Cleft lip-nose repair technique: sequential repair

The results of repairing cleft lip by aesthetic plastic surgery are now excellent. However, the cleft lip-nose deformity is still very difficult to repair with the present techniques. A technique that can repair the cleft lip-nose deformity with good results is presented. The technique is divided into three parts: Part I consists of nasal repair of the primary cleft lip. Part II is nasal reconstruction as a secondary operation with or without lip repair. For example, nasal reconstruction may be secondary to repair of deformities of the sill, rim, limen nasi, septum, or nasal bones. Part III is an aesthetic nasal operation such as rhinoplasty, mentoplasty, or zygomaplasty.     

Cleft lip-nose repair technique: Sequential repair

The results of repairing cleft lip by aesthetic plastic surgery are now excellent. However, the cleft lipnose deformity is still very difficult to repair with the present techniques. A technique that can repair the cleft lip-nose deformity with good results is presented. The technique is divided into three parts: Part I consists of nasal repair of the primary cleft lip. Part II is nasal reconstruction as a secondary operation with or without lip repair. For example, nasal reconstruction may be secondary to repair of deformities of the sill, rim, limen nasi, septum, or nasal bones. Part III is an aesthetic nasal operation such as rhinoplasty, mentoplasty, or zygomaplasty.     

Repair of the unilateral cleft lip/nose deformity

Successful surgical repair of the unilateral cleft lip and nose deformity, defined as normal orbicularis oris function and near-perfect symmetry of the repaired lip and nose, demands that the surgeon possess complete understanding of the embryology and anatomy of the midfacial defects. The surgical approach to repair of the unilateral cleft lip/nose should place great emphasis on achieving symmetry, not only with the lip segments but also perhaps even more importantly with the nasal tip. The reconstruction should recreate an intact fully functional orbicularis oris muscle across the cleft and camouflage the scar optimally. We have found that modification of the Millard rotation-advancement flap technique, with particular attention to the primary nasal repair, provides the best outcomes. In patients who have undergone primary repair of the lip and/or nose deformity, secondary rhinoplasty is generally required, regardless of the technique used at the primary repair. The degree of nasal deformity, however, is less severe following primary repair of the asymmetric nasal tip. We have found that the sliding flap cheliorhinoplasty, Wang's modification of the Vissarionov technique, provides excellent results for most secondary cleft rhinoplasties.     

Lip repair techniques and their influence on the nose

The cleft nose has long been a problem when closing the lip in a cleft palate patient. More today than in the past, close attention is paid to the outcome of the nasal form, nasal base, and the position of distorted structures like the alar cartilage and the septum. The different techniques of lip closure can be used simultaneously with the nasal correction. But different methods of lip repair without primary nasal correction also influence the nasal form. It seems that the reconstruction of the nasolabial muscles (including the orbicularis muscle) is an important factor to gain a symmetrical nose after the primary operation. Although the results are very promising, it cannot be stated that no further operations will be needed later. But since growth disturbance has not been reported until now, most of the authors dealing with primary nasal correction recommend it simultaneously with the lip repair. Further investigations are needed to define the outcome after the cessation of growth.     

Die primäre Kalottenosteoplastik bei Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumen-Spalten

Treatment of cleft lip and palate requires multiple interdisciplinary treatment steps. Concerning rehabilitation of this deformity, there is a heightened and in part controversial debate regarding the correct treatment modalities, particularly for alveolar cleft reconstruction. The aim of this review article is to present the literature-based findings for the timing of surgery and the donor site for alveolar cleft repair and to provide a basis for discussion of primary alveoloplasty with calvarial bone. Regarding optimal timing for osseous reconstruction of the alveolus in cleft lip and palate management, primary alveolar cleft repair is indicated during eruption of the cleft-proximal lateral incisor to benefit from the osteogenic potency of this process, thus promoting optimal stabilization of the alveolar process. Additionally, the width of the alveolar cleft should be minimalized by the therapeutic pretreatment of cleft lip closure to a few millimetres. The calvarial bone graft is particularly suitable in these cases, with slight advantages in donor site morbidity compared to the iliac crest.     

271例婴幼儿完全性唇腭裂一期修复及初步观察

目的 探索婴幼儿完全性唇腭裂一期修复的可行性，并对其效果进行初步观察。方法 对3－12个月婴儿安全性唇腭裂进行了一期修复，同时对24例裂隙宽大的患儿进行术前腭部矫治，对术后1－4年的116例患儿唇的外形及事音进行了初步评价。结果 271例婴幼儿完全性唇腭裂修复手术，术后除2例发生呼吸困难，6例腭部瘘孔形成及5例作品渗血外，全部愈合良好。研究发现19例单侧完全性唇腭裂术前腭部矫治后，齿槽部裂隙左右距离轿治前平均缩小6．1mm；前后距离轿较矫治前平均缩小6．6mm；唇外菜评价优良率达93．1％，语音评价优良率达94．8％。结论 婴幼儿完全性唇腭裂一期是完全的、可行的。术前腭部桥治可明显缩小齿槽部的裂隙，有利于宽大裂隙的修复。婴幼儿完全性唇腭裂一期修复可获良好唇外形及语音功能恢复。     

Current status of presurgical infant orthopaedic treatment for cleft lip and palate patients: A critical review

Rehabilitation of cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients is a challenge for all the concerned members of the cleft team, and various treatment modalities have been attempted to obtain aesthetic results. Presurgical infant orthopaedics (PSIO) was introduced to reshape alveolar and nasal segments prior to surgical repair of cleft lip. However, literature reports lot of controversy regarding the use of PSIO in patients with CLP. Evaluation of long-term results of PSIO can provide scientific evidence on the efficacy and usefulness of PSIO in CLP patients. The aim was to assess the scientific evidence on the efficiency of PSIO appliances in patients with CLP and to critically analyse the current status of PSIO. A PubMed search was performed using the terms PSIO, presurgical nasoalveolar moulding and its long-term results and related articles were selected for the review. The documented studies report no beneficial effect of PSIO on maxillary arch dimensions, facial aesthetics and in the subsequent development of dentition and occlusion in CLP patients. Nasal moulding seems to be more beneficial and effective in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients with better long-term results.KEY WORDS: Bilateral cleft lip and palate, long-term results, nasoalveolar moulding, presurgical infant orthopaedics, unilateral cleft lip and palate     

Closure of large oronasal fistulas at the time of secondary bone grafting in patients with cleft lip and palate

Oronasal fistulas often arise after repair of the palate in patients with cleft lip and palate. Those located adjacent to the residual cleft are commonly closed at the time of secondary bone grafting. However, it is not easy to close larger fistulas. We present a method of closing large oronasal fistulas in the anterior palate that are adjacent to the residual cleft at the time of secondary bone grafting, which consists of reducing the size of the inferior nasal turbinate.     

Closure of large oronasal fistulas at the time of secondary bone grafting in patients with cleft lip and palate.

Oronasal fistulas often arise after repair of the palate in patients with cleft lip and palate. Those located adjacent to the residual cleft are commonly closed at the time of secondary bone grafting. However, it is not easy to close larger fistulas. We present a method of closing large oronasal fistulas in the anterior palate that are adjacent to the residual cleft at the time of secondary bone grafting, which consists of reducing the size of the inferior nasal turbinate.     

双侧唇裂继发鼻唇畸形的综合整复治疗

目的　评价和探讨双侧唇裂术后继发鼻唇畸形的综合整复矫治方法。方法　 2 0 0 0年1月～ 2 0 0 3年 6月我们为 4 0例双侧唇裂术后继发鼻唇畸形患者进行了综合治疗。其中术前施行牙槽突裂髂骨松质骨植骨修复 2 8例 ,牙正畸治疗 2 2例 ;前牙义齿修复 2 0例 ,正颌外科手术或上颌骨牵引成骨手术 2 0例。完成上述治疗程序后行鼻唇二期整复手术。手术方法采用自上唇中央唇红、瘢痕缘、鼻小柱旁至双侧鼻孔内侧缘连续切口 双侧鼻翼沟及鼻孔底切口入路 ,行鼻小柱延长、鼻翼鼻孔轮廓成形、人中嵴、人中凹及唇峰唇珠重建术。结果　患者鼻唇外形均获得较前明显的改善 ,随访 3个月～ 3.5年 ,满意率达 95 %。结论　对双侧唇裂术后鼻唇继发畸形采用综合序列治疗 ,强调二期手术前牙 -颌基础框架的搭建 ,再采用本手术方法矫治鼻唇软组织畸形 ,效果自然稳定。     

Direct gingivoperiosteoplasty with palatoplasty

Gingivoperiosteoplasty creates a mucoperiosteal bridge across the alveolar cleft associated with cleft lip and palate. The subperiosteal tunnel allows for bone generation in the absence of bone grafting in young patients. The original procedure required wide maxillary subperiosteal dissection and flap rotation but has since evolved along with techniques to narrow the alveolar cleft toward limited dissection and direct closure. Multiple studies reveal superior facial growth parameters, particularly vertical maxillary growth, when compared with primary bone grafting typically performed within the first year of life and a reduced need for later secondary bone grafting. Most centers that perform gingivoperiosteoplasty do so in conjunction with primary lip closure after initial narrowing of the cleft with presurgical orthopedics. We present our method of direct gingivoperiosteoplasty performed simultaneously with palatoplasty after alveolar cleft narrowing without presurgical orthopedics via a two-stage lip repair. Preliminary data suggest bone growth capable of supporting tooth eruption without significant growth disturbances in a majority of patients treated with this protocol.     

The early gingivoalveoloplasty. Preliminary results.

To try and achieve good alveolar structure without the need for later bone grafting, we have carried out secondary gingivoalveoloplasties in 19 consecutive patients with cleft lip and palate at a mean age of 36 months (range 19-68). The lip and soft palate had been repaired at a mean age of 6 months. Preliminary results suggest that simultaneous closure of the hard palate and reconstruction of the alveolomaxillary cleft results in good formation of new bone and good or reasonable alveolar structure, so obviating the necessity for bone grafting at the age of 9-10 years. Long term follow up is needed to confirm these results.     

牙槽嵴裂和唇裂继发唇鼻畸形的同期联合矫治

目的 探讨牙槽嵴裂和唇裂继发唇、鼻畸形矫治的方法. 方法 对唇、腭裂术后畸形患者同期行牙槽嵴裂和唇裂继发唇、鼻畸形联合矫正. 结果 2004年～2007年,于临床应用37例.33例牙槽受植床创口一期愈合,3例松质骨外露,经清除外露骨和冲洗换药后愈合.本组患者术后正面观唇部饱满,红唇两侧高度基本对称,干湿唇线连续;仰视位鼻翼基底部高度恢复良好,两侧基本对称,鼻孔方向一致,但患侧鼻孔仍稍小于健侧. 结论 同期联合矫治牙槽嵴裂和唇裂继发唇、鼻畸形效果良好.     

Embryonic rationale for the primary correction of classical congenital clefts of the lip and palate.

Primary correction of congenital clefts of the lip and palate should be designed to carry the interrupted embryonic process to normal completion. This is best accomplished by maxillary alignment with presurgical orthodontics, stabilisation of the maxillary alignment, obliteration of the alveolar cleft and construction of the nasal floor with periosteoplasty. This allows early construction of the lip by rotation and advancement and correction of the nose with columella lengthening, alar cartilage positioning and alar base cinching. This can be accomplished before school age.     

单侧唇裂鼻畸形的美学缺陷与修复

目的观察分析单侧唇裂鼻畸形者鼻尖的外在美学缺陷与内在鼻翼软骨解剖异常之间的关系,并对矫正手术加以改进。方法在３０例单侧唇裂鼻畸形矫正术中,对鼻尖部进行解剖观察和美学分析。在矫正手术中采用耳甲软骨移植重建鼻尖软骨支架的方法。结果发现鼻翼软骨的各亚结构均有发育不良、移位和变形,这与鼻尖的美学缺陷密切相关,采用改进的手术方法治疗的３０例中,２４例效果满意,４例畸形矫正不全。结论基于解剖和美学研究基础上改进的手术方法,适用于单侧唇裂鼻畸形的矫正。     

Early cleft lip repair in children with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate: a case against primary alveolar repair

All children with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate will develop some degree of malocclusion regardless whether the alveolar cleft is repaired primarily or bone grafting is deferred. To evaluate the impact of early gingivoperiosteoplasty on occlusal relationships, dental models were obtained in 5-year-old patients who underwent early cleft lip and palate repair with primary boneless bone grafting (Skoog's method) (56 children) and without alveolar intervention (51 children). The Goslon's occlusion grading system was applied to evaluate occlusal relationships in both groups. Patients with early surgical intervention to repair alveolar cleft demonstrated poor occlusal relationship with the Goslon score 4 and 5, which will likely need an orthognathic corrective procedure (50% vs. 19.6% in patients without early primary dissection of the alveolar process). Results reaffirm that an inclusion of the alveolar process into the early primary lip repair adds to the severity of occlusal maldevelopment.     

New Technique for Correction of the Microform Cleft Lip Using Trans/Intraoral Approach

The traditional method of treating microform cleft lip with nose deformity uses upper lip external incision, finally leading to a small scar on the upper lip. Hereafter, we present a new method for the correction of microform cleft lip using trans/intraoral approach. The new surgical technique is characterized as (1) using trans/intraoral approach and no incisions on the skin of the upper lip, (2) reconstruction of the “cross” muscular structure using the abnormal muscular insertions at the base of nasal columella and the nasal alar to restore nose deformity, and (3) repair of the lip deformity using two small Z-plasties to get the aesthetic and functional outcome. Thirty patients with microform cleft lip were repaired with our technique, and good functional and aesthetic results of repaired noses and upper lips were obtained in most cases.     

Columella defects: yet a challenge!

The repair of nasal defects is thought to be the most ancient of facial reconstructive procedures, dating back to at least 3000 BC in India. In spite of the development of nasal reconstruction concepts, leading to remarkable esthetic and functional improvements, columella reconstruction is yet a contemporary challenge. Columella defects may result from trauma, infections, carcinoma resection, syphilis, bilateral cleft lip, etc. Maintaining symmetry, contour and function are essential for a successful columella reconstruction. Multiple factors help to determine the optimal repair method, including the size of the defect, its depth and location, and the strength of the underlying nasal framework. This article presents a range of techniques and discusses the application of these methods to specific columella defects. A chronological review of columellar reconstruction procedures used for this partial rhinoplasty is exposed.     

Reconstruction of alar defects

With its complex symmetric contours and central facial location, the nose plays a key role in characterizing the face. Among the cosmetic subunits of the nose, the delicate nasal ala has a particularly marked influence on breathing and cosmetic appearance. Therefore, reconstruction of defects of the nasal ala requires careful attention to preserve and restore function and cosmesis. Reconstructive surgeons have a wide variety of options and techniques to repair specific defects of the nasal ala. Attention to detail, knowledge of the nasal anatomy, and precise surgical techniques allows for the optimum results with the lowest risk of complications.     

应用颊肌黏膜瓣修复腭部缺损

目的 探讨应用颊肌黏膜瓣修复腭部缺损的方法 及效果.方法 修复腭裂时,设计蒂在后的颊肌黏膜瓣,通过翼下颌缝黏膜下隧道修复软硬腭口腔面缺损;腭部肿瘤切除后缺损时,则将该瓣直接转移修复;修补腭裂术后瘘孔时,以蒂在前的颊肌黏膜瓣,通过齿槽裂隙缺损直接覆盖修复.切取最大颊肌黏膜岛状瓣6.0 cm×3.5 cm(成人),供区松解直接闭合.结果 临床应用14例,除1例腭裂术后护理不当软腭有部分复裂,1例远端表皮轻度糜烂外,余12例组织瓣均完全成活.结论 该瓣能Ⅰ期修复腭部肿瘤切除后缺损,功能形态良好,且术后可尽早接受放射治疗,提高了远期疗效;同时对宽大腭裂或腭裂术后并发较大腭前瘘孔,也是一种新的修复术式,且为牙槽嵴裂修复预留软组织床.