2017年荆门市学校饮用水微生物污染监测结果分析

目的 了解2017年荆门市学校饮用水中微生物污染情况,为学校饮用水安全管理提供预防措施,为饮水卫生监督提供依据。方法 2017年6 - 10月采集176份学校饮用水,包括直饮水、桶装水和凉开水,测定7个微生物指标。结果 176份学校饮用水共测定大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、大肠埃希菌、沙门菌、志贺菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌7个微生物指标,微生物不合格率达40.34%(71/176),其中大肠菌群超标率为28.41%(50/176),铜绿假单胞菌为17.61%(31/176),所有样品均未检出耐热大肠菌群、大肠埃希菌、沙门菌、志贺菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。直饮水、桶装水和凉开水3种不同类型的学校饮用水微生物不合格率分别为35.19%(19/54)、47.30%(35/74)和35.42%(17/48),差异无统计学意义。不同类型学校、不同地区供应的学校饮用水微生物不合格率差异无统计学意义。结论 荆门市学校饮用水中大肠菌群和铜绿假单胞菌污染较为严重,存在风险隐患。建议加强对学校饮用水的卫生监督和管理。     

海口市5个住宅组团家庭饮用水微生物污染状况调查

[目的]了解海口市龙华区城乡结合地段5个住宅组团的家庭饮用水种类及其微生物污染概况;分析影响家庭饮用水卫生状况的因素,并提出改进建议。[方法]利用分层随机抽样法抽取龙华区5个住宅组团家庭（A、B、C、D组团为井水集中式供水,E组团为市政二次供水）,进行问卷调查并采集饮用水样（包括桶装水）。按照《生活饮用水微生物检验方法》（GB／T5750．12-2006）对菌落总数、总大肠菌群及耐热大肠菌群进行检测,对市政二次供水和水井水参照《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749--2006）有关微生物限值进行评价;对桶装水参照《瓶（桶）装饮用纯净水卫生标准》（GB17324--2003）中有关微生物限值标准进行评价;对检测结果进行相应统计分析。[结果]共检测水样292份。其中,菌落总数合格者为194份（占66．4％）;市政二次供水、井水集中式供水及桶装水合格率分别为76．9％、69．7％、48．4％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;各组团饮用水合格率分别为73．7％、61．9％、81．5％、59．1％、76．9％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）o水样总大肠菌群及耐热大肠菌群合格率分别为90．1％、92．5％。多因素非条件logistic分析显示,饮水机清洗间隔时间过长是影响桶装水微生物超标的危险因素（OR=23．515,P=0．009）o[结论]龙华区5个住宅组团中家庭饮用水微生物指标合格率较低,桶装水受微生物污染较严重,建议加强集中式供水的卫生监督,并关注桶装水卫生状况,加强其卫生监督及居民健康用水习惯的宣传普及工作。     

沈阳铁路地区生活饮用水微生物指标检测结果分析

目的了解沈阳铁路地区各车站、站段生活饮用水的卫生情况,保证铁路职工饮水安全。方法对338件水样进行微生物指标的检验。结果总合格率为90.8%。其中菌落总数的合格率为90.8%,总大肠菌群和耐热大肠菌群合格率为93.5%。1、4季度水质好于2、3季度。各类水样合格率经统计学处理,二次加压水与出厂水相比较,χ2=5.82,P<0.05,差异有统计学意义。出厂水与分散式供水比较,χ2=5.57,P<0.05,差异有统计学意义。结论该地区生活饮用水的水质尤其是分散式供水污染状况较为严重,铁路一线职工的饮水安全亟待解决。     

2011年宾川县农村安全饮水工程生活饮用水水质监测结果

目的了解宾川县农村安全饮水工程生活饮用水水质卫生状况,为进一步加强农村安全饮水工程生活饮用水卫生监督管理提供科学依据。方法按照《生活饮用水卫生标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750—2006),对宾川县内建成的10个农村安全饮水工程点枯水期与丰水期的水源水、未梢水进行采样检测。结果枯水期综合合格率为45%,丰水期综合合格率为15%,枯水期合格率明显高于丰水期(χ2=4.29,P﹤0.05),不合格指标主要是浑浊度、肉眼可见物、菌落总数、总大肠菌群和耐热大肠菌群,且多数安全饮水工程点未进行饮用水消毒。结论影响宾川县农村安全饮水工程生活饮用水水质的主要因素是浑浊度、肉眼可见物和微生物指标;安全饮水工程点无人管理和饮水无消毒设施;存在介水传染病、地方病及人畜共患病发生与流行的隐患和风险。     

自来水消毒对内毒素及微生物处理效果分析

目的 了解自来水厂中各处理环节内毒素与微生物指标的变化,为进一步优化水质提供依据。方法 于2013年8月份,分别采集湖北省武汉市Z水厂(汉江水源)和B水厂(长江水源)的水源水、混凝、沉淀、砂滤和出厂水5个环节的水样,内毒素检测采用《中华人民共和国药典》(2005版)中细菌内毒素鲎试剂法,菌落总数、总大肠菌群、大肠杆菌和耐热大肠杆菌检测按照GB/T5750.12-2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法-微生物指标》进行。结果 武汉市Z水厂进厂水内毒素含量为281.36 EU/mL,出厂水中内毒素含量为38.95 EU/mL;B水厂进厂水内毒素含量为216.32 EU/mL,出厂水中内毒素含量为29.37 EU/mL;Z、B水厂内毒素的总清除率分别为86.16%和86.42%;Z、B水厂源水中菌落总数分别为4.24×10⁴ CFU/mL和2.06×10⁴ CFU/mL,出厂水中均未检出;Z、B水厂源水中总大肠菌群含量均>2300 MPN/100 mL,大肠杆菌分别为266和1100 MPN/100 mL,粪大肠菌群分别为345和1700 MPN/100 mL,出厂水中均未检出总大肠菌群、大肠杆菌和耐热大肠菌群。结论 现有自来水处理工艺可以满足指示菌达标要求,但内毒素仍有一定残留。     

广西农村寄宿学校饮水微生物污染与介水传染病关系分析

[目的]掌握农村寄宿中小学校饮水微生物污染现状及其与肠道传染病发生和流行的密切程度，为预防和控制肠道传染病在农村寄宿学校的发生和流行提供科学依据。[方法]按照卫生部《生活饮用水卫生规范》（2001）对209所农村寄宿学校饮用水末梢水进行采样，并对3项微生物指标细菌总数、总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群进行检验和评价；收集、汇总2000年01月～2005年11月的肠道传染病疫情资料，现场调查核实由于饮水引起暴发性传染病的种类、次数和患病人数等，并对典型介水传播肠道传染病暴发疫情进行相关描述和分析。[结果]农村寄宿学校饮用水微生物指标合格率仅为35．89％，其中以乡镇水厂和无设施自备水源供水合格率最低，分别为26．92％和33．54％；乡镇供水水质总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群和细菌总数超标率依次为69．23％、57．69％和42．31％；无消毒设施自备水源供水水质总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群和细菌总数超标率依次为67．07％、63．41％和43．29％；有消毒设施自备水源供水水质合格率为68．42％，其总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群和细菌总数超标率依次为31．58％、31．58％和15．79％；2000年以来发生在209所寄宿学校肠道传染病暴发疫情49起，81．63％为经水传播，疫情暴发和流行主要由于水源被生活污水污染以及未对饮水进行有效消毒引起。[结论]广西农村地区寄宿学校饮水受微生物严重污染，是导致多年来伤寒副伤寒等肠道传染病疫情在农村寄宿学校发生的根本原因；必须采取有效消毒措施以保证农村寄宿学校师生饮水安全。     

The health-related microbiological quality of bottled drinking water sold in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

The consumption of bottled and plastic-bagged drinking water in Tanzania has increased largely because of the deteriorating quality of tap water. It is uncertain whether these water products are safe for drinking. In this study, the microbiological quality of bottled and plastic-bagged drinking water sold in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, was investigated. One hundred and thirty samples representing 13 brands of bottled water collected from shops, supermarkets and street vendors were analysed for total coliform and faecal coliform organisms as well as heterotrophic bacteria. These were compared with 61 samples of tap water. Heterotrophic bacteria were detected in 92% of the bottled water samples analysed. Total and faecal coliform bacteria were present in 4.6% and 3.6%, respectively, of samples analysed with a tendency for higher contamination rates in plastic-bagged drinking water. Microbiological quality of tap water was found to be worse compared with bottled water, with 49.2% and 26.2% of sampling points showing the presence of total coliform and faecal coliform organisms, respectively. The results suggest caution and vigilance to avert outbreaks of waterborne diseases from these types of drinking water.     

The health-related microbiological quality of bottled drinking water sold in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

The consumption of bottled and plastic-bagged drinking water in Tanzania has increased largely because of the deteriorating quality of tap water. It is uncertain whether these water products are safe for drinking. In this study, the microbiological quality of bottled and plastic-bagged drinking water sold in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, was investigated. One hundred and thirty samples representing 13 brands of bottled water collected from shops, supermarkets and street vendors were analysed for total coliform and faecal coliform organisms as well as heterotrophic bacteria. These were compared with 61 samples of tap water. Heterotrophic bacteria were detected in 92% of the bottled water samples analysed. Total and faecal coliform bacteria were present in 4.6% and 3.6%, respectively, of samples analysed with a tendency for higher contamination rates in plastic-bagged drinking water. Microbiological quality of tap water was found to be worse compared with bottled water, with 49.2% and 26.2% of sampling points showing the presence of total coliform and faecal coliform organisms, respectively. The results suggest caution and vigilance to avert outbreaks of waterborne diseases from these types of drinking water.     

2009-2011年株洲市生活饮用水微生物检测指标分析

目的了解株洲市区生活饮用水微生物指标状况,为饮用水生活管理提供依据。方法回顾分析2009-011年株洲市生活饮用水水质监测样品微生物检测指标。结果出厂水各检测项目合格率全部为100.0%,井水的菌落总数、大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群和大肠埃希菌群四个项目的合格率分别为72.2%、83.3%、88.9%、88.9%;管网末梢水菌落总数和大肠菌群合格率均为100.0%,二次供水和直饮净水两个指标的合格率分别为97.1%、99.7%和89.4%、99.2%。结论株洲市市政管网供水及二次供水微生物指标合格率比井水和直饮净水高。     

2006-2009年湖南省桶装饮用水微生物检验结果分析

目的了解湖南省桶装饮用水卫生微生物污染状况,分析其饮用安全性。方法按国家饮用水检测标准方法对桶装纯净水、饮用水、矿泉水进行菌落总数、大肠菌群、致病菌、霉菌和酵母菌的实验室培养与检测,应用SPSS 15.0统计学软件分析不同饮用水总合格率之间的差异,并对抽检样品与送检样品的合格率进行比较。结果 147份桶装饮用水合格率为65.3%,不合格指标以菌落总数为主;2006-2009年不同饮用水之间总合格率差异有统计学意义（χ2=22.48,P〈0.01）;送检样品合格率为76.5%,高于抽检样品合格率51.5%,差异有统计学意义（χ2=10.1,P〈0.05）。结论加大力度对桶装纯净水进行卫生监督监测工作,找出关键控制点,是抓好桶装饮用水卫生质量的关键。     

四川省农村井水微生物检测结果分析

[目的]全面了解四川省农村饮水水质卫生状况,为加强农村饮水设施建设提供科学依据.[方法]采用随机抽样的方法采集农村井水水样检测;根据《生活饮用水卫生规范》（2001）进行检验.[结果]抽检的54份一般水样中,62.96%细菌总数合格、68.52%总大肠菌群合格、68.52%粪大肠菌群合格;抽检的54份经处理的水样中,细菌总数96.3%合格,总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群均合格.[结论]政府应加快农村供水设施建设,相关部门加强对农村饮用水的监管和处理,以保障农村居民饮水安全.     

管道直饮水加热后颜色变深原因的调查

[目的]调查某公司管道直饮水加热后颜色变深的影响因素,阐明水质深度净化处理过程中产生二次污染的主要原因。[方法]分3次随机采集嘉兴市某公司地下室至17楼经管道直饮水系统净水设备处理后的水样33份及贮水箱底部可疑结晶物1 g,同时采集未通过管道直饮水系统的市政自来水16份作为对照,以GB/T 5750—2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法》为依据检验色度、浑浊度、臭和味、亚硝酸盐、肉眼可见物、铅、砷、铜、镉、铁、锰、锌、耗氧量、pH值、菌落总数、总大肠菌群。[结果]33份直饮水冷水合格率为27.3%;16份市政水合格率为100.0%。直饮水冷水的菌落总数、铜的超标率分别为57.6%、69.7%,铜的平均值是水质标准限值的1.12倍,其余14项指标合格率100.0%;pH值范围在5.0～6.8,均值是6.1。作为对照的市政供水各项指标检验结果均符合GB 5749—2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》。直饮机冷水检出的菌落总数、铜的超标率和市政供水比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。净化处理的出水（直饮水）亚硝酸盐含量高于进水（市政水）浓度,进水和出水中亚硝酸盐含量差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。贮水箱底部结晶物确定是氢氧化铜结晶,黑色物质是氧化铜。[结论]铜质管材输送及净水在管网中滞留时间过长,分支管道的水循环不完全导致的二次污染是引起直饮水加热后颜色变深的主要原因。反渗透装置出水偏弱酸性,在新铜管内发生吸氧腐蚀,蓝色的氢氧化铜加热变成黑色的氧化铜。     

Significance of indicator microorganisms in the assessment of a microbial risk in the occurrence of epidemic hazard in drinking water use

Summary. The paper provides comparative characteristics of water quality in the assessment of a risk for intestinal infections in drinking water use. It has shown that of the greatest predictive value is direct detection of potentially pathogenic microorganisms, as well as the integral indicator determined by glucose fermentation, such as glucose-positive coliform bacteria. Estimation of the per cent of nonstandard samples of water before its entering the distribution network and in the latter, including glucose-positive Escherichia coli GPEC, is recommended. The samples containing GPEC in a quantity of more than 2 CFU/100 ml should be singly taken into account.     

霍邱县1996～2005年集中式供水水质卫生现状分析

目的了解霍邱县县城集中式供水水质卫生状况及其动态变化,为改善饮用水水质提供依据。方法对霍邱县集中式供水单位1996~2005年水质进行监测分析。结果出厂水和管网末梢水合格率分别为88.57%、72.86%,枯水期、丰水期水质总合格率为45.45%、18.18%。结论霍邱县县城集中式供水水质合格率低,今后应提高水质合格率。     

Problems of epidemic safety of drinking water use by the population of Russia

Quantitative relationships were studied between the indicators (common coliform bacteria (CCP), glucose-positive bacteria (GPB), thermoduric bacteria (TDB), coliform bacteria, enterococci, clostridia, coliphages) and the opportunistic (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus, Klebsiella) and pathogenetic (Salmonella and intestinal viruses) microorganisms at the stages of effluent purification and decontamination, in processes of self-purification in the water reservoirs and of water preparation at water-supplying stations, as well as in the association with the incidence of acute intestinal infections of bacterial and viral genesis in different climatic zones of the country. Salmonella and the opportunistic bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found to be highly resistant to detoxifying agents and environmental factors, adaptable, able to reproduce in pure water, to long survive in underground waters, and to accumulate when water is desalinated at the erections. The cases of intestinal infections were found in the population using the portable water of the standard quality in terms of E. coli, TDB, CCB, and enterococci. In this case only the wider integral index of GPB, which includes the indices of E. coli, TDB, CCB, as well as lactose-negative pathogenic and opportunistic species retains its sanitary significance in terms of all signs and is a reliable indicator of the potential epidemic hazard of drinking water use. Long-term studies have provided evidence for the sanitary value of coliphages as indicators of viral drinking water contamination.     

长沙县农村环境综合治理与生活饮用水水质检测结果综合分析

目的了解长沙县开展农村环境综合治理后,生活饮用水水质动态变化。方法 2009-2011年连续对长沙县的集中式供水和分散式供水水质进行检测。结果 2009-2011年共检水样1 289份,合格907份,合格率70.4%,各年度合格率比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,2011年水样合格率最高;出厂水和末梢水的不合格指标锰差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;集中式供水和分散式供水九项不合格指标之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;丰水期和枯水期不合格项目菌落总数、总大肠菌群、锰之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论长沙县进行农村环境综合治理后,生活饮用水合格率逐年上升,取得显著成效;农村生活饮用水受微生物污染严重,锰含量高,应扩大集中式供水范围,提高自来水的普及率;加大对丰水期水质的监测和管理;加大对排污企业的监管和处罚力度,水厂加强对锰的处理,确保居民饮水安全。     

邯郸市农村集中供水微生物污染状况调查

目的全面了解邯郸市农村集中供水微生物污染状况,为改善农村生活饮用水的卫生质量提供依据。方法分别在枯水期和丰水期对我市6个县的108个自然村集中式供水的水源水和末梢水进行监测,按GB/T5750-2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法》检测菌落总数、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌;依据GB5749-2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》进行评价。结果邯郸市农村集中式供水微生物指标总合格率48.38%,其中细菌总数合格率为最低为50.93%。结论邯郸市农村生活饮用水微生物污染严重,有导致肠道传染病暴发流行的安全隐患,望政府加大农村供水设施建设的投入和对农村饮水卫生的监管力度,以保障农村居民饮水安全。     

德阳市饮用水微生物污染情况调查

目的调查德阳市城乡饮用水微生物污染情况,为保障饮用水安全提供科学依据。方法于2007--2010年连续4年检验德阳市城乡饮用水监测点出厂水水质,观察其菌落总数、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌等微生物指标及消毒情况;同时调查各监测点基本情况。结果各年度出厂水微生物指标合格率分别为77．26％、73．40％、84．45％、85．23％。2010年有63个监测点出厂水微生物指标超标。覆盖14．5万余人。结论4年间出厂水微生物指标合格率的提高无统计学意义;需加强集中式和小型集中式供水单位的水质消毒工作,积极增添消毒设备,同时保证消毒设备正常使用。     

Water microbiology. Bacterial pathogens and water

Water is essential to life, but many people do not have access to clean and safe drinking water and many die of waterborne bacterial infections. In this review a general characterization of the most important bacterial diseases transmitted through water-cholera, typhoid fever and bacillary dysentery-is presented, focusing on the biology and ecology of the causal agents and on the diseases' characteristics and their life cycles in the environment. The importance of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains and emerging pathogens in drinking water-transmitted diseases is also briefly discussed. Microbiological water analysis is mainly based on the concept of fecal indicator bacteria. The main bacteria present in human and animal feces (focusing on their behavior in their hosts and in the environment) and the most important fecal indicator bacteria are presented and discussed (focusing on the advantages and limitations of their use as markers). Important sources of bacterial fecal pollution of environmental waters are also briefly indicated. In the last topic it is discussed which indicators of fecal pollution should be used in current drinking water microbiological analysis. It was concluded that safe drinking water for all is one of the major challenges of the 21st century and that microbiological control of drinking water should be the norm everywhere. Routine basic microbiological analysis of drinking water should be carried out by assaying the presence of Escherichia coli by culture methods. Whenever financial resources are available, fecal coliform determinations should be complemented with the quantification of enterococci. More studies are needed in order to check if ammonia is reliable for a preliminary screening for emergency fecal pollution outbreaks. Financial resources should be devoted to a better understanding of the ecology and behavior of human and animal fecal bacteria in environmental waters.     

2014-2017年尉氏县桶装饮用水微生物检测分析

目的检测尉氏县桶装饮用水微生物含量,为提高桶装饮用水卫生质量提供依据。方法 2014-2017年全县随机抽取8个乡镇3种桶装水共216份,对样本进行铜绿假单胞菌,大肠菌群,菌落总数检测。结果 216份样品中,检测指标均合格76份,合格率为35.19%;矿泉水、纯净水及天然饮用水的合格率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);铜绿假单胞菌合格198份,占91.67%,大肠菌群合格150份,占69.44%,菌落总数合格86份,占39.81%,各检测指标合格差异具有统计学意义(χ2=159.45, P<0.05);第二季度合格率最高为58.33%,第四季度合格率最低为16.67%,各季度合格率差异具有统计学意义(χ2=29.83, P<0.05)。结论尉氏县桶装饮用水微生物检测合格情况不容乐观,有关部门应该予以重视,加强监督和检测力度,确保桶装饮用水安全。