Condylar and disk position and signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders in stress-free subjects

BACKGROUND: The authors conducted a study in subjects who tested free of psychological stress to determine the position of the condyle and whether that position was related to signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). METHODS: Forty subjects underwent psychological evaluation to ensure freedom from psychological stress. The authors evaluated tenderness of the masticatory muscles and temporomandibular joints (TMJs) by means of bimanual digital palpation, and they determined the positions of the condyle and disk by using magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: A total of 23.75 percent of the condyles were displaced away from the centric position either anteriorly (3.75 percent) or posteriorly (20.00 percent). chi(2) analysis showed a relationship between the position of the condyle and displacement of the disk, as well as a relationship between the position of the condyle and tenderness of the TMJs. CONCLUSION: Although these relationships proved significant, it cannot be assumed that displacement of the condyle away from the centric position is predictive of TMD. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Only two subjects were judged to have had TMJ internal derangement. Thus, the absence of psychological stress seems to have played a role in this finding.     

颞下颌关节紊乱指数临床应用评价

目的 探讨如何采用客观定量的方法评价颞下颌关节功能障碍程度和颞下颌关节紊乱病（temporomandibular disorders,TMD）的治疗效果。方法 分别采用Fricton颞下颌关节紊乱指数和Helkimo临床检查功能障碍指数，定量计算每例患者（共60例）的颞下颌关节紊乱指数，评价不同检查者获得的各项指数的一致性，并应用Fricton颞下颌关节紊乱指数定量评价TMD急性不可复性盘前移位的临床治疗效果。结果 （1）不同检查者获得的各项Fricton紊乱指数值相近；（2）Fricton紊乱指数可明确反映TMD急性不可复性盘前移位治疗后临床功能的改善。结论 评价TMD功能障碍程度或评价TMD治疗效果宜避免使用非客观的、描述性的报告，Fricton紊乱指数是一方便且有效的客观定量指标。     

MRI assessment of temporomandibular disorders: an approach to diagnostic and therapeutic setting

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the clinical and the radiological data obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD).

Methodology: The study group included 17 patients with symptoms of TMDs. The radiological assessments before and after therapy was evaluated by MRI; in the clinical analysis, signs and associated symptoms have been assessed.

Results: With MRI before therapy, we were able to distinguish the specific type of TMD that each patient had. At the end of the treatment, a general improvement of the clinical status was noticed; MRI, however, showed the permanence of several degrees of condyle–disc incoordination in some patients.

Conclusions: Certainly TMDs can be diagnosed without MRI; nevertheless, MRI gives us the possibility to obtain objective data of the patients concerned. Symptoms recorded during a clinical evaluation cannot be the only terms of diagnosis; MRI provides objective data in the diagnostic and post-therapy phases.     

颞下颌关节紊乱病关节液中尿纤溶酶原激活物及其受体的表达

目的 检测颞下颌关节(TMJ)关节液中尿纤溶酶原激活物(urokinase-type plasminogen activator,uPA)及受体(urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor,uPAR)的分泌量,探讨TMJ液中uPA及uPAR与颞下颌关节紊乱病(TMD)的关系.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附实验法检测56例TMD患者的64侧关节和10名健康志愿者的16侧关节的关节液标本中的uPA及uPAR的量.将符合纳入标准的48侧TMD患者的关节液标本根据临床诊断分为关节炎性组(A组)、结构紊乱组(B组)、骨关节病组(C组),每组16侧;10名健康志愿者的16侧关节液设为对照组(D组).结果 TMD中A组、B组、C组、D组uPA的检出量分别为(51.200±8.786)ng/L、(53.667±11.894)ng/L、(81.278±25.828)ng/L、(17.960±9.859)ng/L;uPAR检出量分别为(5.840±0.179)ng/L、(6.168±1.465)ng/L、(2.416±0.525)ng/L、(2.416±0.525)ng/L.uPA和uPAR表达量均高于健康对照组(P＜0.05),C组uPA和uPAR表达量高于A组及B组(P＜0.05),但A组与B组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 TMJ内过度分泌的uPA和uPAR可能参与了TMD关节组织的病理破坏过程;关节液中uPA和uPAR的水平可部分反映TMD病变的程度,可作为反映TMD关节损害和代谢的客观生化分子标志.     

应用RDC／TMD评估我国颞下颌关节紊乱病患者轴Ⅱ诊断的研究

目的应用颞下颌关节紊乱病研究诊断标准（RDC／TMI））中文版评估我国颞下颌关节紊乱病（TMD）患者的轴Ⅱ诊断。方法选择2011年6-11月在中山大学附属口腔医院就诊的142例TMD患者,使用RDC／TMD中文版对其进行调查,分析这些患者轴Ⅱ诊断。结果共收回有效量表133份,量表的完成率为93．7％,其中男38例,女95例,男女比例1：2．5。患者年龄高发于18～44岁。67．7％的患者接受过大学文化教育,84．2％的患者月收入在5000元以下。32.3％的患者存在中到重度抑郁症状;31．6％的患者存在非特异性生理症状（包含疼痛）;33．8％的患者存在非特异性生理症状（除外疼痛）;TMD主要影响颌骨的咀嚼、吃硬食物和打呵欠等功能;不同人口统计学条件下的抑郁、非特异性生理症状得分差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;抑郁症状与非特异性生理症状相关性分析显示,二者呈正相关（P〈0．05）。结论TMD患者存在不同程度抑郁症状和非特异性生理症状;TMD主要影响颌骨的咀嚼、吃硬食物和打呵欠等功能;TMD患者的抑郁症状与非特异性生理症状呈正相关关系。     

Quantitative measurements of the articular areas of mandibular condyles with temporomandibular joint disorders using magnetic resonance imaging

Objective: The authors sought to clarify the variation in the condylar anterior functional surface (AFS) of patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders using quantitative measurements by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods:MR images of 68 joints (2 males, 32 females) were used. The subjects were classified into three groups: with/without defects of cortical bone groups and a combination group without defects. The AFS was measured as the length between the protrusive point and the apex of the condyle on MRI (4-mm-thick slices), and the quad value of the length was defined as the area on the slice. The summed quad values of all slices were used as the AFS area. Differences in the areas among the three groups were compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results:The non-defect group had significantly larger AFS areas than the defect group.

Conclusions:Quantitative measurement on MR images clarified the changes in the condylar sagittal appearance.     

Differential diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders and other orofacial pain disorders

There are many types of pain conditions that are felt in the orofacial structures. Most of the conditions treated by the dentist are associated with the teeth, periodontal structures, and associated mucosal tissues. This article focuses on the differential diagnosis of other common pain conditions the dentist will likely face, such as temporomandibular disorders, neuropathic pain disorders, and common headaches; and the clinical presentation of each. Controlling or reducing pain can be accomplished by controlling perpetuating factors such as parafunctional habits and by some simple behavioral modifications. Finally, this article offers some simple treatment considerations.     

颞下颌关节紊乱病患者的症状自评量表调查

目的通过对颞下颌关节紊乱病（TMD）患者的症状自评量表（SCL-90）各因子进行分析，了解其精神心理状态。方法338例就诊于北京大学口腔医学院颞下颌关节病及口颌面痛诊治中心的TMD患者填写SCL-90，采用t检验和单组设计定量资料的多元方差分析，将患者和普通人群的SCL-90各因子得分进行比较。结果①TMD患者SCL-90中的躯体化、强迫、焦虑、敌意、恐怖、精神病性因子得分高于普通人群，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；②伴有精神心理障碍的TMD患者比例为23％；③对338份患者SCL-90进行可靠性分析，得出可靠系数为0．958。结论我国TMD患者的精神心理障碍问题不容忽视。SCL-90作为判断TMD患者是否伴有某些精神心理障碍的量表，在我国同样具有较好的适用性。     

Influence of tinnitus on pain severity and quality of life in patients with temporomandibular disorders

Objective

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the relationship among pain intensity and duration, presence of tinnitus and quality of life in patients with chronic temporomandibular disorders (TMD).

Material and Methods

Fifty-nine female patients presenting with chronic TMD were selected from those seeking for treatment at the Bauru School of Dentistry Orofacial Pain Center. Patients were submitted to the Research Diagnostic Criteria anamnesis and physical examination. Visual analog scale was used to evaluate the pain intensity while pain duration was assessed by interview. Oral Health Impact Profile inventory modified for patients with orofacial pain was used to evaluate the patients'' quality of life. The presence of tinnitus was assessed by self report. The patients were divided into: with or without self report of tinnitus. The data were analyzed statistically using the Student''s t-test and Pearson''s Chi-square test, with a level of significance of 5%.

Results

The mean age for the sample was 35.25 years, without statistically significant difference between groups. Thirty-two patients (54.24%) reported the presence of tinnitus. The mean pain intensity by visual analog scale was 77.10 and 73.74 for the groups with and without tinnitus, respectively. The mean pain duration was 76.12 months and 65.11 months for the groups with and without tinnitus, respectively. The mean OHIP score was 11.72 and 11.74 for the groups with and without tinnitus, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between groups for pain intensity, pain duration and OHIP scoreS (p>0.05).

Conclusion

Chronic TMD pain seems to play a more significant role in patient''s quality of life than the presence of tinnitus.     

螺旋CT、锥形束CT与MRI在颞下颌关节紊乱病成像中的应用比较

目的 探讨螺旋CT（spiral CT）、锥形束CT(cone-beam CT, CBCT)与磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)在颞下颌关节紊乱病（temporomandibular joint disorders, TMD）成像中的应用价值。方法 回顾分析104例208侧行螺旋CT、CBCT或MRI检查的临床怀疑TMD的患者。由2名放射科医师分别对每侧TMJ关节的关节间隙、关节盘的显示、髁突的骨质改变和关节腔积液情况进行评估,并将3组显示结果进行比较。采用SPSS19.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果 除螺旋CT组与CBCT组右侧前间隙（P<0.05）及左侧上间隙有统计学差异（P<0.05）外,其余组比较均无统计学差异（P>0.05）。CBCT及螺旋CT无法清晰显示关节盘,而MRI对关节盘的显示率为100%。104例208侧TMJ中,通过同一样本资料不同检查的比较所示,螺旋CT与CBCT在显示髁突骨质改变上无统计学差异（P>0.05）,而螺旋CT、CBCT分别与MRI组比较均有统计学差异（P<0.05）。仅CBCT可清晰显示骨小梁结构。螺旋CT及CBCT均无法清晰显示关节腔积液,仅MRI可清晰观察,显示率为18.27%。结论 螺旋CT、CBCT及MRI对TMD都有一定的诊断价值。其中,MRI对关节盘的显示最好,并可显示骨髓的异常改变;CBCT、螺旋CT及MRI均可测量关节间隙,且螺旋CT、CBCT与MRI三者重建的关节各间隙影像基本一致;仅CBCT可以清晰显示髁突内骨小梁的结构及走行。     

CBCT analysis of bony changes associated with temporomandibular disorders

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to compare cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) findings and joint space measurement in temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and non-TMD joints, and to correlate these findings with the clinical diagnosis.

Methods: The study was conducted on patients diagnosed with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis or closed lock according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMDs (Group IIb, IIc, and III). CBCT and clinical records of non-TMD patients who sought treatment for purposes other than TMD were used retrospectively as a control. The following radiographic criteria were assessed: flattening, osteophyte, Ely’s cyst, condylar surface irregularities, and joints’ space measurements.

Results: Osteoarthritic joints had significantly more condylar irregularities (P50.0), osteophytes (P50.0), and condylar flattening (P50.003) than non-TMD joints. Osteoarthritic joints had significantlymore superior surface irregularities (P50.0) and osteophytes (P50.006) than closed lock joints.Non-TMDjoints had significantlymore joint space (5.64+1.88) compared with osteoarthritic joints (4.57+1.97), (P50.025). The correlation among TMD, osteophytes, and flattening of the condylar surface was statistically significant (r50.331, Pv0.000).

Discussion: Cone-beam computerized tomography findings are significantly associated with the clinical diagnosis of TMD. Osteophytes and flattening of the condylar surface are common features of TMD.     

颞下颌关节盘移位平面定量测量方法的研究进展

颞下颌关节盘移位是口腔颌面部常见病之一,磁共振成像(MRI)能清晰显示颞下颌关节内部软硬组织的结构,是目前诊断颞下颌关节盘移位最理想的影像学方法.在MRI图像上对关节盘的位置、长度等进行定量测量分析,可明确盘移位程度和性质,从而有助于治疗计划的制订.本文综述了颞下颌关节盘移位的各种MRI定量测量方法,并对其优缺点进行分析.     

Temporomandibular disorders and mandibular vertical asymmetry

Objective To analyze the association between mandibular vertical asymmetry and the presence of TMD in adult patients.

Methods This case-control study recruited patients from the orthodontic clinic at FEBUAP. Patients were classified on the basis of diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD). Panoramic radiographs were measured to determine mandibular vertical asymmetry indices according to criteria described by Kjellberg and Habets. Both methods (DC/TMD and index criteria) were standardized a priori.

Results A total of 56 patients were analyzed, of whom 25 (44.6%) met the inclusion criteria and were divided into two groups (TMD group, n = 15; non-TMD group, n = 10). The highest asymmetry index was observed in the condylar neck, followed by the total condylar asymmetry index, but without significant differences between groups (p > .05).

Conclusion There is no association (p > .05) between temporomandibular disorders and mandibular vertical asymmetry.     

颞下颌关节紊乱病关节腔注射糖皮质激素后关节液病理分析

目的 研究颞下颌关节腔内注射糖皮质激素后的变化。方法 对１８例颞下颌关节紊乱病（ＴＭＤ）关节腔内注射醋酸泼尼松封闭治疗,于注射后第４天或第７天,抽取关节冲洗液作涂片镜下观察。结果 冲洗液内含脱落的滑膜组织块,散在或团状分布的滑膜细胞、吞噬细胞、炎症细胞、大量的软骨基质以及脱落的软骨碎屑。①糖皮质激素通过药物性的滑膜切除是治疗ＴＭＤ关节源性疼痛的一个可能的作用机制;②一次性的关节腔内注射治疗剂量的糖     

新疆医科大学维汉青年颞下颌关节紊乱病的流行病学调查

目的：探讨颞下颌关节紊乱病（TMD）在新疆医科大学维汉青年人中的患病情况。方法：对新疆医科大学812名在读维汉医学生（年龄17～28岁）进行了TMD患病状况及咬合情况调查。按照Helkimo指数进行分析,包括既往功能紊乱指数和临床检查功能紊乱指数。采用SPSS13．0软件包对数据进行χ^2检验。结果：无既往功能紊乱者（Ai0）占73．40％,既往功能紊乱者（AiⅠ＋Ⅱ）占26．60％,无临床检查功能紊乱者（DiO）占60．50％,临床检查功能紊乱者（DiⅠ～Ⅲ）占39．50％。结论：TMD的患病率为39．50％,男女患病率无显著差异,异常猞组发病率显著高于正常袷组,TMD的发生与夜磨牙、偏侧咀嚼有关。     

Evaluation of effusion and articular disc positioning after two different arthrocentesis techniques in patients with temporomandibular joint disc displacement without reduction

ABSTRACT

Objective

To evaluate joint effusion and positioning of the articular disc through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before and after two different arthrocentesis techniques.     

颞下颌关节紊乱病关节液雌二醇及骨钙素的检测及其临床意义

目的 检测颞下凳关节滑液中骨钙素及雌二醇半探讨其在颞下颌关节紊乱病中的意义。方法 采用放射免疫分析法分别对31侧及42侧颞下颌关节紊乱病患者关系液中骨钙素及雌二醇进行了测定,并分析了滑液骨钙素及雌二醇水平与TMD关系。结果 结构紊乱类滑液骨钙素浓度与正常对照组无明显差异（P＞0.05）,而OA类滑液骨钙素浓度比正常对照组及结构紊乱类明显增高（P＜0.05）。结论紊乱类与OA类关节液中E2浓度无明显差异,但均比对照组明显高。TMD患者中骨质硬化改变者滑液E2浓度明显高于其它类骨质改变者。结论 雌激素在颞下颌关节紊乱病的发生发展中起一定作用。高浓度滑液E2可能与关工骨质增生硬化相关。颞下颌关节骨关节病与局部同有转换增高及骨代谢异常有关,骨钙素可能是TMD骨改变的标志物之一。