形成气液平面.肝包虫囊肿出现大囊套小囊征象,增强检查见囊壁中度强化.肿瘤囊变中,转移瘤平扫表现为肝内多发的囊性病灶,增强检查表现为轻度或中度环形强化.原发肿瘤囊变平扫表现为囊变部分形态不规则,壁厚薄不均,增强检查具有原发肿瘤强化特点.发育性囊肿表现为单发或多发大小不等的低密度或水样信号囊性病灶,一般不强化.结论 CT和MR检查对肝脏囊性病变的定位和定性诊断具有很大价值.     

卵巢纤维瘤和纤维卵泡膜细胞瘤的CT表现

目的 探讨卵巢纤维瘤和纤维卵泡膜细胞瘤的CT表现特征.方法 回顾性分析67例经手术病理证实的卵巢纤维瘤和纤维卵泡膜细胞瘤患者的临床及CT表现,67例共计71个肿瘤,其中卵巢纤维瘤33个,纤维卵泡膜细胞瘤38个.结果 根据肿物密度均匀与否及囊性区所占百分比,CT表现可分三类.(1)密度均匀实性肿物:17个(17/71),CT平扫呈等密度,增强检查强化不明显.(2)密度不均匀实性肿物:44个,CT平扫呈稍低密度,其中肿物内含显著低密度区5个,见稍高密度区5个,伴钙化7个,增强后肿物内见血管影8个.(3)囊实性肿物(囊性区域＞50％):10个,囊性部分内壁光整,与实性部分移行处壁较厚,且内壁毛糙,肿物伴钙化3个,增强后2个内见血管影.肿瘤伴腹腔积液43例,同时伴胸腔积液3例;CA125升高25例.结论 卵巢纤维瘤和纤维卵泡膜细胞瘤的CT表现具有一定特征性,常表现为盆腔实性肿块,可伴有水肿、囊性变,增强后肿瘤轻度强化,可见瘤内血管;钙化及出血相对少见.部分可同时伴腹腔和/或胸腔积液或CA125升高,结合临床表现及实验室检查,大多可做出正确诊断,对表现不典型的病例仍需与卵巢恶性肿瘤鉴别.     

肾脏少见原发肿瘤的CT诊断

目的探讨肾脏少见原发肿瘤的CT表现特征,以提高术前诊断准确率。方法回顾性分析经病理证实的10例肾脏少见原发肿瘤的CT及临床资料,结合文献分析肾脏少见原发肿瘤的CT表现特征。结果癌肉瘤1例,CT平扫呈不规则形混杂密度影,内见多发坏死、囊变及钙化,边界清;增强扫描呈“花瓣状”强化。淋巴瘤2例,表现为巨大软组织肿块,无包膜,边界不清;增强扫描呈均匀强化,见“血管漂浮征”。孤立性纤维性肿瘤2例,密度均匀,边界清晰,增强扫描皮髓期轻度不均匀强化,实质期、肾盂期呈进行性强化。平滑肌肉瘤5例CT平扫呈等、低密度影,边界清,突向肾外生长,4例(直径>5cm)密度不均匀,1例(直径<5cm)密度均匀;增强扫描5例均呈轻~中度、持续性强化。结论CT增强扫描对肾脏少见原发肿瘤的术前诊断有重要提示意义。     

成人肝脏未分化胚胎性肉瘤的临床表现和CT诊断

目的:探讨成人肝脏未分化胚胎性肉瘤的临床和CT表现,以提高该病的术前诊断水平。方法:回顾性分析6例经手术切除并经病理证实的成人肝脏未分化胚胎性肉瘤的临床和CT表现,并结合文献分析。结果:成人肝脏未分化胚胎性肉瘤多见于女性,临床表现为与肿瘤相关的症状,但发热多见(5/6例),未见明显黄疸及腹水报道;患者肝功能正常(3例)或轻度异常(3例),血清肿瘤标记物检查阴性。CT表现为囊实性肿块,边界清楚,出血多见。本组病例肿块最大径约6～13cm,单发团块状,仅1例肝左叶并存肝细胞癌患者合并肝硬化。4例CT平扫表现为团块状不均质低密度影,边界较清楚,其内见散在分布的条带状高密度出血影,实性成分动脉期轻中度强化,静脉期强化稍明显;2例CT平扫呈囊实性低密度影,实性成分位于病灶后缘,于动脉期较明显强化,静脉期强化程度减退。结论:成人肝脏未分化胚胎性肉瘤的CT征象有一定的特征性,同时结合临床表现,有利于提高该病的术前诊断水平。     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.