Portal vein embolization in the treatment of portal vein bleeding after percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage: A case report and literature review

Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) is an effective treatment for benign and malignant obstructive jaundice. Major bleeding complications occur in approximately 2–3% of patients after PTBD, which can result in death. A case involving a 63-year-old male with malignant obstructive jaundice, who experienced severe bleeding after PTBD, is reported. Emergency digital subtraction angiography, celiac trunk artery and superior mesenteric artery angiography were performed; however, no signs of arterial bleeding were found. To identify etiology, portal venography was performed under ultrasound guidance and portal vein bleeding was diagnosed. Ultimately, selective portal vein embolization successfully stopped the bleeding.     

A case of emergency pancreatoduodenectomy for bleeding from the duodenal mucosa due to arteriovenous malformation of the pancreatic head

A rare case of bleeding from the duodenal mucosa due to arteriovenous malformation of the pancreatic head is reported. Caution needs to be observed, then excision may be necessary since noninvasive treatment such as coil embolization is not enough for complete hemostasis when patient suddenly decompensates.     

Ultraselective embolization using a 1.7-Fr catheter and soft bare coil for small intestinal bleeding

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of embolization using a 1.7-Fr catheter and soft bare coil to treat acute small intestinal bleeding.

Material and methods: Subjects were five consecutive patients who experienced onset of melena with small intestinal bleeding and underwent transcatheter arterial embolization with 1.7-Fr catheters and 0.010-inch detachable bare coils (five procedures in total). Technical success, clinical success, relative post-procedural complications, arterial bleeding source and cause, and relationship between coagulopathy and embolization efficacy were examined by capsule endoscopy.

Results: We achieved 100% technical and clinical success for the five transcatheter arterial embolizations. All catheterizations of the vasa recta of the bleeding artery (jejunal artery, n?=?2; ileal artery, n?=?3) were possible with a 1.7-Fr catheter. We achieved high embolization efficacy in two patients with coagulopathy. No rebleeding, intestinal ischemia, or necrosis was observed on follow-up capsule endoscopy. We confirmed that peptic ulcers/ulcer scars were the cause of bleeding for all patients.

Conclusion: Embolization with 0.010-inch coils using a 1.7-Fr catheter and catheterization of the vasa recta of bleeding vessels was effective and safe for treating small intestinal bleeding.     

Spontaneous extraperitoneal lumbar artery hemorrhage

Background

Spontaneous extraperitoneal hemorrhage (SEH) is an uncommon complication of anticoagulation therapy. Cases of SEH that are unresponsive to management through correction of coagulopathy, fluid resuscitation, blood transfusion, and other supportive measures are typically treated with surgery. Nevertheless, treatment of SEH with the use of angiography and arterial embolization may provide a safe, efficacious alternative to surgery.

Objectives

This case is presented to increase awareness among Emergency Physicians of the management options for patients with SEH.

Case Report

A 67-year-old man presented to the Emergency Department with hemodynamic collapse due to retroperitoneal bleeding secondary to spontaneous rupture of a lumbar artery. An emergency abdominal angiogram revealed an actively bleeding left lumbar vessel. The localized bleeding was treated with catheter embolization and detachable microcoil embolization. This resulted in stabilization of the patient's condition without surgical intervention.

Conclusion

Overall, the improvement in hemodynamic stability and the decreased percentage of transfusion requirements can be achieved safely without surgical intervention through the prompt use of coil or catheter embolization.     

Ectopic variceal bleeding from chronic superior mesenteric vein thrombosis after hemorrhagic pancreatitis

Varices are a common cause of gastrointestinal (GI) bleed. When ectopic, there is often a delay in diagnosis as it is difficult to localize these varices. Ectopic small bowel varices usually arise from portal hypertension, which commonly develops in the setting of cirrhosis. This case presents a much rarer cause of bleeding ectopic varices with portal hypertension secondary to chronic superior mesenteric vein (SMV) thrombosis that developed after an episode of hemorrhagic pancreatitis. An 81‐year‐old man with a past medical history of a recent GI bleeds secondary to an arteriovenous malformation presented to the hospital with continued melena after a recent admission at another hospital for the same symptom. Upper endoscopy and colonoscopy showed no evidence of active bleeding. Subsequently computed tomography angiography (CTA) showed bleeding from collaterals in the third part of the duodenum, consistent with ectopic varices. The CTA also showed SMV thrombosis. The patient underwent an ultrasound‐guided transhepatic venogram with coiling and sclerosant embolization of SMV varices and distal SMV balloon angioplasty. Capsule endoscopy after showed no evidence of further bleeding. The patient was discharged 72 h after the intervention with stabilized hemoglobin and resolved melena. Ectopic varices should be on the differential diagnosis for patients presenting with a GI bleed that remains nonlocalized after endoscopy and colonoscopy. EGD or colonoscopy is the first‐line intervention for the treatment of bleeding ectopic varices. If unreachable by these means, percutaneous coil embolization is an alternative way to stabilize the patient. As no general management guidelines exist, treatment of bleeding ectopic varices should continue to be case‐dependent and involve a multidisciplinary team.     

Enoxaparin-induced bleeding resulting in compartment syndrome of the thigh: a case report

Background: Enoxaparin-related bleeding has usually been described as excess minor bleeding. Objectives: To describe a case of major bleeding with a compartment syndrome secondary to enoxaparin. The utility of bedside emergency department ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool is evident. Case Report: A 62-year-old patient presented with swelling and pain in the left thigh with no history of trauma. Examination revealed a swollen extremity with a tense muscle compartment. A bedside ultrasound by the emergency physician was performed, showing a large pocket of fluid accumulation. Upon aspiration, the fluid was found to be blood. Computed tomography imaging was performed, which revealed a large hematoma, with active bleeding. Subsequent angiography showed several extravasations from the profunda artery. The patient was then taken for embolization of the bleeding, and then an anterolateral fasciotomy. The patient had an increased partial thromboplastin time, and final diagnosis was compartment syndrome due to spontaneous bleeding from enoxaparin. Conclusions: Enoxaparin can spontaneously cause serious bleeding with associated compartment syndrome.     

急性出血性疾病血管造影及介入治疗

目的探讨DSA血管造影及介入栓塞治疗在急性出血性疾病中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析35例临床急性出血患者的DSA造影表现和动脉介入栓塞治疗资料,男24例,女11例,年龄15～82岁。全部患者股动脉穿刺插管,将导管超选入可疑出血动脉内,先行DSA造影明确出血有无及部位,再将同轴微导管超选入出血动脉内,栓塞出血动脉,达到止血目的。结果33例患者经DSA造影明确诊断为血管出血,经栓塞治疗后,均达到止血目的;2例患者DSA造影未见明确出血征象而放弃介入栓塞治疗。栓塞治疗的33例患者术后1周随访,临床症状均明显改善。结论DSA造影加栓塞是诊断和治疗急性出血性疾病的有效手段,具有重要的临床推广价值。     

难治性宫颈癌阴道出血的介入治疗

目的 :探讨难治性宫颈癌阴道出血的介入治疗及疗效。方法 :8例中晚期宫颈癌 (Ⅱa期 1例 ,Ⅱb期 5例 ,Ⅲb期 2例 )患者因阴道难治性出血 ,紧急采用髂内动脉化疗及血管栓塞 ,观察并评定其近期疗效。结果 :近期有效率10 0 % ,其中Ⅱa、Ⅱb期患者行宫颈癌根治术 ,断端无癌细胞 ,淋巴结转移者 4例。结论 :介入性髂内动脉灌注化疗及血管栓塞是治疗宫颈癌阴道大出血能缩小原发病灶和短时间内止血     

支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞术与单纯弹簧圈栓塞术治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤患者的效果比较及对术后出血事件的影响

目的 比较支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞术与单纯弹簧圈栓塞术治疗颅内破裂动脉瘤患者的效果及对术后出血事件的影响.方法 选取2019年3月至2021年3月来我院诊治的82例颅内破裂动脉瘤患者作为研究对象,按照电脑盲选法将其分为对照组和研究组,每组41例.对照组采用单纯弹簧圈栓塞术治疗,研究组采用支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞术治疗.分析两组患者...     

三重抗血小板治疗预防支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞术后缺血性事件的临床有效性分析

目的:探讨三重抗血小板治疗预防支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞术后缺血性事件的有效性。方法:拟行支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞术的颅内动脉瘤患者96例,纳入双重和三重治疗组,各48例;术前分别接受双重和三重抗血小板治疗。记录术后5个月缺血性、出血性事件的发生率及其他不良反应。结果:双重治疗组缺血性事件发生率显著高于三重治疗组(P=0.04);2组出血性事件发生率差异无统计学意义(P=0.31)。结论:三重抗血小板治疗比双重抗血小板治疗能更有效地预防支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞术后缺血性事件的发生。     

可膨胀水凝胶弹簧圈栓塞颅内动脉瘤的临床应用

目的探讨可膨胀水凝胶弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤的安全性及临床价值。方法对24例28个动脉瘤进行了栓塞治疗，其中23个动脉瘤使用水凝胶弹簧圈栓塞。21例为破裂出血动脉瘤，其中Hunt-Hess分级I级6例，Ⅱ级9例，Ⅲ级4例，Ⅳ级2例。动脉瘤最大径3．6-17mm，平均（8．3±3．4）mm。结果完全致密栓塞20个，瘤颈残留6个，部分栓塞2个。栓塞密度为39％～124％，平均（67．6±32．3）％。暂时性对侧肢体轻偏瘫4例，脑室引流术致严重血管痉挛、颅内感染及多器官功能衰竭死亡各1例。结论可膨胀水凝胶弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤安全有效，其栓塞的致密程度令人满意，其临床应用效果值得进一步研究。     

Pseudoaneurysm of the splenic artery presenting with gastrointestinal bleeding

Gastrointestinal bleeding from a pancreatic pseudocyst is a rare condition that is diagnostically and therapeutically challenging. A 78-year-old woman with a history of acute pancreatitis due to gallstones was hospitalized for abdominal pain and gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroscopy revealed blood extruding from the papilla of Vater. A computed tomography scan revealed hemorrhage into a pancreatic pseudocyst. The patient was successfully treated by coil embolization.     

75例食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者行颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术的护理

目的总结肝硬化失代偿期食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者行颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术（transjugular intrahepatic portosystem stent-shunt,TIPSS）联合食管胃底静脉栓塞术（percutaneous transhepatic varices embolization,PTVE）的围术期护理要点。方法回顾性总结和分析75例肝硬化失代偿期食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者行TIPSS联合PTVE的围术期护理经验。结果 75例患者均顺利完成手术,术后1例患者出现轻微肝性脑病,1例出现皮肤黏膜下出血,经治疗和护理均恢复良好。结论术前做好物品和患者准备,心理护理;术中娴熟的配合;术后加强病情观察和并发症的预防对提高手术安全性与成功率具有重要意义。     

节段性肾动脉栓塞治疗非肿瘤性肾出血的体会

目的探讨节段性肾动脉栓塞在治疗非肿瘤性肾出血中的价值。方法4例患者中肾穿刺活检后出血2例,肾切开取石后出血1例,先天性肾动静脉畸形出血1例。对4例非肿瘤性肾出血行超选择性节段性肾动脉栓塞。其中2例各用1枚直径3 mm钢圈栓塞;1例用3 ml无水酒精加2枚直径3 mm钢圈栓塞;1例用3F SP微导管注入300μPVA颗粒栓塞。结果栓塞后1 d内血尿消失3例,3 d内血尿消失1例,随访7～45个月无血尿,无栓塞引起的并发症。结论节段性肾动脉栓塞治疗非肿瘤性肾出血安全、可靠。     

Neuroform3自膨式支架在弹簧圈介入栓塞宽颈前交通动脉瘤中的作用

背景：近年来,采用支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞保持载瘤动脉通畅,防止弹簧圈脱入载瘤动脉,可显著提高疗效和安全性。目的：探讨Neuroform3自膨式支架在弹簧圈介入栓塞治疗宽颈前交通动脉瘤中的应用。方法：回顾性分析在Neuroform3自膨式支架辅助下,采用弹簧圈介入栓塞32例宽颈前交通动脉瘤患者的临床资料,其中男15例,女17例,年龄41-71岁,随访观察治疗效果及不良反应情况。结果与结论：32例患者技术操作顺利,宽颈前交通动脉共置入32枚Neuroform3支架,弹簧圈置入顺利,释放位置满意,技术成功率达到100%。在Neuroform3支架辅助水解脱弹簧圈栓塞完成后造影显示,32枚动脉瘤完全栓塞30枚,占94%;部分栓塞2枚,占6%。术后患者恢复良好,平均住院6.3 d。32例患者术后随访3-6个月,再行全脑血管造影未见再次脑出血、脑血管栓塞或动脉瘤复发。表明在Neuroform3自膨式支架辅助下采用弹簧圈介入栓塞治宽颈前交通动脉瘤,材料与宿主生物相容性好且安全有效。     

双介入术治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症的临床疗效观察

目的 探讨双介入术治疗肝硬化门静脉高压性上消化道出血、脾功能亢进的临床应用价值及并发症的预防.方法 对32 例确诊为肝硬化门静脉高压合并上消化道出血、脾功能亢进的患者,在超声引导下经皮肝门脉穿刺成功后,将导管超选择插入胃冠状静脉,再经股动脉穿刺插管、超选插入脾动脉分支,混合应用真丝线段、无水乙醇、明胶海绵、不锈钢弹簧圈进行双介入栓塞（胃底-食管曲张静脉及部分脾脏栓塞）治疗.结果 本组32 例PTVE 穿刺成功率为100%,一针穿刺成功率为66%,栓塞成功率100%;PSE 栓塞面积控制在40%～70%;术后24 h～1 周白细胞、血小板明显升高;术后1 个月、6 个月、1 年、2 年和3 年累计再出血率分别为0%、3.1%、12.5%、25%和31.3%;复发出血原因分别为曲张静脉再破裂出血26.1%、门静脉高压性胃病56.5%、消化性溃疡17.4%;所有患者均有不同程度的发热、腹痛、恶心及呕吐等栓塞后综合征,经对症治疗后缓解、症状消失,未发生与手术相关的严重并发症.结论 双介入术治疗门脉高压性上消化道出血、脾功能亢进疗效确切,该方法操作相对简单,侵袭性小,尤其适用于肝功能差难以耐受外科分流及断流手术的患者,具有临床推广应用价值.     

急诊介入栓塞治疗对急性重度静脉曲张上消化道出血的临床价值研究

目的 探讨急诊介入栓塞治疗对于急性重度静脉曲张上消化道出血（ASVUGIB）患者的临床价值。方法 收集直接或补救介入治疗的48例ASVUGIB患者数据。按急诊介入原因分为直接介入治疗组（40例）及补救性介入治疗组（8例）,对经DSA明确造影剂外溢的直接出血征象患者行经皮经肝/经脾门静脉造影+曲张静脉栓塞术+经颈静脉肝内...     

Percutaneous transsplenic embolization of jejunal varices in a patient with liver cirrhosis: a case report

Bleeding jejunal varices are rare and could be life threatening. They are usually found in the presence of portal hypertension and prior history of gastrointestinal surgery. They can be effectively managed by radiological interventions such as transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt or transhepatic embolization of varices. However, in patients with portal vein obstruction, an alternative access is necessary. We report a case of bleeding jejunal varices associated with postoperative adhesion in a patient with portal vein thrombosis which was successfully managed by percutaneous transsplenic embolization.     

介入性栓塞术对外伤性大出血的急救处理

目的：评估外伤性大出血急诊介入性造影及栓塞治疗的价值及效果。方法：12例危及生命的外伤性大出血经皮股动脉穿刺插管，将导管置于出血动脉，用明胶海绵颗粒、海绵条及钢圈进行栓塞。结果：8例一次性栓塞血止，3例肾外伤者24h后血尿停止，1例二次栓塞后停止出血。双侧髂内动脉栓塞者有臀部缺血性疼痛。结论：经导管栓塞止血可作为外伤性大出血的有效抢救措施。     

Successful treatment of a ruptured infected aneurysm of the lumbar artery with transcatheter embolization

We report a patient who had an infected aneurysm of the lumbar artery caused by prolonged psoas abscess-forming spondylitis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and who was treated successfully with transcatheter arterial embolization. This case suggests that an infected aneurysm can be treated successfully by transcatheter arterial embolization in emergent situations (active bleeding or septicemia) even if surgery is contraindicated.