OCT对冠状动脉介入术后即刻支架周围组织结构改变的评价

目的通过光学相干断层成像(OCT)初步评价冠状动脉内支架术后即刻支架周围组织结构特点。方法随机入选15例冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)行支架置入术患者,在患者置入支架后用OCT成像系统评价术后即刻支架释放情况及支架贴壁情况。结果15例患者共置入36枚支架,OCT检查得到满意图像并显示有14例患者冠状动脉内支架各部分充分释放,支架与血管壁贴合良好,无斑块组织向血管腔内突入,支架连接处贴合好;有1例患者支架部分节段释放不充分,支架与血管壁贴合不良,支架连接处贴合欠佳。结论OCT检查可充分评价支架释放及血管壁贴合和支架连接处管壁贴合情况,是检查支架术后支架周围组织结构的一种重要方法。     

采用光学相干断层成像评价无再狭窄药物洗脱支架内膜增生

目的应用冠状动脉血管内光学相干断层成像技术(optical coherence tomography,OCT)评价造影随访无再狭窄的药物洗脱支架(drug eluting stent,DES)内皮增生情况。方法从北京安贞医院2007年9月至2008年9月连续入选DES术后无症状而接受冠状动脉造影复查无明显再狭窄的患者18例,所有患者接受OCT检查,比较不同的DES植入时间、不同DES组之间,每组支架小梁血管内膜增生情况。结果共分析4709个支架小梁,其中被内皮完全覆盖的支架小梁个数4173个(88.6%),被内皮部分覆盖的个数是33个(0.7%),暴露的小梁个数382个(8.1%);贴壁不良的小梁个数121个(2.6%),覆盖支架小梁的内膜的平均厚度是0.099mm,内膜厚度100μm的小梁个数2378个(50.5%);不同药物洗脱支架之间内膜增生厚度、支架小梁内膜覆盖及晚期支架贴壁不良差异有统计学意义;与DES植入时间12个月相比,植入时间12个月血管内膜增生厚度有明显增加趋势(0.1183mm比0.0875mm;P=0.001);支架内膜无覆盖比率分别是:1.7%比6.8%(P0.05);贴壁不良比率是:2.1%比0.5%(P0.001)。结论通过OCT分析16个月左右的药物洗脱支架血管内膜厚度,总的来说90.1%的支架小梁有内膜覆盖,但是仍然有高达9.9%的无内膜覆盖,支架类型、支架置入时间之间内膜覆盖、支架贴壁有一定差异;同时支架植入大于12个月的支架贴壁不良比率高于不足12个月的,提示更晚期的支架贴壁不良情况存在,对于药物洗脱支架的随访时间应该更长,双联抗血小板治疗疗程也许应该更长。     

光学相干断层成像评价冠状动脉内支架术后即刻支架周围组织结构改变

目的:应用光学相干断层成像(OCT)评价冠状动脉内支架术后即刻支架周围组织结构改变。方法:对21例临床诊断冠心病准备介入治疗患者,在冠状动脉内置入支架后即刻进行OCT成像检查。21例患者中共有22支冠状动脉置入25个支架,其中前降支11支13个支架,回旋支8支9个支架,右冠状动脉3支3个支架。OCT评价支架贴壁不良、血管夹层及撕裂、组织脱垂等。支架贴壁不良定义为支架支撑杆与血管壁距离大于0.20mm,组织脱垂定义为血管壁组织通过支架网眼突入管腔。结果:21例患者均成功进行OCT检查,22支靶血管25个支架均成功获得清晰OCT图像。通过OCT发现置入的25个支架中有12个支架可以看到部分支架支撑杆未能完全封闭血管壁上的夹层及撕裂;所置入的支架中有50个支架支撑杆贴壁不良,平均支架支撑杆与血管壁的距离为0.39±0.20(0.20~1.16)mm。通过OCT检出置入的25个支架中有20个支架可见到不同程度组织脱垂,共检出85个组织脱垂,平均最大组织脱垂面积为0.55±0.64(0.04~2.81)mm2。结论:OCT成像技术可清晰显示冠心病冠状动脉支架后血管夹层、撕裂组织脱垂及支架贴壁情况,其临床意义有待于进一步研究。     

光学相干断层成像评价佐它莫司药物洗脱支架置入后的血管愈合情况

目的:应用光学相干断层成像技术观察佐它莫司药物洗脱支架置入后不同时期的新生内膜覆盖和支架贴壁情况以评估血管愈合.方法:对符合标准的30例置入佐它莫司药物洗脱支架患者进行介入后即刻、介入3个月和介入9个月时的光学相干断层成像检查,每隔1 mm评估横断面影像每个支架柱的新生内膜覆盖和贴壁情况,同时观察每个支架内的血栓发生情...     

光学相干断层成像评价药物洗脱支架置入术后晚期支架贴壁不良

目的 探讨药物洗脱支架(DES)置入术后晚期支架贴壁不良的特点.方法 分析32例(包括51支血管、共置入71个支架)置入DES 1年后[(14.8±5.2)个月]行光学相干断层成像(OCT)检查的患者资料,对支架节段的OCT图像每间隔0.5 mm取1帧图像进行分析,找出贴壁不良的支架金属结构,测量支架到参照血管内壁的距离及支架表面内膜厚度,分析晚期支架贴壁不良的特点.结果 OCT检查在7例(21.9%)患者中检出支架贴壁不良,其中4例合并支架段血管的正性重构,1例重叠置入支架,2例发现由血栓覆盖支架金属结构,7例患者随访期间无心脏不良事件发生.97.6%的支架金属结构完全贴壁并不同程度的内膜覆盖,2.4%的支架金属结构贴壁不良,包括1.2%的支架金属结构位于血管分支开口.位于血管分支开口的支架金属结构与其他贴壁不良支架表面的内膜覆盖厚度差异无统计学意义[(0.06±0.05)mm比(0.05±0.03)mm,P>0.05].绪论晚期支架贴壁不良见于DES置入最初的贴壁不良、血管壁正性重构、重叠置入支架以及支架金属结构位于分支血管开口;贴壁不良的支架金属结构表面亦有不同程度的内膜覆盖.     

OCT对于DES术后晚期或晚晚期血栓治疗的指导作用

目的 观察光学相干断层成像（OCT）技术对于药物洗脱支架（DES）术后发生晚期或晚晚期血栓治疗对策的指导作用.方法 选取2010年7月至2013年11月本院收治的行DES支架置入术后发生晚期或晚晚期支架内血栓患者22例,对患者行OCT检查,根据OCT结果采取进一步治疗措施.结果 DES术后晚期或晚晚期血栓的OCT表现为：支架内皮化不全6例、贴壁不良12例、支架内新生动脉粥样硬化斑块形成8例,支架内纤维过度增生较为少见2例,有些患者上述情况同时存在.治疗对策：单纯支架内皮化不全及支架贴壁不良者采取单纯球囊扩张术12例,新生动脉粥样硬化斑块形成或纤维过度增生者采取球囊扩张加支架置入术10例.结论 OCT可以准确了解DES术后晚期或晚晚期血栓的原因,提供更为合适的治疗方案.     

血管内超声和光学相干断层成像在冠状动脉介入治疗中的应用价值

冠状动脉(冠脉)造影仅能提供血管腔的影像,不能反应血管壁和粥样硬化斑块本身的信息,血管内超声(IVUS)和光学相干断层成像(OCT)则可补充之,获得连续血管横断面图像,对斑块进行定性定量分析,识别易损斑块,判断临界病变的严重程度,指导冠脉介入治疗(PCI),并观察支架扩张、贴壁和内膜修复及增生情况,发现晚期支架贴壁不良和断裂等.应用IVUS和OCT指导PCI可显著降低心血管不良事件的发生.两者主要区别在于分辨率相差10倍,IVUS成像较模糊,而OCT更清晰,两者合一、互相补充是发展方向.     

光学相干断层成像在冠心病诊治中的进展

光学相干断层成像分辨率高,可用于冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块性质的确定和易损斑块的发现,并且可用于分析支架内膜的覆盖率和支撑杆的贴壁情况,指导支架的释放。近年取得了快速的发展。本文将对这一方面做一综述。     

光学相干断层成像方法评价药物洗脱支架术后即刻贴壁不良及影响因素分析

目的探讨冠脉病变局部特征、支架因素及介入操作因素对介入术后即刻支架贴壁不良的影响。方法回顾性分析2009年6月至2010年6月介入治疗前、后均行光学相干断层成像（OCT）检查的50例患者资料。介入术前OCT检查评价冠脉病变局部特征（包括：血栓负荷、钙化程度、不稳定斑块即薄帽纤维粥样瘤（TCFA）、央层、病变累及象限、病变长度、狭窄程度）,术后即划行OCT评价支架贴壁情况、结果本研究共分析支架丝30390个,术后即刻支架丝贴壁不良发生率为（6．63±4．37）％。多元线性同归分析显示．西罗莫司支架（β系数5．3％,P〈0．001）、钙化（β系数1．9％,P=0．002）与术后即刻支架丝贴壁不良发生率呈正相关。而后扩张压力（B系数-0．2％．P=0．021）与术后即刻支架丝贴壁小良发生率呈负相关。结论本研究初步表明,西罗莫司支架、钙化程度重可增加术后即刻支架丝贴壁不良发生率,而术后球囊扩张可减少即刻支架丝贴壁不良的发生。     

光学相干断层成像在围支架置入期的应用

近年来光学相干断层成像在冠心病的研究中应用日益广泛，尤其在围支架置入期发挥了重要的作用。支架置入术前可评估斑块的特点，术后即刻评估支架的贴壁、组织损伤等，长期随访中评估血栓事件、新生内膜增生以及支架内新生斑块等。同时，光学相干断层成像在药物疗效评估及新型支架的研发中显示出其独特的优势。     

All stent strut malappositions are not created equal

• The current meta‐analysis evaluates the relationship of late incomplete stent apposition (LISA) observed either by IVUS or OCT 6–18 months after PCI and long‐term outcomes, particularly in regard to stent thrombosis (ST) and has demonstrated a small but significant increase in ST with LISA.
• The results of the current study do not apply to acute stent malapposition whose relevance to adverse outcomes is uncertain based on current evidence and a malapposition classification based on presence, length, and severity of malapposed struts.
• A classification of stent malapposition based on cause of malapposition is proposed as a method to determine prognostic importance of acute incomplete stent apposition.

     

Immediate results of bifurcational stenting assessed with optical coherence tomography

Background : A tubular stent may adapt with difficulty to coronary bifurcation lesions (CBLs). Methods : Time domain or frequency domain (FD) optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed to assess strut apposition immediately after stent implantation across four segments inside the bifurcation, in a consecutive series of patients. OCT pullbacks were performed in the main vessel (MV). Results : A total of 13,142 struts in 45 CBL in 41 patients were assessed. Strut malapposition was significantly more frequent in the half bifurcation facing the side‐branch (SB) ostium (42.9%) than in the proximal segment of the bifurcation 11.8%, half bifurcation opposite the SB 6.7%, or the distal segment 5.7% (all P < 0.0001). Lesions (n = 15) treated with stenting of both MV and SB had a total higher rate of malapposition than those (n = 30) treated with stenting of the MV only (17.6% vs. 9.5%; P = 0.0014). In latter group, lesions treated with FD‐OCT‐guided stent implantation (n = 13) presented a lower rate of malapposition than those treated with conventional angiographic‐guided stent implantation (n = 17) (7.1% vs. 17.5%; P = 0.005). Conclusions : In CBL, strut malapposition is particularly high at the SB ostium. However, a strategy of stenting MV only with adjunctive FD‐OCT guidance is associated with lower rates of malapposition. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Persistent malapposition after implantation of sirolimus-eluting stent into intramural coronary hematoma: optical coherence tomography observations.

A 76-year-old man presented with an anterior myocardial infarction. Coronary angiography showed 99% stenosis in the left anterior descending artery and total occlusion in the left circumflex artery (LCX). After successful percutaneus coronary intervention (PCI) for segment 7, a staged PCI to the LCX with a distal protection system was attempted, but the wire entered the subintima, creating a large dissection and intramural hematoma. Three sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) were implanted to cover the entire hematoma, but 2 weeks later intravascular ultrasound revealed stent malapposition, with healing of the residual hematoma, and vessel enlargement. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed the malapposition more clearly. Balloon dilatation successfully achieved apposition of the SES to the vessel wall, but 6 months later it revealed recurrence of malapposition, with the struts covered by thrombus-like tissue. This case suggests that SES implantation treatment of a long intramural hematoma can potentially cause late malapposition because of persistent vessel enlargement related to arterial wall injury and inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia by the SES. OCT is useful in showing the precise condition of the stent struts.     

A Comparison of Intravascular Imaging Modalities for Detection of Stent Struts in Acute Coronary Syndrome

Background

We used optical coherence tomography (OCT) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) to assess the struts of implanted stents in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Methods

A totle of 10,756 stent struts were analyzed with OCT in 42 patients of ACS. Of them, both of IVUS and OCT imaging were performed in 33 patients. Appearance of stent struts was classified as well apposed, buried, malapposed, and nondetectable, and the number of stent struts were counted by OCT and IVUS was compared.

Results

Most of stent struts were well apposed (78.1%, 8,407/10,756). However, malapposed struts were 5.6% (607/10,756), and 14.1% (1,514/10,756) of stent struts were buried by thrombus. The nondetectable struts were 2.11% (228/10,756) in ACS. 94.7% (216/228) of nondetectable stent struts were associated with red thrombus, and plaque prolapse was in 5.3% (12/228). The number of stent struts counted by OCT were larger than that of IVUS. The mean number of stent struts at the proximal and distal stent edges were 24 ± 6.57 in OCT, the stent struts IVUS counted were 20 ± 4.18 (P < 0.0001). Although the frequency of malapposed struts were similar 4.6% (376/8,248) in OCT versus 4.8% (369/7,674) in IVUS (P = 0.788). Stent struts were often buried by thrombus in ACS 15.2% (1,252/8,248) in OCT versus 9.7% (747/7,674) in IVUS; P = 0.006. The nondetectable struts were fewer in IVUS than OCT 0.2% (16/7,674) in IVUS versus 2.2% (187/8,248) in OCT; P < 0.0001.

Conclusion

Stent struts are frequently buried and nondetectable due to thrombi burden in ACS patients. Adequate thrombus removal and proper selection of the imaging device is warranted in ACS. (J Interven Cardiol 2016;29:99–107)

     

Optical coherence tomography analysis of the stent strut and prediction of resolved strut malapposition at 3 months after 2nd-generation drug-eluting stent implantation

Our objective was to clarify whether thrombogenic problems with stent struts are resolved at 3 months after 2nd-generation drug-eluting stent implantation. Twenty-one patients with stable angina pectoris having 28 (22 zotarolimus-eluting, 6 everolimus-eluting) stents with optical coherence tomography (OCT)-guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were evaluated. Stent strut coverage and malapposition were evaluated by OCT immediately after PCI and at 3-month follow-up. Acute strut malapposition was observed in 26 out of 28 analyzed stents (92.9 %). At 3-month follow-up, 7 (26.9 %) of those 26 stents with strut malapposition were completely resolved, and the mean percentages of uncovered struts and malapposed struts were 8.3 and 2.0 % when analyzed by each individual stent. When analyzing a total of 30,060 struts, 807 struts (2.7 %) demonstrated acute strut malapposition. Among these, 219 struts (27.1 %) demonstrated persistent strut malapposition. On the basis of receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis, a strut-to-vessel (S-V) distance ≤160 µm on post-stenting OCT images was the corresponding cutoff point for resolved malapposed struts (sensitivity 78.1 %, specificity 62.8 %, area under the curve 0.758). The S-V distance of persistent malapposed struts on post-stenting OCT images was longer than that of resolved malapposed struts (235 ± 112 vs. 176 ± 93 µm, p < 0.01). At 3 months after PCI, the prevalence rates of uncovered and malapposed struts were relatively low in 2nd-generation drug-eluting stent. Our results suggest that OCT-guide PCI with an S-V distance ≤160 µm may be recommended especially in patients with planed short-term DAPT.     

A self-expandable coronary stent system to treat complex coronary stenosis complicated by poststenotic aneurysm: an optical coherence tomographic evidence-based case report

Coronary artery aneurysm is a relatively uncommon disorder characterized by coronary artery dilatation with diameter that exceeds 50% of the normal adjacent segments with atherosclerosis being the most common etiology. Aneurysms can be adjacent to a stenosis in a post- or prestenotic location. Both anatomical conditions are technically challenging regarding their percutaneous treatment because of the large discrepancy in size between the stenotic and dilated segments, and require careful choice of the most appropriate technique and device. We have successfully treated a coronary stenosis complicated by a poststenotic aneurysm in a 60-year-old patient with atypical angina using a novel self-expandable coronary stent system implanted with optical coherence tomography (OCT) guidance. OCT scan after implantation showed residual stent malapposition inside the aneurysm despite postdilatation. Thanks to the ability of this stent to self-expand over time, 6-month OCT follow-up showed an optimal result in terms of stent apposition, strut coverage, and absence of in-stent restenosis.     

Stent malapposition,as a potential mechanism of very late stent thrombosis after bare-metal stent implantation: A case report

A 90-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. He had a history of post-infarction angina pectoris 79 months ago and had a bare-metal stent (BMS) implanted in the proximal left anterior descending artery at our hospital. Emergent coronary angiography demonstrated thrombotic occlusion in the previously stented segment. After catheter thrombectomy, antegrade flow was restored, but 90% stenosis with haziness persisted in the proximal and distal portions of the previously stented segment. Intravascular ultrasound imaging showed interstrut cavities or stent malapposition at the proximal and distal sites of stented segment. In close proximity to the sites, residual thrombi were also observed. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) demonstrated neither lipid-laden neointimal tissue nor rupture but clearly demonstrated residual thrombus adjacent to the malapposed region in addition to the stent malapposition. PCI with balloon was successfully performed and stent apposition was confirmed by OCT. Stent malapposition is an unusual mechanism of very late stent thrombosis after BMS implantation. OCT can clearly reveal the etiology of stent thrombosis.