体外膜式氧合治疗冠状动脉旁路移植术后急性心肺功能衰竭

目的:探讨体外膜式氧合(ECMO)治疗冠状动脉旁路移植(CABG)术后急性心肺功能衰竭的经验。方法:回顾2005年9月至2008年12月期间我院心脏外科监护病房(ICU)收治的40例CABG术后因急性心肺功能衰竭接受ECMO辅助的患者的临床资料。男性32例,女性8例,年龄20~79岁,平均59岁。静脉-动脉(V-A)转流39例,静脉-静脉(V-V)转流1例。结果:30例(75%)成功脱离ECMO,19例(47.5%)生存出院。平均ECMO辅助时间75 h,平均监护室停留时间6 d。主要并发症为感染19例、出血13例、肾功能衰竭需要透析13例、氧合器血浆渗漏12例、肢体血栓5例、神经系统并发症3例。结论:ECMO是治疗CABG术后急性心肺功能衰竭的一种有效的短期机械辅助方法,积极防治并发症可降低病死率。     

瓣膜手术后急性心脏功能衰竭体外膜式氧合治疗

目的:探讨体外膜式氧合(ECMO)治疗瓣膜手术后急性心脏功能衰竭的经验。方法:回顾2005年9月至2009年7月期间,我院心脏外科监护病房(ICU)收治70例瓣膜手术后因急性心脏功能衰竭接受ECMO辅助的患者的临床资料。男性43例,女性27例,年龄15～74岁,平均(53±12)岁,采用静脉-动脉(V-A)转流模式。结果:46例(65.7%)成功脱离ECMO,38例(54.3%)痊愈出院。平均ECMO辅助中位数时间59(1,206)h,平均监护室停留中位数时间4(1,19)d。主要并发症为出血21(30.0%)例,感染9(12.8%)例,肾功能衰竭需要透析17(24.2%)例,氧合器血浆渗漏20(28.5%)例及肢体缺血3(4.2%)例。结论:ECMO是治疗瓣膜手术后急性心脏功能衰竭的一种有效的机械辅助方法,及时安装并积极防治并发症可降低死亡率。     

体外膜肺氧合治疗心脏手术后急性心功能衰竭的疗效

目的总结体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)治疗心脏外科术后出现严重心功能衰竭的应用经验。方法选择自2009年10月至2013年2月在中山市人民医院进行心脏外科手术,且术后出现急性心功能衰竭而应用ECMO治疗的22例患者为研究对象,总结其应用ECMO治疗的临床情况。结果上机维持时间为(100.0±89.2)h。因心脏功能无法恢复,无法撤机并死亡4例;成功撤机18例,其中4例顺利撤机,但仍最终死亡;顺利恢复并出院14例。辅助过程中主要并发症为出血和感染。结论 ECMO的应用有利于辅助心肺功能和防治并发症,对于心脏术后心功能衰竭的治疗疗效肯定。     

体外膜肺氧合对心脏术后心肺复苏患者的应用

目的:探讨体外膜肺氧合技术(ECMO)在成年心脏手术后心肺复苏(CPR)困难患者的应用经验。方法:回顾分析2010年1月至2012年9月期间,7例心脏手术后因CPR困难应用ECMO救治的成年患者的临床资料,男性4例,女性3例,年龄42～65岁,平均(54±7)岁,其中冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)6例,主动脉瓣置换术1例。全部患者均经股动静脉插管建立ECMO辅助。结果:7例患者CPR时间40～65 min,平均(53±7)min,建立ECMO辅助后全部患者均恢复自主心律,ECMO辅助时间36～128 h,平均(85±26)h,监护室停留时间2～8d,平均(5±1)d。辅助24h后患者平均动脉压(MBP)、血乳酸(Lac)及正性肌力药物评分(IS)均明显改善。6例(85.7%)患者成功撤离ECMO辅助,其中3例(42.9%)存活出院,1例患者因无法脱机而死亡,3例成功脱机后因感染及中枢神经系统并发症死亡;4例患者同时应用主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP),3例进行肾替代治疗(CRRT)。结论:体外膜肺心肺复苏(ECPR)可以提供紧急生命支持,挽救部分常规方法复苏困难的心脏术后心脏骤停患者的生命。     

体外膜肺氧合支持治疗39例心肺功能衰竭患者的临床经验

目的:回顾性总结阜外心血管病医院39例心肺功能衰竭患者应用体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)支持治疗的临床经验。方法:2004年12月至2006年6月,对本院39例终末期心脏病和心脏术后需心肺支持的患者进行ECMO支持治疗,所有患者均采用静脉到动脉的ECMO辅助方式。婴幼儿采用右心房—升主动脉插管,成人应用右心房—股动脉插管或股动—静脉插管,肝素用量5~20U/(kg.h),激活全血凝固时间(ACT)维持120~160s。辅助期间流量在40~220ml/(kg.min)。结果:25例患者顺利撤离ECMO装置,其中21例患者康复出院(总出院率为53.8%,21/39),4例患者术后死亡。25例患者ECMO平均辅助时间(91±57)h。其余14例患者因适应证的选择、严重并发症(其中3例与ECMO技术有明确关系)等原因而放弃治疗最终死亡,ECMO平均辅助时间(112±101)h。共18例死亡,ECMO平均辅助时间(116±103)h。39例患者ECMO平均辅助时间(99±62)h,共用膜肺44个,平均膜肺使用时间(91±47)h。ECMO并发症:主要有出血和渗血、肾功能衰竭、感染、血栓形成、神经系统并发症、肢体缺血坏死等。结论:ECMO支持是一种有效的循环呼吸衰竭机械辅助治疗方法,也可以作为心脏移植患者等待供体期间的桥梁过渡。应用ECMO的时机和适应证是ECMO成功的关键。     

机械循环辅助装置治疗围手术期急性心肺功能衰竭

目的:观察心室辅助(VAD)、体外膜式氧合(ECMO)及主动脉内气囊反搏(IABP)等机械循环辅助装置治疗围手术期急性心肺功能衰竭的疗效。方法:回顾2005年1月至2006年12月我院心脏外科监护病房224例围手术期进行循环辅助患者临床资料,VAD4例、ECMO47例及IABP173例。结果:VAD死亡2例(50%),ECMO死亡23例(48.9%),IABP死亡49例(28.3%)。并发症为感染27例、肾功能衰竭需要透析26例、出血23例、下肢缺血15例及脑并发症7例。结论:机械辅助是救治围手术期急性心肺功能衰竭的有效方法,应根据患者病情选择适合的辅助方式并及早放置,防治并发症对提高成功率非常重要。     

体外膜肺氧合在高危重症冠心病患者心脏不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术中的应用

目的总结体外膜肺氧合(extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)在高危重症冠心病患者心脏不停跳冠状动脉旁路移植术(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)中的应用方法和效果。方法选取2007年11月至2014年6月天津市第三中心医院心脏外科的高危重症冠心病行CABG术患者21例,年龄70~83(75.7±3.6)岁,在ECMO辅助下实施择期心脏不停跳CABG术。结果 21例患者中,8例术后即刻顺利脱离ECMO辅助;8例桥血管吻合后ECMO不能立即撤离,继续辅助2.0~4.5 h后撤离;5例在手术室时ECMO不能撤离,关胸后返回冠心病重症监护病房(CCU),考虑ECMO辅助时间较长,为克服ECMO非搏动性灌注,联合主动脉内球囊反搏(intra-aortic balloon pump,IABP)支持,IABP辅助时间76~147(115.2±25.9)h。5例CCU内ECMO辅助患者中:股动静脉插管部位渗血1例,经止血及加压包扎后好转;下肢缺血1例,安装旁路循环后缺血改善;均顺利脱机。21例患者均康复出院,住院时间11~28(17.4±2.8)d。结论 ECMO用于心脏不停跳CABG术可为高危重症冠心病患者提供手术治疗的支持和保护。     

体外膜肺氧合在心脏危重症患者救治中的应用

目的:总结体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)辅助在心脏危重症患者中的临床救治经验与体会。方法:回顾性分析7例因药物治疗和/或主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)无效而行ECMO辅助的心源性休克或血流动力学障碍患者的临床资料。ECMO辅助的主要原因:急性心肌梗死后心源性休克4例(57.1%),暴发性心肌炎1例(14.3%),心脏骤停2例(28.6%)。结果:7例患者ECMO平均辅助时间(4.7±3.2)d(范围:1~9 d),6例(85.7%)顺利撤除ECMO,3例行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗。主要并发症包括:出血2例(28.6%),肢体缺血1例(14.3%),急性肾衰竭1例(14.3%),多器官功能衰竭2例(28.6%)。1例在ECMO辅助情况下放弃治疗死亡,2例在成功撤除ECMO后死亡。其中,1例死于严重出血,2例死于多器官功能衰竭。其余4例(57.1%)好转存活出院。结论:ECMO能暂时性为心肺功能提供有效的支持,有利于稳定心脏危重患者的血流动力学,为心功能的恢复创造机会,减少ECMO相关并发症的发生可能会改善心脏危重患者预后。     

体外膜肺氧合技术在人工心脏瓣膜置换术后泵衰竭中的应用

目的研究心脏瓣膜置换术后泵衰竭应用体外膜肺氧合(extra corporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)支持治疗的效果,为重症心脏瓣膜病患者围术期循环辅助管理提供参考。方法选取东莞康华医院2012年3月至2018年8月收治的心脏瓣膜置换术患者867例,其中18例患者术后出现泵衰竭应用ECMO继续进行循环支持治疗的资料。观察分析患者血浆乳酸、脑钠肽(brain natriuretic peptide,BNP)、肌酐浓度、血管活性药物:肾上腺素及多巴胺使用剂量和心指数在ECMO建立时、运行24 h及撤机时的变化。结果18例泵衰竭应用ECMO支持治疗的心脏瓣膜置换术后患者的血浆乳酸、BNP、肌酐浓度及肾上腺素、多巴胺药物使用剂量在应用ECMO支持治疗即时、运行24 h及停止时呈现显著降低趋势,而心指数则出现逐步升高趋势,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。围术期因ECMO严重并发症导致多器官功能衰竭而死亡6例。结论应用ECMO支持治疗人工心脏瓣膜置换术后泵衰竭,可有效辅助治疗循环衰竭,进而降低外科换瓣患者手术死亡率。     

48例小儿心脏术后体外膜肺氧合临床结果分析

目的:对阜外医院小儿心脏手术后,不同适应症下实施体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)治疗的效果及并发症情况进行分析,为更好的把握ECMO的临床适应症提出依据。方法:回顾性分析2004年12月至今48例小儿心脏术后ECMO的临床资料。结果:患儿年龄5 d～6岁;体质量3～17 kg。48例中脱离ECMO 30例(62.5%),最终治愈出院24例(50%)。心、肺功能持续不恢复及后期继发的急性肾衰竭是导致死亡的主要原因。结论:适应症的选择及治疗期间的并发症决定了ECMO总体的治疗效果。     

Perioperative risk of aortic valve replacement after coronary artery bypass grafting

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the operative risk of aortic valve replacement (AVR) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS: Twenty patients (sixteen male, four female) underwent AVR 1.5-20 years (mean: 8.2) after CABG. RESULTS: Patients had received a mean number of four bypass grafts (2-5) with the use of the left internal thoracic artery in seventeen patients. Mean age at the time of AVR was 70.5 years (57-82). All patients suffered from an aortic stenosis with a mean orifice area of 0.74 cm (2) (0.34-1.1) and a mean pressure gradient of 52.4 mm Hg (22-78). Ten mechanical (mean diameter 23.6 mm, 21-27) and ten biological (22.1 mm, 19-25) prostheses were implanted. Mean duration of surgery, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and cross-clamp time were 322.1 (205-645), 169.2 (87-411), and 77.1 (46-128) minutes, respectively. Fourteen patients had an uneventful postoperative course. A temporary neurological impairment, renal failure, and re-intubation for respiratory insufficiency for nine hours occurred in one patient each. Two patients died postoperatively (day 3 and 10) due to multiple cerebral infarctions. One patient required a replacement of the ascending aorta in deep hypothermia and re-implantation of the bypasses. He suffered from gastrointestinal bleeding on postoperative day 14 and expired on day 81 because of multi-organ failure. CONCLUSION: Aortic valve replacement after coronary artery bypass grafting is associated with an enhanced perioperative risk requiring meticulous decision-making and a sophisticated operative technique.     

Beating heart versus conventional reoperative coronary artery bypass surgery

BACKGROUND: The incidence of reoperative coronary artery bypass grafting is increasing with an increase in the number of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. The clinical outcome of redo coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass and conventional coronary artery bypass grafting using cardiopulmonary bypass are different. METHODS AND RESULTS: We compared clinical parameters in patients who underwent off-pump (n=156) versus on-pump (n=194) redo coronary artery bypass grafting performed between January 1995 and December 2001 in our institute, to determine if off-pump surgery has improved the surgical outcome of redo coronary artery bypass grafting and emerged as an ideal technique. Patients who underwent on-pump redo surgery required more postoperative blood transfusion (86.53% on-pump v. 12.82% off-pump. p=0.001), prolonged ventilatory support (>24 hours) (16.49% on-pump v. 7.7% off-pump, p=0.021) and higher inotropic support (23.71% on-pump v. 10.89% off-pump, p=0.003). On-pump redo coronary artery bypass grafting was also associated with a prolonged stay in the intensive care unit (40+/-6.2 hours on-pump v. 20+/-4.1 hours off-pump, p=0.001) and longer hospital stay (9+/-4.2 days on-pump v. 5+/-3.4 days off-pump, p=0.001). In-hospital mortality was higher in on-pump patients than in off-pump ones (7.7% v. 3.2%); however, this was not statistically significant (p=0.114). CONCLUSIONS: Off-pump redo coronary artery bypass grafting is a safe method of myocardial revascularization with lower operative morbidity and mortality, less requirement of blood products and early hospital discharge, compared with conventional on-pump redo coronary artery bypass grafting.     

Coronary artery disease and its management: influence on survival in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement

Data from 1,156 patients greater than or equal to 30 years of age who underwent aortic valve replacement alone or with coronary artery bypass grafting from 1967 through 1976 (early series) and 227 similar patients operated on during 1982 and 1983 (late series) were reviewed. In the early series, 414 patients (36%) had preoperative coronary arteriography (group 1): group 1A (n = 224) did not have coronary artery disease, group 1B (n = 78) had coronary artery disease but did not undergo bypass grafting and group 1C (n = 112) had coronary artery disease and underwent bypass grafting. The 742 patients in group 2 did not have preoperative arteriography. Operative mortality rates (30 day) in groups 1A, 1B, 1C and 2 were 4.5, 10.3, 6.3 and 6.3%, respectively (p = NS). The 10 year survival in both groups 1 and 2 was 54%; in groups 1A, 1B and 1C it was 63, 36 and 49%, respectively (1A and 1B, p less than 0.01). In the late series, the 227 patients were divided into similar groups (group 1A, n = 73; 1B, n = 32; 1C, n = 99), and 90% had preoperative coronary arteriography. Operative mortality rates (30 day) for groups 1A, 1B and 1C were 1.4, 9.4 and 4.0%, respectively; that for group 2 (no preoperative arteriography, n = 23) was 4.3%. Definition of coronary anatomy by angiography seems important in most patients greater than or equal to 50 years old who are candidates for aortic valve replacement, and bypass grafting is recommended for those with significant coronary artery disease.     

Coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass is safe and contributes to favorable long-term results

The aim of this study was to determine the indication for minimally invasive direct coronary artery surgery based on the operative and long-term results of conventional coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass. Operative results: The subjects included 505 patients who underwent isolated elective coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass from January 1995 through August 1999. The mean age at the time of surgery was 61.9 and the mean number of grafts per patient was 2.6. Long-term results: From January 1984 to December 1995, a total of 907 patients received coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass using the internal thoracic artery to the left anterior descending artery with or without saphenous vein grafts to other coronary arteries. The rates of complete and incomplete revascularization were 69.3% (n = 629) and 30.7% (n = 278), respectively. Mean follow-up was 5.95+/-3.0 years. The operative results revealed low output syndrome occurred in 14 patients (2.8%), perioperative myocardial infarction with the appearance of new Q-waves in 5 (1.0%), renal failure requiring transient dialysis in 16 (3.2%), stroke with persistent sequelae in 5 (1.0%), and mediastinitis in 5 (1.0%). Two patients (0.4%) died in the hospital. The long-term results for the 907 patients revealed the 10-year actuarial survival, 10-year cardiac death free, and 10-year cardiac event free rates were 85.7%, 94.1%, and 77.3%, respectively. The 10-year survival rates was 88.4% among patients receiving complete revascularization and 79.3% among those receiving incomplete revascularization (p = 0.0334). The 10-year cardiac death free rate among patients undergoing complete revascularization was 96.3% and 88.7% among those receiving incomplete revascularization (p = 0.0016). The 10-year cardiac event free rates were 82.3% and 67.9%) among patients undergoing complete and incomplete revascularization, respectively (p = 0.0118). In view of the favorable operative and long-term results of conventional coronary artery bypass grafting, especially complete revascularization, we conclude that minimally invasive direct coronary artery grafting is an appropriate treatment for multi-vessel disease in carefully selected patients at a high risk for stroke and major comorbidities due to old age.     

Left main coronary artery stenosis: factors predicting cardiac events in patients awaiting coronary surgery

Although most patients with left main coronary artery stenosis undergo urgent coronary artery bypass grafting, limited information is available regarding the risk factors that might lead to cardiac events between angiographic diagnosis and surgery. We retrospectively reviewed 1,731 cases of coronary artery bypass grafting at our institution, 97 of which were performed in patients with significant (> or = 50%) left main coronary artery stenosis. These patients were placed in 1 of 2 groups: eventful waiting or uneventful waiting. We analyzed multiple preoperative variables, and the incidence of serious cardiac events (death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, left ventricular failure, and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias) during the waiting period between angiography and surgery Four patients (4.1%) experienced serious cardiac events while awaiting surgery (1 had non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; 3 had life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias); none died. All the events occurred more than 24 hours after cardiac catheterization. Of the preoperative variables analyzed (acute coronary syndrome, age, history of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, renal failure, severity of left main stenosis, right coronary artery involvement, ejection fraction, and use of intra-aortic balloon pump), only acute coronary syndrome predicted the incidence of preoperative cardiac events (P=0.001). The occurrence of severe cardiac events while patients await coronary artery bypass grafting is rare. Carefully selected patients with severe left main coronary artery stenosis can safely await surgery. Concomitant acute coronary syndrome and severe left main coronary artery stenosis indicate a high risk for cardiac events. Therefore, in patients with these conditions, emergency coronary artery bypass may be preferable.     

Hormone replacement therapy is safe in women undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting

In postmenopausal women, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) does not substantially reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease and may produce a short-term increase in risk. Therefore, we investigated whether HRT increased risk in patients with severe coronary artery disease necessitating surgery We prospectively studied 4,782 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting at 70 centers in 17 countries from November 1996 through June 2000. Patients were selected using a systematic sampling technique. Mortality, major morbidity, and transfusion requirements were compared among 3 groups: men (n=3,840), women receiving HRT (n= 144), and women not receiving HRT (n=798). Women actively receiving HRT, compared with women not receiving HRT or with men, were at no greater risk of developing the following fatal or non-fatal complications: death (2.8% vs 4.4% vs 2.8%, respectively; P=0.05), myocardial infarction (6.3% vs 7.0% vs 7.7%; P=0.67), central nervous system complication (2.1% vs 2.8% vs 2.9%; P=0.85), or renal dysfunction (0.7% vs 5.3% vs 4.8%; P=0.06). Incidence of postoperative congestive heart failure was significantly lower in men (7.7%) than in women receiving HRT (12.5%; P=0.04) and in women without HRT (12.8%; P <0.0001). Fewer men (61%) needed red blood cell transfusion than did women receiving HRT (79%) and women without HRT (88%) (P <0.0001 compared with both other groups). However, the need for fresh frozen plasma transfusions was significantly less in women receiving HRT (16%) than in women not receiving HRT (25%; P=0.01). We conclude that HRT administration before coronary artery bypass grafting does not increase women's risk of any adverse outcome.     

Complete off-pump coronary revascularization in patients with dialysis-dependent renal disease

Patients who have dialysis-dependent renal disease frequently present with coronary artery disease but are considered at high risk for coronary artery bypass grafting. From 1 September 2000 through 31 August 2003, we performed complete off-pump coronary revascularization in 6 patients who had end-stage dialysis-dependent renal failure, and we prospectively studied the perioperative and early postoperative results. The effect of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting on mortality, morbidity, postoperative complications, and transfusion requirements in this group of patients was investigated. No perioperative deaths or ischemic cardiac events were observed after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. In all patients, anginal symptoms were relieved during the postoperative period. The mean duration of follow-up was 172 +/- 12.4 months. Patients with dialysis-dependent chronic renal failure who present with coronary artery disease should be thoroughly evaluated preoperatively for risk factors and coexistent severe diseases. We believe that in patients with end-stage dialysis-dependent chronic renal failure, off-pump coronary revascularization is a good alternative.     

Awake off- pump coronary artery bypass surgery in 25 patients

Objectives To test the feasibility of the use of high thoracic epidural anesthesia as a sole anesthetic in patients undergoing off pump coronary artery bypass surgery, avoiding general anesthesia. Methods Between October 2002 to April 2003, twenty five cases underwent beating heart coronary artery revascularization without endotracheal general anesthesia, using high thoracic epidural anesthesia and analgesia. All the patients underwent epidural catheterization on the evening before the surgery. Resuits The patients in all received 71 grafts (single n= 11, double n = 5, triple n = 6, quadruple n =3). Six patients underwent repeat coronary artery bypass. Except one was converted to general anesthesia and cardiopulmonary bypass, the other patients underwent off- pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 2 patients underwent grafting via left thoracotomy (MIDCAB) and the rest through mid sternotomy. There was no mortality. Mean length of stay in the intensive care unit was 16 . 2 ( 4.2 hours and hospital was 3.0(1.2 days. Conclusions Our experience confirms the feasibility of performing muhiple coronary artery bypasses in conscious patients without endotracheal general anesthesia.