MRI在诊断咽旁间隙病变中的价值

目的：总结咽旁间隙肿瘤的MRI特点,评价MRI对咽旁间隙肿瘤的鉴别诊断价值。方法：回顾分析经病理确诊的咽旁间隙肿瘤20例,全部行MRI检查,18例行增强MRI检查,结果：腮腺深叶来源肿瘤9例,良性混合瘤5例,恶性肿瘤4例,肿瘤与腮腺深叶间的脂肪间隙消失。颈内动脉无或向后稍移位,颈动脉鞘来源肿瘤10例,与腮腺深叶间的脂肪间隙存在,颈内动脉均明显向前移位,其中神经鞘瘤8例,迷走体瘤2例;后者可见明显流空,来自三叉神经的神经鞘瘤1例,与腮腺深叶的脂肪间隙存在,颈内动脉无移位。结论：咽旁间隙肿瘤主要来自腮腺深叶和颈动脉鞘,MRI是鉴别咽旁间隙肿瘤最可靠的影象学检查方法。     

多排螺旋CT在咽旁间隙肿瘤诊断中的价值

目的:探讨咽旁间隙肿瘤的多排螺旋CT表现以及CT检查对咽旁间隙肿瘤的诊断价值。材料与方法:对28例经病理证实的咽旁间隙肿瘤的大小、形态、密度、强化程度、位置、与咽旁间隙茎突及颈动脉鞘的关系等进行了分析。结果:28例咽旁间隙肿瘤中,多形性腺瘤5例,神经鞘瘤4例,神经纤维瘤2例,颈动脉体瘤2例,淋巴瘤8例,鼻咽癌颈部淋巴结转移3例,转移性淋巴结肿大5例。5例多形性腺瘤表现为咽旁间隙茎突前间隙腮腺区卵圆形或扁块状肿块,4例神经鞘廇均位于茎突后间隙,表现为类圆形或不规则软组织肿块,其中2例有囊变坏死,2例颈动脉体瘤CT上呈圆形等密度的软组织肿块,位于颈动脉分叉的内侧,8例淋巴瘤CT见咽旁前间隙多发结节样软组织肿块影,3例鼻咽癌颈部淋巴结转移表现为咽旁间隙多发肿大淋巴结。结论:茎突前间隙最常见肿瘤是多形性腺瘤和淋巴瘤,茎突后间隙最常见肿瘤是神经源性肿瘤和转移瘤,多排螺旋CT检查结合后处理技术在咽旁间隙肿瘤的诊断中具有重要价值。     

Nonsquamous cell neoplasms of the adult head and neck

The purpose of the article is to describe the magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of the most frequently encountered nonsquamous neoplasms of the adult head and neck. The lesions are divided into those arising from the parapharyngeal or carotid spaces, salivary gland neoplasms, neoplasms of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, mesenchymal neoplasms, and lymphoreticular neoplasms. When appropriate, correlative features of other imaging modalities are included in the discussion. Although magnetic resonance imaging can provide critical information in the evaluation of patients with these neck masses, the imaging features of many of the lesions may be nonspecific and complementary data must be obtained from other modalities or biopsy may be necessary.     

Glomus caroticum chemodectoma. Review on current diagnosis and therapy

Carotid body tumors are rare neoplasms arising from the small chemoreceptor organ in the adventitia of the common carotid bifurcation. Patients with carotid body tumours usually present with a gradually enlarging non-tender anterolateral neck mass. Differential diagnosis includes metastatic lymph nodes, carotid artery aneurysm, salivary gland tumour, branchial cleft cyst, and neurogenic or thyroid tumours. When such a lesion is suspected, a non-invasive Doppler colour flow ultrasonography enables the clinician to arrive at a definite diagnosis. Subsequent arteriography is mandatory, because the finding of an intensely blushing hypervascular mass spreading into the carotid bifurcation further supports the diagnosis and provides accurate preoperative information concerning arterial blood supply. Computed tomography scanning is appropriate to delineate the relation of the tumour to adherent structures, while magnetic resonance tomography demonstrates the relation of the tumour to the adjacent internal jugular vein and the carotid artery. Selective embolization should be performed for safe surgical removal with less bleeding. Early surgery is the treatment of choice and is recommended in order to minimize major risks. Subadventitial resection is the most established technique. Radical resection prevents local recurrence and has the best long-term results. Removal of the internal or common carotid arteries can become mandatory in selected cases of extensive disease. Surgical treatment by an experienced team is associated with considerably low mortality and morbidity.     

螺旋CT对老年患者颈部非甲状腺源性肿物的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨螺旋CT对老年患者颈部非甲状腺源性肿物的鉴别诊断价值。方法回顾性分析132例CT检查为非甲状腺来源的老年颈部肿物患者的影像学资料,所有病例均经病理证实,观察患者的肿物发生部位、数量、病理学类型、CT影像特点,增强扫描特点等。结果 132例老年患者中,单发性的颈部肿物97例,包括颈前间隙的表皮样囊肿13例、淋巴管囊肿12例、慢性淋巴结炎9例、淋巴结癌转移21例,脏器间隙的会厌囊肿11例、椎前及椎旁间隙的神经纤维瘤8例、神经鞘膜瘤9例,咽旁间隙唾液腺内的唾液腺混合瘤7例,颈动脉间隙的神经鞘瘤7例;多发性肿物患者35例,主要发生在颈前间隙、颈后间隙或脏器间隙内,包括多发腮腺混合瘤3例、慢性淋巴结炎4例、淋巴结结核8例、恶性淋巴瘤4例、淋巴结转移癌16例。结论螺旋CT对老年患者颈部非甲状腺肿物的鉴别诊断有重要意义。     

咽旁间隙的超声解剖及声像图研究

目的探讨咽旁间隙的超声解剖及正常声像图特点。方法观察经CT和MRI检查并提示咽旁间隙正常的健康人33例,采用超声沿下颌骨外缘检查咽旁间隙。结果超声表现前界为颌下腺的内侧缘,外界为腮腺的深面,后界为乳突的内侧缘,内界为咽侧壁。沿下颌骨外周缘超声可显示咽旁间隙,咽旁间隙声像图的横切面呈倒置三角形,除翼内外肌和穿过其内的神经难以显示外,咽旁前间隙的筋膜脂肪组织表现强弱相间的软组织层次结构,而咽旁后间隙则表现为片状弱回声区夹杂低回声小区。结论颌下腺、腮腺和乳突是超声检查咽旁间隙的3个重要解剖标志,认识咽旁间隙的正常超声图像对提高咽旁间隙病变诊断正确率具有重要的临床意义。     

涎腺区肿块的CT诊断

目的 探讨涎腺肿瘤的CT表现，了解其影像特点。方法 分析经手术及病理证实的涎腺肿瘤16例．包括涎腺良性肿瘤6例，恶性肿瘤5例，涎腺外肿块4例(神经鞘瘤2例，淋巴结转移2例)，另有慢性腮腺炎1例。结果 6例涎腺良性肿瘤中5例呈圆形或椭圆形，1例呈多结节分叶，增强后均匀强化。6例肿物较边缘清楚．密度较均匀。5例涎腺恶性肿瘤轮廓不规则，边界不清楚并伴有不同程度的周围结构受侵，密度不均匀，增强后明显强化。结论 涎腺区肿块的部位、边界、包膜、密度及茎突移位情况是鉴别肿瘤良恶性的主要依据，认为CT对肿瘤与其他疾病的鉴别及涎腺内外肿瘤的鉴别具有重要临床价值。     

小涎腺腺样囊性癌周围神经浸润MRI诊断

目的通过分析3例小涎腺腺样囊性癌,提高对小涎腺腺样囊性癌周围神经浸润的认识和MRI诊断。方法收集3例病理证实的小涎腺腺样囊性癌病例资料,回顾性分析其MRI表现。结果 2例发生于口腔的小涎腺,1例起源于颌下腺间隙。3例均以周围神经病变为主要临床表现。MRI上表现为神经根、干、海绵窦结节样增粗,异常强化。结论 MRI可显示小涎腺腺样囊性癌沿神经周围扩散转移,有助于术前诊断。     

彩色多普勒超声对颈动脉体瘤的诊断价值

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声在颈动脉体瘤诊断中的应用价值.方法 回顾分析11例患者颈动脉体瘤的声像图表现.结果 颈动脉体瘤声像图表现为颈动脉分叉处见实质性低回声肿块,边界清楚、边缘较规则、无明显包膜.肿瘤较小时,多位于颈总动脉分叉处,使颈内、外动脉间距增大;肿瘤较大时,常围绕血管生长.CDFI显示肿瘤内较丰富的血流信号,以动脉为主;用彩色多普勒能量图更能清晰地显示肿瘤内血流与颈动脉的关系;频谱多普勒显示:肿块内以动脉为主,为低速低阻型血流.结论 彩色多普勒超声是诊断颈动脉体瘤具有较大实用价值的首选方法.     

Gene expression screening of salivary gland neoplasms: molecular markers of potential histogenetic and clinical significance

Salivary gland neoplasms comprise phenotypically and biologically diverse lesions of uncertain histogenesis. The molecular events associated with their development and clinicopathological heterogeneity remain unknown. To reveal these events, we performed microarray expression analysis using a nylon-filter membrane platform on 18 primary lesions representing the most common benign and malignant types. Our study identified a small set of genes that are differentially altered between normal salivary gland tissues and benign and malignant tumors. Of the 5000 genes arrayed, 136 genes were differentially expressed by normal tissue, benign tumors, and various malignant neoplasms. Hierarchical clustering analysis differentiated between adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACCs) and other malignant subtypes. Non-ACC specimens manifested overlapping patterns of gene expression within and between tumors. Most of the differentially expressed genes share functional similarities with members of the adhesion, proliferation, and signal transduction pathways. Our study identified: 1) a set of genes that differentiate normal tissue from tumor specimens, 2) genes that differentiate pleomorphic adenoma and ACCs from other malignant salivary gland neoplasms, and 3) different patterns of expression between ACCs arising from major and minor salivary gland sites. The differentially expressed genes provide new information on potential genetic events of biological significance in future studies of salivary gland tumorigenesis.     

海绵窦肿瘤的CT和MRI表现

[目的]探讨海绵窦肿瘤的CT和MRI特征.[方法]回顾分析89例经病理证实的海绵窦肿瘤的CT和MRI资料,包括垂体瘤25例、鼻咽鼻窦肿瘤29例、鞍旁脑膜瘤14例、鞍旁胆脂瘤3例、三叉神经鞘瘤6例、海绵窦转移瘤4例、鞍区脊索瘤5例、鞍旁软骨肉瘤2例和鞍旁骨软骨瘤1例.[结果]双侧海绵窦受累26例,单侧受累63例.肿瘤表现为病变侧海绵窦扩大和外缘膨隆(89例)、海绵窦CT密度异常并不同程度强化(62例)、海绵窦MR信号异常并不同程度强化(68例)、颈内动脉受累(76例)和颅底骨质破坏(47例).[结论]海绵窦肿瘤主要表现为海绵窦形态、密度或信号异常、颈内动脉及邻近结构受侵.     

The gamut of primary retroperitoneal masses: multimodality evaluation with pathologic correlation

The retroperitoneum is a large space where primary and metastatic tumors grow silently before clinical signs appear. Neoplastic retroperitoneal diseases may be solid or cystic, primary or secondary and range from benign to aggressive in behavior. Retroperitoneal neoplasms are notable for their widely disparate histologies. The solid primary retroperitoneal neoplasms are extremely uncommon and can be classified based on their tissue of origin into three main categories: mesodermal tumors, neurogenic tumors, and extragonadal germ cell tumors. These tumors can grow to a large size before clinical symptoms occur or become palpable. When symptoms do occur, they are nonspecific. The majority of these masses are malignant and imaging plays a pivotal role in the detection, staging, and pre-operative planning. Benign and malignant masses should be distinguished whenever possible to avoid unnecessary surgical procedures. Macroscopic fat, calcification, necrosis, vascularity, and neural foraminal widening are common imaging features helping for tumor differentiation. Meticulous cross-sectional imaging can triage the patient to the most appropriate therapy. Tumor morphology dictates imaging character, and biologic activity is reflected by positron emission tomography (PET). Complete surgical excision with tumor free margins is essential for long-term survival. Biopsy should be performed in consultation with surgical oncology to avoid complicating curative surgery. This pictorial essay illustrates the spectrum of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) imaging findings in common and uncommon primary retroperitoneal masses, with an emphasis on cross-sectional imaging features for an adequate tumor characterization and staging.

     

二维及彩色多普勒超声在颈动脉体瘤诊断中的应用

目的 探讨二维及彩色多普勒超声在颈动脉体瘤诊断中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析了12例颈动脉体瘤患者的二维及彩色多普勒超声表现。所有病例均经手术病理证实。结果 颈动脉体瘤二维超声表现为颈动脉分叉处见实质性低回声肿块，边界清晰，边缘规则或呈分叶状。肿瘤较小时，多位于颈总动脉分叉处，使颈内、外动脉间距增大，形状多较规则；肿瘤较大时，常围绕血管生长。彩色多普勒超声表现为所有肿瘤内均可见较丰富的彩色血流信号，以动脉血流为主，能清晰地显示肿瘤与颈动脉的关系。结论 二维及彩色多普勒超声对诊断颈动脉体瘤具有无创、安全、特异性强等特点，有利于同颈部其他性质包块的鉴别诊断，是诊断颈动脉体瘤的首选方法。     

Sonography of soft tissue masses of the neck

In many clinical conditions, high-resolution sonography and color (power) Doppler sonography can be used as the first-line modality for evaluating cervical soft tissue masses. Cervical cysts, lipomas, paragangliomas, neurogenic tumors, hemangiomas, and lymphangiomas often exhibit characteristic sonographic appearances. Sonography can be used for lymph node assessment, and most salivary gland diseases can be diagnosed sonographically. Sonography can be used to guide needle biopsy of soft tissue neoplasms and lymph nodes. In addition, the relationship between a cervical mass and the great vessels can be evaluated.     

CT、MRI诊断咀嚼肌间隙肿瘤

目的 观察咀嚼肌间隙(MS)肿瘤的CT、MRI表现及继发肿瘤累及MS的途径.方法 57例MS肿瘤患者,2例接受CT检查,17例接受MR检查,38例同时接受CT和MR检查.回顾性分析57例影像学表现.结果 7例原发MS肿瘤,6例原发良性肿瘤边界清楚、相邻咀嚼肌和骨质受压,1例原发恶性肿瘤边界不清伴骨质破坏.50例继发肿瘤,14例颅底、眼眶肿瘤经眶下裂累及MS,7例泪腺腺样囊性癌、1例白血病破坏眼眶外壁侵犯MS,2例视网膜母细胞瘤跳跃性转移至MS,9例鼻腔、鼻窦、鼻咽肿瘤经蝶腭孔累及MS,15例上颌窦肿瘤、1例鼻腔筛窦肿瘤破坏上颌窦后壁侵犯MS,1例翼腭窝肿瘤直接侵犯MS.20例继发良性肿瘤多边界清楚、咀嚼肌受压或萎缩、相邻骨质受压,30例继发恶性肿瘤多边界不清、上颌窦后间隙消失、翼突骨质破坏.结论 CT和MRI能清晰显示MS肿瘤的形态、边界、范围、相邻结构的异常改变,对原发肿瘤的诊断、继发恶性肿瘤的临床分期有重要价值.     

颈动脉体瘤的综合影像诊断

目的：探讨劲动脉体瘤的超声、ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ、血管造影影像学表现及诊断价值。材料与方法,９例颈本瘤中５例经手术病理证实,４例经血管造影证实,其中２例为双侧。回顾性分析颈动脉体瘤的各种影像学表现,评价其临床价值。结果：各种检查均可显示肿瘤部位及其形态,颈动脉体瘤的Ｂ超超声特点为中等低实质回声,大于３．０ｃｍ的肿瘤可见管道结构,但肿瘤上级观察欠清,２例行彩色多普勒超声显示瘤内网状血管,ＣＴ增强显示为富血管     

Congenital cholesteatoma and cholesterol granuloma of the temporal bone: role of magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be of significant benefit in characterizing expansile lesions of the petrous apex. MRI can be of particular help in distinguishing congenital cholesteatoma from cholesterol granuloma. Furthermore, with the advent of faster high-resolution scanning techniques, MRI can define precise spatial relationships of these masses with the middle and inner ear structures, internal carotid artery, jugular vein, and other structures of the skull base. MRI scanning is sensitive in detecting intracranial extension of these masses. MR angiography can provide additional information regarding the relationship of these masses with adjacent vascular structures and confirm patency of the adjacent vessels. In the postoperative period, MR scanning can help evaluate for complete removal, complication, recurrence, or formation of complicating granulation tissue.     

Sonographic anatomy of the neck: The suprahyoid region

The suprahyoid region extends from the base of the skull to the hyoid bone and includes the pharyngeal, parapharyngeal, parotid, carotid, masticator, retropharyngeal, and perivertebral spaces, as well as the oral cavity. The areas that can be explored by ultrasound include the parotid, carotid, and masticator spaces; the oral cavity; the submandibular and sublingual spaces; the floor of the mouth; and the root of the tongue. The parotid space contains the parotid gland and the excretory duct of Steno, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, the retromandibular vein, and the intraparotid lymph nodes. The carotid space in the suprahyoid region of the neck contains the internal carotid artery, the internal jugular vein, cranial nerves IX to XII, and the sympathetic plexus. Only some parts of the masticator space can be explored sonographically: these include the masseter muscle, the zygomatic arch and the outer cortex of the ramus of the mandible, and the suprazygomatic portion of the temporalis muscle. The submandibular space houses the submandibular gland, the submental and submandibular lymph nodes, and the anterior belly of digastric muscle. The facial artery and vein and the lower loop of the hypoglossal nerve all pass through the submandibular space. The sublingual space includes the sublingual gland, the deep portion of the submandibular gland and its main excretory duct, the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII), the lingual nerve (branch of the mandibular branch of trigeminal), and the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX cranial nerve), and the lingual artery and vein. The mylohyoid muscle forms the floor of the mouth. The deepest portion of the oral tongue, the root, consists of the genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles and includes the septum of the tongue. In this article we present the ultrasound features of the structures located in the suprahyoid region of the neck.     

Dumbbell-shaped solitary fibrous tumor in the parapharyngeal space: A case report

BACKGROUNDSolitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) occurring in the parapharyngeal space are rare, and their final diagnosis depends on pathological and immunohistochemical analyses. Once the tumor is diagnosed, complete resection and regular postoperative follow-up are required.CASE SUMMARYA 40-year-old male patient with a right parotid gland mass discovered 8 years ago was admitted to hospital. The mass showed no tenderness or local skin redness. Imaging was carried out as the patient had stable vital signs and showed that the mass was a dumbbell-shaped tumor comprising a superficial tumor approximately 5 cm long and 3 cm wide in size that compressed the right parotid gland and a deep tumor located in the right parapharyngeal space approximately 4.5 cm long and 2.5 cm wide in size. Both tumors were connected in the middle. Prior to surgery, the tumors were considered to be parapharyngeal schwannomas. During surgical dissection, the tumors were found to be smooth and tough, without obvious adhesion to the surrounding tissues. The tumors were revealed to be a SFT following postoperative pathological analysis.CONCLUSIONSFTs in the parapharyngeal space are rarely reported, and complete resection of such tumor is recommended. Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy is used in patients with extensive tumor invasion to lower the recurrence rate. Postoperative long-term follow-up is required.     

Papillary cystadenoma of the parotid gland: A case report

BACKGROUND Papillary cystadenoma is a rare benign epithelial tumor of the salivary gland,which is characterized by papillary structures and oncocytic cells with rich eosinophilic cytoplasm. We found only one case of papillary cystadenoma in nearly 700 cases of salivary gland tumors. Our case was initially mistaken for a tumor of the right temporomandibular joint(TMJ) capsule rather than of parotid gland origin. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) and computed tomography(CT) should be carefully studied, which allows for appropriate preoperative counseling and operative planning.CASE SUMMARY Here, we report an unusual case of a 54-year-old woman with a parotid gland papillary cystadenoma(PGPC) that was misdiagnosed as a tumor of the right TMJ capsule. She was initially admitted to our hospital due to a mass anterior to her right ear inadvertently found 5 d ago. Preoperative CT and MRI revealed a well circumscribed tumor that was attached to the right TMJ capsule. The patient underwent a resection through an incision for TMJ, but evaluation of an intraoperative frozen section revealed a benign tumor of the parotid gland. Then we removed part of the parotid gland above the temporal facial trunk. The facial nerve was preserved. Postoperative histopathological findings revealed that the tumor was PGPC. No additional treatment was performed. There was no recurrence during a 20-mo follow-up period.CONCLUSION The integrity of the interstitial space around the condyle in MRI or CT should be carefully evaluated for parotid gland or TMJ tumors.