miR-145-5p靶向TAGLN2调控结直肠癌SW620细胞侵袭和迁移的机制探讨

目的:探究微小RNA-145-5p（miR-145-5p）在结直肠癌组织和细胞中的表达情况及其靶向调控肌动蛋白凝胶蛋白2（TAGLN2）对结直肠癌细胞侵袭和迁移能力的影响。方法:采用实时荧光定量PCR（qPCR）技术对48例结直肠癌患者癌组织、配对癌旁组织、结直肠癌细胞株（HCT8、SW620、HCT116、HT-29）及结直肠黏膜细胞FHC中的miR-145-5p和TAGLN2 mRNA表达进行定量分析。将SW620细胞设为空白对照组、miR-145-5p mimics组、mimics-NC组、pcDNA3.1-TAGLN2组、pcDNA3.1-Vector组和miR-145-5p mimics+pcDNA3.1-TAGLN2组,采用qPCR检测miR-145-5p和TAGLN2 mRNA表达,采用Transwell法检测细胞侵袭及迁移能力,采用免疫印迹法（Western blot）检测TAGLN2蛋白及EMT相关蛋白表达,采用双荧光素酶报告实验检测miR-145-5p和TAGLN2间的靶向关系。结果:miR-145-5p在结直肠癌组织中的表达水平显著低于癌旁组织（P<0.05）,并与结直肠癌患者的TNM分期和淋巴结转移相关（均P<0.05）;TAGLN2在结直肠癌组织中的表达水平显著高于癌旁组织,并与miR-145-5p表达呈负相关（P<0.05）;miR-145-5p和TAGLN2在结直肠癌HCT8、SW620、HCT116和HT-29细胞中的表达水平显著低于或高于FHC细胞（均P<0.05）。miR-145-5p过表达可降低SW620细胞的侵袭和迁移能力。miR-145-5p靶向调控TAGLN2表达,单独转染TAGLN2阳性质粒可增加SW620细胞的侵袭和迁移能力,与miR-145-5p mimics同时转染后,TAGLN2蛋白、波形蛋白（Vimentin）和神经钙黏素（N-cadherin）表达降低,上皮钙黏素（E-cadherin）表达升高,TAGLN2对SW620细胞侵袭和迁移能力的增强作用被显著抑制。结论:miR-145-5p在结直肠癌中呈低表达状态,其表达水平与结直肠癌患者的TNM分期和淋巴结转移密切相关,miR-145-5p靶向调控TAGLN2抑制结直肠癌细胞的侵袭和迁移能力。     

lncRNASNHG10靶向调控miR-532-3p促进结直肠癌SW620细胞的侵袭和迁移

目的： 探讨lncRNA SNHG10在结直肠癌组织和细胞中的表达情况及其对结直肠癌细胞侵袭和迁移的影响与可能的机制。 方法： 收集2018年1月至2019年12月在河南省人民医院行根治性结直肠癌切除术的78例患者的癌组织及对应癌旁组织标本,采用qPCR法检测结直肠癌组织、结直肠癌细胞（SW480、SW620、HT-29和LoVo）及人正常结直肠黏膜细胞FHC中lncRNA SNHG10和miR-532-3p的表达水平,并分析其与结直肠癌患者临床病理特征的关系及在组织中表达的相关性。采用双荧光素酶报告基因实验验证lncRNA SNHG10和miR-532-3p间的靶向关系。向SW620细胞中转染si-SNHG10或miR-532-3p mimic或共转染si-SNHG10+miR-532-3p inhibitor,采用Transwell实验检测其侵袭和迁移能力的改变,采用WB法检测E-cadherin,N-cadherin和vimentin蛋白表达水平变化。 结果： SNHG10 在结直肠癌组织和细胞中呈高表达（P<0.05 或 P<0.01）,其表达水平与TNM分期和远处转移有关（均P<0.05）;miR-532-3p在结直肠癌组织和细胞中呈低表达,其表达水平与TNM分期、淋巴结转移和远处转移有关（P<0.05或P<0.01）,SNHG10和miR-532-3p在结直肠癌组织中的表达呈负相关（r=-0.225, P=0.048）。双荧光素酶报告基因实验证实SNHG10靶向调节miR-532-3p的表达。下调 SNHG10 或上调 miR-532-3p 的表达后,SW620 细胞的侵袭和迁移能力显著降低（P<0.01）,E-cadherin蛋白表达水平升高（P<0.05）、N-cadherin和vimentin蛋白表达水平降低（均P<0.05）。抑制miR-532-3p表达后,敲低lncRNA SNHG10表达对结直肠癌细胞侵袭和迁移的抑制作用被逆转（均P<0.05）。 结论： lncRNA SNHG10在结直肠癌中高表达并与TNM分期和远处转移相关,lncRNASNHG10靶向调控miR-532-3p表达并通过EMT途径影响结直肠癌细胞的侵袭和转移。     

lncRNA LINC00909靶向miR-548-3p对结直肠癌细胞放射敏感性的研究

目的 探讨lncRNA LINC00909是否通过靶向miR-548-3p而影响结直肠癌细胞放射敏感性。方法 采用qRT-PCR检测结直肠癌组织、癌旁组织中LINC00909、miR-584-3p的表达量;体外培养结直肠癌细胞SW480、SW620,分别将si-NC、si-LINC00909、miR-NC、miR-584-3p mimics、si-LINC00909与anti-miR-NC、si-LINC00909与anti-miR-584-3p转染至SW480、SW620细胞,用4 Gy照射细胞;克隆形成实验检测细胞存活分数及放射增敏比;MTT检测细胞增殖;Transwell小室实验检测细胞迁移及侵袭;双荧光素酶报告实验验证LINC00909、miR-584-3p的靶向关系。裸鼠皮下移植瘤实验检测干扰LINC00909表达或抑制miR-584-3p表达对照射后移植瘤重量的影响。结果 结直肠癌组织中LINC00909的表达水平显著升高(P<0.05),miR-584-3p的表达水平显著降低(P<0.05);干扰LINC00909表达或miR-584-3p过表达后细胞存活分数明显降低(P<0.05),放射增敏比分别为2.017、1.762,并可抑制增殖、迁移及侵袭(P<0.05);双荧光素酶报告实验证实LINC00909可靶向结合miR-584-3p;干扰LINC00909表达后移植瘤重量显著降低(P<0.05)。共转染anti-miR-584-3p后移植瘤重量显著升高(P<0.05)。结论 干扰LINC00909表达可通过上调miR-548-3p的表达而减弱结直肠癌细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭能力从而增强细胞放射敏感性。     

miR-32-5p靶向TOB1基因调控结直肠癌细胞放射增敏性及迁移侵袭能力机制研究

目的 探讨miR-32-5p对结直肠癌细胞放射敏感性及迁移侵袭能力的影响及其潜在作用机制。方法 培养人结直肠癌SW480细胞和正常结肠上皮NCM460细胞,将结直肠癌细胞分为未转染组和转染组(分别转染anti-miR-NC、anti-miR-32-5p、pcDNA、pcDNA-TOB1、anti-miR-32-5p+si-NC、nti-miR-32-5p+si-TOB1)。RT-qPCR和Western blot分别检测细胞中miR-32-5p、TOB1 mRNA和蛋白表达,克隆形成实验检测转染各组细胞放射敏感性,Transwell实验检测转染各组细胞迁移、侵袭能力,双荧光素酶报告基因实验和Western blot验证miR-32-5p是否靶向TOB1。结果 与人正常结肠上皮细胞相比,结肠癌细胞中miR-32-5p表达明显上调(P<0.05),TOB1 mRNA和蛋白表达明显下调(P<0.05)。与anti-miR-NC比较,anti-miR-32-5p组细胞放射增敏比1.801,细胞迁移和侵袭数目均明显减少(P<0.05);与pcDNA组比较pcDNA-TOB1组细胞放射增敏比1.764,细胞迁移数目和侵袭数目均明显减少(P<0.05)。双荧光素酶报告基因实验和Western blot结果证实miR-32-5p靶向负调控TOB1蛋白表达。与anti-miR-32-5p+si-NC组比较,anti-miR-32-5p+si-TOB1组细胞放射增敏比为0.591,细胞迁移数目和侵袭数目均明显增多(P<0.05)。结论 抑制miR-32-5p表达能够明显增强结直肠癌细胞放射敏感性,抑制细胞迁移和侵袭,其作用机制可能与靶向促进TOB1表达有关。     

miR-32-5p靶向TOB1基因调控结直肠癌细胞放射增敏性及迁移侵袭能力机制研究

目的 探讨miR-32-5p对结直肠癌细胞放射敏感性及迁移侵袭能力的影响及其潜在作用机制。方法 培养人结直肠癌SW480细胞和正常结肠上皮NCM460细胞,将结直肠癌细胞分为未转染组和转染组(分别转染anti-miR-NC、anti-miR-32-5p、pcDNA、pcDNA-TOB1、anti-miR-32-5p+si-NC、nti-miR-32-5p+si-TOB1)。RT-qPCR和Western blot分别检测细胞中miR-32-5p、TOB1 mRNA和蛋白表达,克隆形成实验检测转染各组细胞放射敏感性,Transwell实验检测转染各组细胞迁移、侵袭能力,双荧光素酶报告基因实验和Western blot验证miR-32-5p是否靶向TOB1。结果 与人正常结肠上皮细胞相比,结肠癌细胞中miR-32-5p表达明显上调(P<0.05),TOB1 mRNA和蛋白表达明显下调(P<0.05)。与anti-miR-NC比较,anti-miR-32-5p组细胞放射增敏比1.801,细胞迁移和侵袭数目均明显减少(P<0.05);与pcDNA组比较pcDNA-TOB1组细胞放射增敏比1.764,细胞迁移数目和侵袭数目均明显减少(P<0.05)。双荧光素酶报告基因实验和Western blot结果证实miR-32-5p靶向负调控TOB1蛋白表达。与anti-miR-32-5p+si-NC组比较,anti-miR-32-5p+si-TOB1组细胞放射增敏比为0.591,细胞迁移数目和侵袭数目均明显增多(P<0.05)。结论 抑制miR-32-5p表达能够明显增强结直肠癌细胞放射敏感性,抑制细胞迁移和侵袭,其作用机制可能与靶向促进TOB1表达有关。     

lncRNA SNHG16 在结直肠癌组织和细胞中表达及其调控结肠癌细胞中GPAM表达的机制

[摘要] 目的：探讨长链非编码RNA（long non-coding RNA,lncRNA）SNHG16 在结直肠癌（colorectal cancer,CRC）组织和细胞中的表达及其通过海绵吸附miR-128-3p 调控结肠癌细胞线粒体甘油3 磷酸酰基转移酶基因（mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphateacyltransferase,GPAM）表达的分子机制。方法：收集2014 年1 月至2017 年1 月甘肃省人民医院肛肠科手术切除的60 例CRC患者的癌及癌旁组织标本,以及结直肠癌细胞系SW480、SW620、HCT116、Caco-2、DLD-1、HT29 和结肠上皮细胞CCD841,用qPCR法检测CRC组织和细胞系中SNHG16 的表达,分析SNHG16 表达与CRC患者临床病例特征的关系。分别用miR-128-3p模拟物、miR-128-3p 抑制剂、SNHG16 敲降载体转染SW480 细胞后,用qPCR 法检测细胞中miR-128-3p 及SNHG16 mRNA的表达,用Western blotting 法检测GPAM蛋白的表达,用CCK-8 法、克隆形成实验及细胞凋亡实验、Transwell 小室法检测细胞的增殖、凋亡及侵袭。用双荧光素酶报告基因法和RNA免疫共沉淀实验验证SNHG16 和miR-128-3p mRNA靶向结合。构建小鼠SW480细胞移植瘤模型,观察敲降SNHG16 对移植瘤生长的影响。结果：CRC组织及细胞系中SNHG16 高表达（均P<0.01）,其表达水平与CRC淋巴结转移、Duke’s 分期及患者生存期相关（均P<0.01）。敲降SNHG16 可显著抑制SW480 细胞的增殖及侵袭能力,并诱导细胞凋亡（均P<0.01）;敲降SNHG16 后小鼠移植瘤瘤体显著小于对照组(P<0.05)。双荧光素酶报告基因检测及RNA免疫沉淀反应结果显示,miR-128-3p 与SNHG16 相互作用,且在CRC患者中miR-128-3p 与SNHG16 负相关（P<0.01)。SNHG16 通过内源性竞争海绵吸附miR-128-3p 影响其下游靶基因GPAM的表达。结论：SNHG16 在CRC细胞中可通过海绵吸附miR-128-3p 调控GPAM表达,SNHG16及miR-128-3p 可作为CRC诊断及治疗的潜在靶点。     

过表达miR-145-5p 通过下调IGF1R抑制食管鳞状细胞TE-10 细胞的恶性生物学行为

目的：探究miR-145-5p 对食管鳞状细胞癌TE-10 细胞增殖、侵袭、迁移和上皮间质转化（epithelial-mesenchymal transition，EMT）等恶性生物学行为的分子机制。方法：qPCR法检测miR-145-5p 在食管鳞状细胞癌细胞和正常食管上皮细胞中的表达水平。采用双荧光素酶报告基因实验检测miR-145-5p 与胰岛素样生长因子1 受体（insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor，IGF1R）的靶向调控关系，Western blotting 检测IGF1R蛋白和EMT相关蛋白的表达，CCK-8 法和Transwell 检测miR-145-5p/IGF1R分子轴对TE-10 细胞增殖、侵袭、迁移的影响。结果：miR-145-5p 在3 株食管鳞状细胞癌细胞中低表达且在TE-10 细胞中表达最低（P<0.01 或P<0.05）。过表达miR-145-5p 可显著抑制TE-10 细胞的增殖、侵袭、迁移和EMT进程（P<0.01 或P<0.05）。双荧光素酶报告基因证实miR-145-5p 靶向下调IGF1R表达（P<0.01）。回复实验进一步证实，与单独过表达IGF1R相比，同时过表达miR-145-5p 和IGF1R能显著缓解IGF1R 对TE-10 细胞的增殖、侵袭、迁移和EMT 进程的促进作用（P<0.01 或P<0.05）。结论：过表达miR-145-5p 通过靶向下调IGF1R进而抑制了食管鳞状细胞癌TE-10 细胞的增殖、侵袭、迁移和EMT进程。     

lncRNA XIST 通过miR-32-5p/EZH2 分子轴调控结直肠癌HCT-8细胞的恶性生物学行为

目的：探讨lncRNA XIST 通过miR-32-5p/果蝇Zeste 基因增强子同源物2（enhancer of zeste homolog 2,EZH2）分子轴调控结直肠癌HCT-8 细胞的恶性生物学行为。方法：收集2014 年7 月至2018 年8 月中南大学湘雅医院直肠肛门外科资料完整的结直肠癌患者28 例癌组织和配对的癌旁组织标本,采用qPCR检测结直肠癌组织及细胞系中lncRNA XIST 和miR-32-5p 的表达水平,双荧光素酶报告基因验证lncRNA XIST、miR-32-5p 和EZH2 的靶向关系,并进一步通过WB检测EZH2 的表达水平。CCK-8、Transwell 及Annexin V-FITC/PI 染色流式细胞术检测HCT-8 细胞增殖、迁移及凋亡情况。结果：lncRNA XIST 在结直肠癌组织及细胞系中高表达,且在HCT-8 细胞中表达最高（P<0.05 或P<0.01）。双荧光素酶报告基因证实,lncRNA XIST 靶向负调控miR-32-5p（P<0.05）,且EZH2 是miR-32-5p 的靶基因。敲降lncRNA XIST 抑制HCT-8 细胞增殖和迁移并诱导其凋亡（P<0.05或P<0.01）;进一步实验证明,敲降lncRNA XIST 上调miR-32-5p 的表达水平,从而下调EZH2 表达水平,进而抑制HCT-8 细胞增殖和迁移并诱导其凋亡。结论：lncRNA XIST通过miR-32-5p/EZH2 分子轴促进HCT-8 细胞增殖、迁移并抑制细胞凋亡。     

地锦草乙醇提取物通过circRHOT1/miR-29a-3p轴抑制结直肠癌SW480细胞的恶性生物学行为

目的：探讨地锦草乙醇提取物（EEEH）对人结直肠癌SW480细胞生物学行为的影响及其分子机制。方法：体外培养SW480细胞,实验分为Con组、EEEH-L组、EEEH-M组、EEEH-H组、si-NC组、si-circRHOT1组、EEEH-H+pcDNA组、EEEH-H+pcDNA-circRHOT1组,分别以si-NC、si-circRHOT1、pcDNA、pcDNA-circRHOT1转染SW480细胞,采用CCK-8法、细胞克隆形成实验、Transwell实验分别检测转染后各组细胞的增殖、迁移及侵袭能力,qPCR法检测转染后各组SW480细胞circRHOT1和miR-29a-3p的表达,WB法检测各组细胞中MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白的表达。双荧光素酶报告基因实验检测circRHOT1与miR-29a-3p之间的靶向关系。结果：与Con组比较,EEEH-L组、EEEH-M组、EEEH-H组SW480细胞中MMP-2和MMP-9蛋白表达均明显降低（均P＜0.05）,circRHOT1的表达均降低（均P＜0.05）而miR-29a-3p的表达均升高（均P＜0.05）且呈剂量依赖性;...     

lncRNA HCG18/miR-17-5p/HMGA2 分子轴调控非小细胞肺癌细胞增殖及迁移

[摘要] 目的：探讨lncRNA HCG18/miR-17-5p/HMGA2 分子轴调控非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）细胞增殖及迁移的分子机制。方法：收集2017 年6 月至2018 年6 月承德市中心医院62 例NSCLC组织及对应的癌旁组织标本,以及NSCLC细胞系A549、NCIH1299、H1650、NCI-H460 和人肺上皮细胞BEAS-B,用qPCR法检测NSCLC组织及细胞系中HCG18、miR-17-5p 及高迁移率族蛋白A2（HMGA2）的表达水平。分别用Si-HCG18、miR-17-5p、miR-17-5p+HCG18 或pcDNA3.1-HMGA2 转染A549 和NCI-H460 细胞,用CCK-8 法、Transwell 实验、Wb检测转染细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭和HMGA2 及EMT相关蛋白的表达。用双荧光素酶报告基因验证HCG18 对miR-17-5p 或miR-17-5p 对HMGA2 的靶向调控作用。构建敲降HCG18 的A549 细胞小鼠移植瘤模型,观察对移植瘤的影响。结果：lncRNA HCG18 在NSCLC 组织和细胞中均高表达（均P<0.01）,发生淋巴结转移及晚期NSCLC 患者中HCG18 的表达显著提高,且HCG18 高表达的NSCLC患者预后较差、生存率较低（均P<0.01）。转染Si-HCG18 显著抑制NSCLC细胞的增殖、迁移及侵袭能力（均P<0.01）,上调上皮钙黏蛋白的表达（P<0.01）、下调神经钙黏蛋白和波形蛋白的表达（均P<0.01）,小鼠移植瘤体积显著减小（P<0.05）。双荧光素酶报告基因验证了HCG18 与miR-17-5p 靶向结合,以及miR-17-5p 与HMGA2 靶向结合。转染miR-17-5p 后NSCLC 细胞的增殖、迁移及侵袭受到抑制（均P<0.01）,促进上皮钙黏蛋白的表达（P<0.01）、抑制神经钙黏蛋白和波形蛋白的表达（均P<0.01）,而转染miR-17-5p+HCG18 后可抑制miR-17-5p 的作用。结论：HCG18通过调控miR-17-5p/HMGA2 分子轴促进NSCLC细胞的增殖及迁移。     

CIK、DC-CIK细胞对神经母细胞瘤细胞杀伤作用的研究

目的：研究细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞（ CIK）与树突状细胞（ DC）共培养后对神经母细胞瘤（ neuro-blastoma,NB）细胞株的杀伤作用。方法：取健康人和肿瘤患者外周血单个核细胞（ PBMC）,加入不同的细胞因子分别诱导出DC和CIK细胞,用流式细胞术测定诱导培养前后DC和CIK细胞的表型,MTT法测定不同组CIK细胞对NB细胞株的杀伤活性。结果：流式细胞仪检测健康人PBMC培养后CD3＋CD56＋淋巴细胞百分比以及对NB细胞株的杀伤活性均显著高于肿瘤患者（ P〈0.05）。此外,与单纯CIK细胞相比,DC-CIK细胞具有更强的杀伤NB细胞株的活性（ P〈0.05）。结论：DC-CIK细胞是一种细胞毒作用高于单纯CIK细胞的免疫活性细胞。健康人和肿瘤患者的PBMC经诱导培养获得的CIK细胞有显著差别,为临床进一步提高CIK细胞的治疗效果提供了实验依据。     

Differences in inducibility of morphological differentiation of parental cells, selected variant cells and cells from spontaneous metastases of mouse neuroblastoma cells

The in vitro sensitivities to differentiating agents of a murine neuroblastoma cell line (N18) and a selected variant cell line (N18-LM5) were examined. In addition, the sensitivities to differentiating agents of cells from spontaneous metastases produced by N18 cells were examined. When N18 cells (1 X 10(5) cells/mouse) were injected into the lateral tail vein of syngeneic A/J mice, only a few metastatic nodules formed in the liver and lung, while similar injection of N18-LM5 cells produced larger numbers of metastatic nodules. Exposure of N18 cells to differentiating agents, such as dibutyryl cyclic 3':5'-AMP (db-cAMP), prostaglandin E1, and dexamethasone, resulted in induction of differentiation in terms of neurite extension. N18-LM5 cells responded to differentiating agents to a greater extent than N18 cells, and most of the cells extended neurites when they were exposed to 1 mM db-cAMP for 3 days. On the other hand, not all cell lines from spontaneous metastases produced by N18 cells responded to db-cAMP. These results suggest that the colonizing potential of neuroblastoma cells is not necessarily correlated with loss of responsiveness to differentiating agents and that various spontaneous metastases show heterogeneity in responsiveness to differentiating agents.     

Melanoma cells interfere with the interaction of dendritic cells with NK/LAK cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells are key players at the interface between innate resistance and acquired immunity. NK cells can induce DC maturation, a differentiation process whereby DCs respond to a environmental stimulus and acquire the ability of eliciting adaptive immunity. Conversely, maturing DCs promote NK functions in vivo and in vitro. This interplay has important consequences on the immune response to pathogens and possibly to neoplastic cells. Here, we show that B16 melanoma cells actively modulate the interaction between DCs derived from bone marrow precursors and NK/LAK cells propagated from the spleen of C57BL/6 mice. DCs increased in a dose-dependent manner the ability of NK/LAK cells to kill melanoma cells and to produce cytokines. This activatory cross-talk entailed the production of IL-18 by DCs and of IFN-gamma by NK/LAK cells. Melanoma cells were not a passive target of NK activity; they regulated the outcome of the interaction between DCs and NK/LAK cells, inhibiting the in vitro production of cytokines as effectively as the genetic deletion of IL-18 or IFN-gamma. Interference with the NK/DC interaction possibly represents a mechanism used by growing tumors to evade the immune response.     

Immunogenic reactivity of CTLs induced by electrofusion cells of human dendritic cells and gastric cancer cells

In tumor immunotherapy, there were several reports of attempts to induce anti-tumor immunity by fusion hybrid cells generated with dendritic and tumor cells. One of them reported that vaccination of hybrid cells resulted in a remarkable reduction of tumor cells in a lab mouse experiment. In our study, fusion cells were generated successfully with human matured dendritic and human gastric cancer cells by electrofusion technique and employed to induce CTLs. The evaluated fusion rate was 47.8% by FACS analysis. We tried to induce CTLs by co culture of effector and stimulator cells in the presence of IL-2, IL-7 and IL-12 for 4 weeks. Although it was not statistically significant in tumor cytotoxic assay, effector cells induced by the fusion cells as stimulator cells showed a few cytotoxic responses in an immunological tumor specific manner. Our data suggest that fusion hybrid cells may facilitate stimulation and expansion of tumor-specific T cells, but further investigation is required for clinical application of fusion cells in adoptive immunotherapy.     

Marker profile of mesothelial cells versus ovarian carcinoma cells

We investigated the marker profile of human ascitic and cultured mesothelial cells, and compared it to that of ovarian carcinoma cells which are related in terms of their histogenesis, unrelated colon carcinomas being used as reference. Mesothelial and ovarian carcinoma cells could not be distinguished by (intermediate) filament typing, using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to keratins, vimentins and desmins. Colon carcinomas differed from mesothelial cells and ovarian carcinomas by the absence of keratin-7 filaments. The epithelial marker BW 495/36 was completely negative on mesothelial cells and positive on all ovarian and colon carcinoma cells. While CEA was found on about 85% of all colon carcinomas, CEA expression on mesothelial cells and ovarian carcinoma cells was below 20%. The ovarian carcinoma markers (OV-TL 3, OV-TL 10, OC 125, MOV 18) were strongly positive on ovarian carcinomas and negative on colon carcinomas (or limited to traces of immunofluorescence on some samples). Although the mesothelial cells showed weak or negative reactivity with these markers, OC 125 antigen was found by immunoelectron microscopy on the surface of cultured mesothelial cells, and was shed in the culture supernatant at concentrations of 50, 28, and 25 CA 125 U/ml/10(4) positive cells. This suggests that mesothelial cells may be responsible for the synthesis of CA 125 in ascitic fluid. The data indicate that ovarian carcinomas, mesothelial cells and colon carcinomas can be distinguished using a combination of anti-keratin antibodies with BW 495/36 and anti-ovarian carcinoma markers.     

Radial glia cells are candidate stem cells of ependymoma

Tumors of the same histologic type often comprise clinically and molecularly distinct subgroups; however, the etiology of these subgroups is unknown. Here, we report that histologically identical, but genetically distinct, ependymomas exhibit patterns of gene expression that recapitulate those of radial glia cells in the corresponding region of the central nervous system. Cancer stem cells isolated from ependymomas displayed a radial glia phenotype and formed tumors when orthotopically transplanted in mice. These findings identify restricted populations of radial glia cells as candidate stem cells of the different subgroups of ependymoma, and they support a general hypothesis that subgroups of the same histologic tumor type are generated by different populations of progenitor cells in the tissues of origin.     

Can cancer cells transform normal host cells into malignant cells?

A human prostate tumour cell line, LNCaP C4-2, when injected into athymic male nude mice, produced tumours containing: (1) only human cancer cells similar to those injected; (2) only murine stromal cells containing abnormal chromosome constitutions; or (3) both human prostate cancer cells similar to those injected and the transformed murine stromal cells with altered chromosome constitutions. Karyotypic analysis of murine metaphases from all the host-derived tumours showed mostly pseudodiploid chromosome constitutions, with multiple copies (amplification) of mouse chromosome 15 and the absence of a typical Y chromosome. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of these murine cells, using a biotin-labelled total human DNA painting probe, further demonstrated the absence of human DNA and the presence of only mouse metaphase and interphase cells in these transformed stromal cells. These results suggest that cancer cells are capable of inducing neoplastic transformation in stromal cells of the host organ by some, as yet unknown, epigenetic mechanism(s).     

α-半乳糖神经酰胺负载DC促进CIK细胞对肝癌细胞的杀伤效应

目的:研究负载α-半乳糖神经酰胺(alpha-galactosylceramide,α-GalCer)的DC功能与成熟度的改变情况,探讨α-GalCer-DC与CIK共培养对CIK细胞表型、增殖活性及杀伤肝癌细胞效率的影响.方法:采用密度梯度离心法从人外周血中分离出单个核细胞,悬浮细胞诱导培养CIK细胞,贴壁细胞诱导培养DC;流式细胞仪检测α-GalCer负载DC的表型,Real-time PCR检测DC相关基因的mRNA表达改变.将α-GalCer-DC与CIK细胞共培养,流式细胞仪检测DC与CIK细胞表面标志物;锥虫蓝染色法检测CIK细胞的增殖倍数;Real-time PCR检测CIK细胞功能相关基因的表达情况;CCK-8试剂盒检测α-GalCer-DC对CIK杀伤HepG2细胞的影响.结果:经过多种细胞因子诱导,可获得CIK细胞和成熟的DC;α-GalCer负载可促进DC成熟,DC表面标志物CD80、CD86、CD83和CD11c的阳性率均升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),表面趋化因子受体CCR-7、IL-12、IL-10的mRNA水平升高(P＜0.05).α-GalCer-DC与CIK共培养,可显著提高CIK细胞CD3+ CD56+的表达和增殖活性(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),并显著提高INF-γ、IL-12、穿孔素和颗粒酶素B的mRNA表达水平(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);CIK、DC-CIK、α-GalCer-DC-CIK细胞对HepG2细胞的杀伤作用随效靶比的升高而增强,在同一效靶比时α-GalCer-DC-CIK细胞对靶细胞的杀伤作用最强(P＜0.05).结论:α-GalCer负载可促进DC成熟,α-GalCer-DC与CIK共培养能促进后者增殖和成熟,能显著增强其对肝癌细胞的杀伤活性,为DC-CIK在肿瘤免疫治疗中的应用提供了实验依据.     

Chemoresistant colorectal cancer cells and cancer stem cells mediate growth and survival of bystander cells

Background:

Recent studies suggest that cancer stem cells (CSCs) mediate chemoresistance, but interestingly, only a small percentage of cells in a resistant tumour are CSCs; this suggests that non-CSCs survive by other means. We hypothesised that chemoresistant colorectal cancer (CRC) cells generate soluble factors that enhance survival of chemonaive tumour cells.

Methods:

Chemoresistant CRC cells were generated by serial passage in oxaliplatin (Ox cells). Conditioned media (CM) was collected from parental and oxaliplatin-resistant (OxR) cells. CRC cells were treated with CM and growth and survival were assessed. Tumour growth rates were determined in nude mice after cells were treated with CM. Mass spectrometry (MS) identified proteins in CM. Reverse phase protein microarray assays determined signalling effects of CM in parental cells.

Results:

Oxaliplatin-resistant CM increased survival of chemo-naive cells. CSC CM also increased growth of parental cells. Parental and OxR mixed tumours grew larger than tumours composed of parental or OxR cells alone. Mass spectrometry detected unique survival-promoting factors in OxR CM compared with parental CM. Cells treated with OxR CM demonstrated early phosphorylation of EGFR and MEK1, with later upregulation of total Akt .We identified progranulin as a potential mediator of chemoresistance.

Conclusion:

Chemoresistant tumour cells and CSCs may promote resistance through soluble factors that mediate survival in otherwise chemosensitive tumour cells.