抗HBsAg和抗红细胞双特异Diabody的构建及表达

目的构建及表达抗乙肝病毒表面抗原（ＨＢｓＡｇ）和抗红细胞（ＲＢＣ）双特异Ｄｉａｂｏｄｙ，用于血清中ＨＢｓＡｇ的快速检测。方法将抗ＨＢｓＡｇ的人抗体轻重链可变区基因与抗红细胞的鼠抗体重轻链可变区基因交叉配对构建成两个杂合Ｄｉａｂｏｄｙ基因，并将两个配对基因组建在一个表达载体中，成为双特异Ｄｉａｂｏｄｙ表达载体，并在大肠杆菌中分泌表达。结果经ＥＬＩＳＡ检测和红细胞凝集实验测定，证明所表达的双特异性Ｄｉａｂｏｄｙ具有抗ＨＢｓＡｇ和抗ＲＢＣ双重功能，并可使含有ＨＢｓＡｇ的ＲＢＣ悬液产生血球凝集。结论所表达的双特异性Ｄｉａｂｏｄｙ具有双重抗体活性，可用于血清中ＨＢｓＡｇ的快速检测     

广西不同人群庚型肝炎病毒感染状况的调查

目的 了解庚型肝炎病毒（ＨＧＶ）感染在广西柳州地区不同人群中的感染状况，并比较静脉毒瘾者与健康体检者ＨＧＶ，乙型肝炎病毒（ＨＢＶ）、丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）与ＨＧＶ共同感染的特点，方法 应用酶联免疫法（ＥＬＡ）检测抗－ＨＧＶ，抗－ＨＣＶ，ＨＢＶＭ（ＨＢｓＡｇ，ＨＢｓＡｂ，ＨＢｅＡｇ，ＨＢｅＡｂ，ＨＢｃＡｂ），并对抗－ＨＧＶ阳性者随机抽取２０例（１９％）进一步用逆转录套式ＰＣＲ（ＰＴ－ｎＰＣＲ）法检测     

乙型肝炎病毒前S2抗原／抗体检测方法的改进及其应用

通过改进乙型肝炎病毒表面前Ｓ２抗原（Ｐｒｅ－Ｓ２Ａｇ）、前Ｓ２抗体（Ｐｒｅ－Ｓ２Ａｂ）的检测方法,对１２８份正常人标本Ｐｒｅ－Ｓ２Ａｂ进行测定,确定了Ｐｒｅ－Ｓ２Ａｂ抑制率的阳性界值。用改进后的方法检测不同人群中的Ｐｒｅ－Ｓ２Ａｇ及Ｐｒｅ－Ｓ２Ａｂ,发现在慢性乙型肝炎患者中Ｐｒｅ－Ｓ２Ａｇ比ＨＢｅＡｇ／Ａｂ系统更能反映机体的ＨＢＶＤＮＡ复制水平（Ｐ＜０．０１）,而Ｐｒｅ－Ｓ２Ａｂ的检出则与急性乙型肝炎的预后密切相关,同时,Ｐｒｅ－Ｓ２Ａｂ也可作为评价含有Ｐｒｅ－Ｓ２Ａｇ的乙肝疫苗主动免疫效果的指标。     

ASODN对白细胞抗原Ⅰ类基因表达的影响

目的为观察针对乙型肝炎病毒（ＨＢＶ）ｘ基因特异性反义核酸（ＡＳＯＤＮ）对２２１５细胞表面白细胞抗原Ⅰ类基因（ＨＬＡ－Ⅰ）表达的影响。方法人工合成互补于ｘ基因关键区的三段反义核酸，用流式细胞仪检测ＡＳＯＤＮ对２２１５细胞表面ＨＬＡ－Ⅰ表达的影响，细胞原位杂交观察作用细胞内ＨＬＡ－ⅠｍＲＮＡ含量变化，同时用ＰＡＰ－ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测作用细胞上清中ＨＢｘＡｇ的含量。结果三段ＡＳＯＤＮ均能抑制ＨＢｘＡｇ的表达，２２１５细胞表面ＨＬＡ－Ⅰ类抗原的表达及细胞内ＨＬＡ－ⅠｍＲＮＡ含量也降低。结论ＨＢｘＡｇ表达量的降低可能系ＡＳＯＤＮ序列特异性抑制作用所致，而ＨＬＡ－Ⅰ表达的降低可能是ＨＢｘＡｇ对ＨＬＡ－Ⅰ基因启动子的激发减少的间接结果。     

深圳地区类流感疾病暴发的病因研究

深圳地区于１９９４年３月底至５月中发生了类流感疾病暴发。病原学和血清学研究均证实其病因为乙型流感病毒。抗原性分析指出，分离毒株的抗原性类似于Ｂ／沪防／１／９３和Ｂ／粤防／８／９３毒株（它们为Ｂ／Ｖｉｃｔｏｒｉａ／２／８７类毒株）。基因分析指出，分离毒株的ＨＡ１区基因长度与Ｂ／沪防／１／９３毒株一样为１０３８个核苷酸，编码３４６个氨基酸，它们之间ＨＡ１蛋白分子上氨基酸序列的同源性高达９５．００％以上。这就进一步证实了分离物为Ｂ／Ｖｉｃｔｏｒｉａ／２／８７类毒株。同时也表明了当前在我国人群中同时流行着两种抗原性和基因特性不同的乙型流感病毒。     

血清乙型肝炎病毒前S1抗原检测及其与病毒复制的关系

用抗Ｓ和抗前Ｓ１单抗的双抗体夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测１５０例慢性乙型肝炎患者、乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原（ＨＢｓＡｇ）携带者和健康人血清中的ＨＢＶ前Ｓ１抗原，其结果和ＨＢＶＤＮＡ聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）、乙型肝炎血清标志的检测结果进行比较。结果表明：前Ｓ１抗原在乙型肝炎病毒ｅ抗原（ＨＢｅＡｇ）阳性组中的检出率和相对滴度显著高于ＨＢｅＡｇ阴性组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；在ＨＢｅＡｇ阴性组中，抗－ＨＢｅ阴性人群前Ｓ１抗原的检出率和相对滴度也显著高于抗－ＨＢｅ阳性人群（Ｐ＜０．０１）。前Ｓ１抗原和ＨＢＶＤＮＡ检测结果的符合率达８０％，两者检出率的相关系数ｒ＝０．９８２６（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：血清前Ｓ１抗原和乙型肝炎病毒的存在关系密切。     

土拨鼠肝炎病毒野毒及前C人工变异株的体外表达

１８９６和１８９８的Ｇ→Ａ变异是乙型肝炎病毒（ＨＢＶ）ＤＮＡ变异的热点，１８９６变异导致ＨＢｅＡｇ翻译中断。这种变异被认为改变了ＨＢＶ的生物学特性，因而与慢性肝炎和重症肝炎相关。我们以人工变异的方法分别使野毒株土拨鼠肝炎病毒ＷＨＶ－８相当于ＨＢＶ１８９６及１８９６和１８９８位点产生Ｇ→Ａ变异，并构建了首尾相连的双体质粒。分别用这些质粒转染ＨｅｐＧ２细胞，结果其ＤＮＡ复制水平和转录水平未见明显差异。说明这种前Ｃ热点变异不影响ＷＨＶ复制。     

HBV感染与IgA肾病肾小管间质病变的关系

目的探讨ＩｇＡ肾病ＨＢＶ感染与肾小管间质病变的关系。方法利用原位分子杂交（ＨＢＶＤＮＡ）、免疫组化（ＨＢＡｇ、ＣＤ３、ＣＤ８）以及ＨＢＶＤＮＡＨＢＡｇ和ＨＢＡｇＣＤ４３双标记技术，对９１例ＩｇＡ肾病肾穿刺标本进行研究。结果肾组织内ＨＢＡｇ阳性率为６９．２％。ＨＢＶＤＮＡ原位杂交阳性率为４２９％。ＨＢＶＤＮＡ阳性的病例，双重标记染色发现ＨＢＶＤＮＡ阳性的肾小管上皮细胞可表达ＨＢｃＡｇ或／和ＨＢｓＡｇ。ＨＢＶ感染标记（ＨＢＶＤＮＡ、ＨＢｃＡｇ、ＨＢｓＡｇ）阳性组ＣＤ３阳性细胞和ＣＤ８阳性细胞数明显高于阴性组（Ｐ＜００１），并可见数量不等的Ｔ淋巴细胞入侵ＨＢｃＡｇ及ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性肾小管管壁或围绕其周围。结论感染ＨＢＶ的肾组织细胞能够表达ＨＢＡｇ，并诱导ＣＤ３阳性细胞和ＣＤ８阳性细胞浸润，从而加重肾小管、间质损害。ＨＢＶ感染对ＩｇＡ肾病的发生发展可能起着重要作用     

酒精对树鼩感染乙型肝炎病毒的影响

目的：验证酒精对树鼠句感染ＨＢＶ（ｈｅｐａｔｉｔｉｓＢｖｉｒｕｓ）是否具有更高的易感性。方法：应用酒精性免疫抑制的树鼠句模型,观察酒精性免疫抑制树鼠句对ＨＢＶ的易感性。结果：酒精组树鼠句的肺泡巨噬细胞和外周血中性粒细胞的吞噬率明显低于对照组,白细胞移动指数明显高于对照组,ＨＢＶ感染率比对照组增高２５倍。结论：提示酒精组树鼠句在发生免疫功能明显受损的同时对ＨＢＶ易感性也显著增高。     

逆转录病毒载体介导乙型肝炎病毒反义基因的转录表达

为了探索在真核细胞内转录表达乙型肝炎病毒（ＨＢＶ）反义核酸的方法，用基因重组技术将ＨＢＶ前Ｃ／Ｃ基因（ＰｒｅＣ／Ｃ）和前Ｓ／Ｓ基因（ＰｒｅＳ／Ｓ）片段反向插入逆转录病毒载体质粒，再将重组体分别转染ＰＡ３１７包装细胞，进而获得能够介导ＨＢＶ反义基因向小鼠ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞转移表达的重组逆转录病毒。经分子杂交试验表明，含有ＨＢＶ反义基因的重组逆转录病毒序列已经整合到转染的ＰＡ３１７细胞染色体上；转导的ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞内有ＨＢＶ反义ＲＮＡ转录表达。结论：逆转录病毒载体包装细胞系统能够介导ＨＢＶ反义基因在真核细胞中转录表达，因而有可能利用反义技术和基因转移方法进行抗－ＨＢＶ基因治疗     

Overlapping gene mutations of hepatitis B virus in a chronic hepatitis B patient with hepatitis B surface antigen loss during lamivudine therapy

Disappearance of hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg) in chronic hepatitis B usually indicates clearance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, false HBsAg negativity with mutations in pre-S2 and 'a' determinant has been reported. It is also known that YMDD mutations decrease the production of HBV and escape detection of serum HBsAg. Here, we report overlapping gene mutations in a patient with HBsAg loss during the lamivudine therapy. After 36 months of lamivudine therapy in a 44-yrold Korean chronic hepatitis B patient, serum HBsAg turned negative while HBV DNA remained positive by a DNA probe method. Nucleotide sequence of serum HBV DNA was compared with the HBV genotype C subtype adr registered in NCBI AF 286594. Deletion of nucleotides 23 to 55 (amino acids 12 to 22) was identified in the pre-S2 region. Sequencing of the 'a' determinant revealed amino acid substitutions as I126S, T131N, M133T, and S136Y. Methionine of rtM204 in the P gene was substituted for isoleucine indicating YIDD mutation (rtM204I). We identified a HBV mutant composed of pre-S2 deletions and 'a' determinant substitutions with YMDD mutation. Our result suggests that false HBsAg negativity can be induced by combination of overlapping gene mutations during the lamivudine therapy.     

慢性乙肝发生致死性重型肝炎与重叠嗜肝病毒感染及HBV e系统状态关系的研究

目的　为了查清慢性乙型肝炎 (慢性乙肝 )病程中发生致死性重型肝炎与重叠感染甲、丙、丁或戊型肝炎病毒以及乙肝病毒 (HBV)e系统状态的关系 ,以便采取相应措施降低慢性乙肝的死亡率。方法　用ELISA法检测慢性乙肝病程中发生致死性重型肝炎时重叠甲、丙、丁或戊型肝炎病毒的感染情况以及HBVe系统的状态。结果　在慢性乙肝病程中发生致死性重型肝炎的 2 19例患者中 ,甲、丙、丁或戊型肝炎病毒的重叠感染率分别为 1. 4 % (3 /2 19)、9.6 % (2 1 2 19)、1.8% (4 2 19)和30.1% (6 6 / 2 19) ,重叠嗜肝病毒的感染率之和为 4 2.9% (94 2 19)。其中 ,以戊型肝炎病毒为主 ,并且近10年来感染率基本没有改变。原因未明者为 5 7.1% (12 5 2 19)。HBeAg和抗 HBe的阳性率在甲、丙、丁或戊型肝炎病毒重叠感染组分别为 17.0 % (16 94 )和 5 4.0 2 % (5 1 94 ) ;原因未明组分别为 2 7.2 %(34 /12 5 )和 4 7.2 % (5 9/12 5 ) ,两组之间HBeAg和抗 HBe阳性率的比较差异无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　研究结果提示 ,重叠嗜肝病毒感染是发生致死性重型肝炎的重要原因 ;严格饮食卫生和使用安全的血液制品可降低慢性乙肝的死亡率。未能发现HBVe抗原的血清转换与慢性乙肝患者病程中发生致死性重型肝炎有明确的关系     

Immunoprophylaxis of perinatal transmission of the hepatitis B virus: efficacy of hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine in a low-prevalence area

One hundred eleven newborn infants born of Spanish hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier mothers were consecutively assigned to one of three treatment groups. Group A was treated with three or four doses of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) in one of three different schedules. Group B received one dose of hepatitis B vaccine (Hevac-B, Pasteur) at birth and at 1, 2 and 12 months. Group C was treated with the same vaccination schedule as group B and in addition received a single dose of HBIG at birth. Comparisons were made in the 85 babies who had strictly completed the immunization schedule and had been followed for at least 12 months. The three immunization protocols were equally effective, since none of the children became a chronic HBsAg carrier or developed acute symptomatic infection. There were five transient and subclinical infections among children who received only HBIG (group A), one transient infection in group B, and one in group C. There seems to be some correlation between anti-HBs levels and degree of protection, since all transient infections in group A occurred in the subgroups who did not maintain protective antibodies during the first 6 months. Although the percentage of responders in the two vaccinated groups did not differ significantly, children who received only vaccine reached higher antibody levels than those who also received HBIG. Our results suggest that any immunization schedule able to maintain anti-HBs levels during the first 6 months of life would be useful to prevent mother-to-infant transmission of the hepatitis B virus in areas where most of the carrier women are expected to be anti-HBe positive and hence relatively less infectious.     

重组酵母乙肝疫苗免疫效果研究

目的研究重组酵母乙肝疫苗对青少年学生的免疫效果。方法同时对３６５名乙肝病毒血清学指标（ＨＢＶ－Ｍ）不同感染状况的学生进行免疫监测。随机分为两组，Ａ组：１８３人，接种剂量１０－５－５（μｇ），Ｂ组：１８２人，接种剂量５－５－５（μｇ），用ＥＬＩＳＡ法，在全自动酶标分析仪上测定。结果１．重组酵母乙肝疫苗对青少年免疫效果良好，抗－ＨＢｓ阳性率达９７％以上；２．对ＨＢＶ－Ｍ不同感染状况的学生，免疫后均无不良反应。结论ＨＢＶ易感者和感染者接种疫苗后免疫效果均好。在青少年中普种乙肝疫苗可不筛查ＨＢＶ－Ｍ。     

HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎9年前瞻性研究

目的对乙型肝炎病毒e抗原(Hepatitis B e antigen,HBeAg)阴性慢性乙型肝炎(chronichepatitis B,CHB)患者的临床特征及转归进行随访。方法前瞻性地观察93例HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎患者(9·4±6·9)年,对患者的临床特征及转归进行研究。结果93例患者多数平均随访9·4年,23·66%发展成肝硬化,6·45%发生原发性肝癌,4·30%死亡。通过单因素分析表明年龄、是否有嗜酒史、ALT活动形式与HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎患者发生肝硬化和原发性肝癌的比例相关,差异有统计学意义。结论HBeAg阴性乙型肝炎患者平均随访9·4年转归不佳。年龄、是否有嗜酒史、ALT活动形式与HBeAg阴性慢性乙型肝炎患者发生肝硬化和原发性肝癌相关。     

Cost-effectiveness and long-term outcomes of liver transplantation using hepatitis B core antibody-positive grafts with hepatitis B immunoglobulin prophylaxis in Korea

Background/AimsHepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc)-positive donors are used as an extended donor pool, and current guidelines recommend the usage of nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) as prophylaxis for preventing de novo hepatitis B virus infection (DNH). We analyzed the long-term outcomes of a large cohort of liver transplantation (LT) patients receiving anti-HBc-positive grafts and evaluated the risk of DNH when hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) monotherapy was used as prophylaxis. We also compared the cost-effectiveness of HBIG and NAs.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 457 patients with anti-HBc-positive grafts and 898 patients with anti-HBc-negative grafts who underwent LT between January 2001 and December 2018. We compared recipient characteristics according to the anti-HBc status of the donor, and compared the costs of using NAs for the rest of the patient’s life and using HBIG to maintain hepatitis B surface antibody titers above 200 IU/L.ResultsThe 1-, 5-, and 10-year patient survival rates were 87.7%, 73.5%, and 67.7%, respectively, in patients with anti-HBc-positive grafts, and 88.5%, 77.4%, and 70.3%, respectively, in patients with anti-HBc-negative grafts (P=0.113). Among 457 recipients with anti-HBc-positive grafts, 117 (25.6%) were non-HBV recipients. The overall incidence of DNH was 0.9%. When using HBIG under insurance coverage, the cumulative cost was lower compared with using NA continuously without insurance coverage in Korea.ConclusionsAnti-HBc-positive grafts alone do not affect patient survival or graft survival. HBIG monoprophylaxis has good outcomes for preventing DNH, and the patient’s long-term cost burden is low in Korea because of the national insurance system in this cohort.     

山东省枣庄市乙型病毒性肝炎流行病学调查

目的　了解枣庄市人群中乙型肝炎的流行特征。方法　于 2 0 0 0年采用随机分层抽样 ,调查 312户家庭的 96 3人 ,以RIA法检测HBsAg、抗 HBs和抗 HBc。结果　HBsAg、抗 HBs、抗 HBc和HBV标化流行率分别为 7.0 8%、37.5 6 %、4 1.35 %和 4 4 .37%。HBsAg流行率男性高于女性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,城区高于农村 (P <0 .0 1) ,在不同年龄及职业人群中差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。抗 HBs、抗 HBc和HBV感染率有随年龄增长而递增的趋势 (P <0 .0 1)。HBV总感染率男性高于女性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,农村高于城市 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　枣庄市人群HBV感染率较高 ,应积极采取预防和控制措施 ,减少发病。     

Viral hepatitis A and B in hemodialysed patients

Summary In 113 hemodialysed patients, 167 hospitalized patients, and 143 outpatients the frequency of HAV and HBV markers were studied by testing HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc, HBeAg, anti-HBe, and anti-HAV. The hemodialysis patients in a dialysiscenter had significantly more often HBV markers (85.7%) than those maintained on home-dialysis (46.5%). 29.9% of the hospitalized patients and 32.1% of the outpatients had HBV markers. By the anti-HBc test up to 41% of additional HBV infections could be detected. — The prevalence of anti-HAV was very high in all groups. Significant differences between the hemodialysis patients and the control groups existed only in the age groups up to 39 years. — The frequencies of HAV and HBV markers were related to age, duration of dialysis treatment, transfusional frequency, and transaminases. The HBV appeared as the clinically important hepatitis agent in dialysis.     

Low incidence of acute rejection in hepatitis B virus positive liver transplant recipients and the impact of hepatitis B immunoglobulin

Historically, hepatitis B virus (HBV) liver transplantation (LT) recipients have less acute cellular rejection (ACR) than those without HBV. We questioned whether this has persisted in an era of decreased Hepatitis B immunoglobulin use (HBIG) given its in vitro immunoregulatory effects.We compared the incidence, risk factors and outcomes of ACR among 40,593 primary LT recipients with HBV, hepatitis C, steatohepatitis, and immune liver disease (OPTN 2000-2011). We also assessed the in vitro effect of HBIG on alloimmune lymphoproliferation and regulatory T cell generation using mixed lymphocyte reactions.In multivariate analysis, HBV status remained a strong independent predictor of freedom from ACR (OR 0.58, 95% CI: 1.5–2.1). Patient (67.7% vs 72.3%) and graft (60.8% vs 69.1%) survival were significantly lower in patients with ACR versus no ACR for all causes except HBV. HBIG use had no statistical association with ACR. In vitro, HBIG at concentrations equivalent to clinical dosing did not inhibit lymphoproliferation or promote regulatory T cell development. In summary, the incidence and impact of ACR is lower now for HBV LT and does not appear to be secondary to HBIG by our in vitro and in vivo analyses. Rather, it may be due to the innate immunosuppressive properties of chronic HBV infection.