呼吸道合胞病毒毛细支气管炎特应性与血清IL-10及病情恢复的关系

为探讨呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)毛纫支气管炎患儿特应性与血清白介素10(IL-10)水平及病情恢复的关系，应用酶联免疫吸附法分别检测17例年龄50天--12月，特应性体质的RSV毛细支气管炎患儿急性期与恢复期血清IL-l0水平，并以24例非特应性患儿及37例正常儿为对照组。结果显示，急性期待应性组IL—10水平与正常对照组相比，差异无显著性(P＞0．05)，但明显低于无特应性组(P＜0．001)；特应性组喘憋和肺部体征消失均较非特应性组慢，住院时间延长(P＜0．05)；恢复期两组IL-l0差异无显著意义。提示特应性体质患儿RSV感染后不能上调IL-l0产生，结果可导致病变恢复缓慢。     

特发性血小板减少性紫癜患儿血清细胞因子水平变化

目的 研究特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)患儿血清细胞因子水平变化。方法 采用酶联免疫试剂法检测89例ITP患儿血清α—干扰素(IFN-α)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素2(IL-2)、IL—4、IL-8、IL-l0水平。结果 ITP患儿各年龄组血清TNF-α水平均明显高于正常参考值(P均＜0．05)；3岁～、7岁～组血清IFN-α水平也显著高于正常参考值(P均＜0．05)；l岁～、3岁～、7岁～组IL-4水平较正常参考值明显升高(P均＜0．05)。结论 细胞因子特别IFN-α、TNF-α、IL-4在儿童ITP的发病中可能起重要作用。     

不同病程的l型糖尿病患儿血清细胞因子的文化

目的 了解不同病程的l型糖尿患儿血清细胞因子的变化。方法 第l组为新诊断l型糖尿病患儿26例。第2组为病程＞3年、长期治疗不伴其他疾病的l型糖尿病20例。第3组：因身材矮小但无慢性疾病的患儿为正常对照组30例。以放射免疫分析法(RIA)或酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)法检测血清白细胞介素(IL)—lβ、2、4、12，肿瘤坏死因子—α(TNF—α)，干扰素—γ(IFN—γ)水平，计算Thl、Th2来源细胞因子比值。结果 第l组IL-lβ较第3组显著增高，第2组IL-1β水平下降；第l、2组IL—4水平低于第3组，第l、2组间IL-4比较无显著性差异。第l、2组IL-2／IL-4、IFN—γ／IL-4较第3组升高；第l、2组比较无显著差异。第l组IL—2明显低于第3组，第2组IL-2明显增高。IL-l2、IFN—γ和TNF—α水平于各组间均无显著差异。结论 1．IL-lβ、IL-2水平与病程有关。2．IFN—γ/IL-4、IL-l2／IL—4未随病程延长而改变，以Thl来源的细胞因子占优势，提示糖尿病患儿免疫系统本身存在Thl优势的倾向。     

肾病综合征患儿血清白细胞介素13、18测定及其意义

目的 探讨白细胞介素13(IL-l3)、IL-l8与肾病综合征(NS)之间的关系。方法 采用酶联免疫分析法定量测定74例原发性肾病血清IL-l3、IL-l8水平。结果 NS患儿发作期血IL-l3、IL-l8均显著高于对照组和缓解组(P＜0．01)，恢复期与对照组比较无差异(P＞0.05)。单纯性肾病IL-l3、IL-l8明显高于肾炎性肾病(P＜0．01)。结论 IL-l3、IL-l8参与肾病综合征的发病，互单纯性肾病较肾炎性肾病明显。     

CMV和HCV肝炎婴儿血清IFN-α,IL-8,TNF-α和NO的水平变化

目的　了解巨细胞病毒肝炎 (CMV IgM抗体阳性 )和丙型肝炎 (HCV IgM抗体阳性 ) 1～ 6月的婴儿患者血清中某些炎性介质的异常变化。方法　应用ELISA法和硝酸还原酶法 ,分别检测了 5 6例CMV抗体和6 7例HCV抗体阳性婴儿肝炎综合征 (婴肝 )患儿及正常对照组 5 8例小儿的血清干扰素α (IFN α) ,白细胞介素 8(IL 8) ,肿瘤坏死因子 α (TNF α)和一氧化氮 (NO)的含量。结果　正常对照组 5 8例血清IFN α ,IL 8,TNF α ,NO含量分别为 2 2 6 .74± 73.82ng/L ,13.2 4± 5 .36ng/L ,2 17.14± 76 .30ng/L ,2 5 .98± 8.70 μmol/L。CMV抗体阳性婴肝组血清IFN α ,IL 8,TNF α和NO的含量分别为 5 82 .2 6± 131.72ng/L ,75 .2 8± 33.5 7ng/L ,42 9.46± 15 6 .32ng/L和5 9.87± 16 .42 μmol/L ,明显高于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ;HCV抗体阳性婴肝组上述四项指标含量分别为5 5 8.32± 114.6 4ng/L ,71.34± 2 7.6 4ng/L ,374.35± 138.4ng/L和 6 2 .2 4± 2 1.38μmol/L ,其含量亦明显高于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 0 1)。CMV与HCV抗体阳性婴肝组比较 ,无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。TNF α和NO在这两组婴肝中分别呈正相关 (r1=0 .6 2 ,r2 =0 .5 7,P<0 .0 1)。结论　CMV和HCV抗体阳性婴肝急性期患儿 ,血清TNF α,IL 8,IFN     

巨细胞病毒肝炎婴儿血清白细胞介素-18及肿瘤坏死因子-α测定的临床意义

目的测定婴儿巨细胞病毒(CMV)肝炎治疗前后血清白细胞介素-18(IL—18)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF—α)水平,研究其在婴儿CMV肝炎中的临床意义。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测36例CMV肝炎患儿治疗前后及健康婴儿21 例血清IL-18和TNF—α水平。结果CMV肝炎患儿血清IL—18和TNF-α水平明显高于正常对照组(P<0.001),且均与血清ALT呈显著正相关(P<0.01);阴转组治疗结束后血清IL-18和TNF-α水平均较治疗前显著降低(P<0.001),而未阴转组IL-18和TNF-α治疗前后无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论血清IL-18及TNF—α检测可作为婴儿CMV肝炎炎症活动性和肝损害程度的评判指标,并对预测药物抗病毒疗效有重要指导价值。     

病毒性脑炎患儿血清和脑脊液白细胞介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α的变化

目的　探讨病毒性脑炎 (VE)患儿治疗前血清、脑脊液和治疗后血清白细胞介素 6 (IL 6 )和肿瘤坏死因子 α(TNF α)在VE患儿发病中的作用 ,为寻找有效的治疗方案提供理论依据。方法　 2 5例VE患儿 (重症组 15例和轻症组 10例 )均采用ELISA法测定其治疗前血清、脑脊液及治疗后血清IL 6和TNF α水平 ,并与正常对照组比较。结果　治疗前轻症组和重症组血清和脑脊液IL 6、TNF α浓度均较对照组明显升高 (P均 <0 .0 1) ,且重症组较轻症组明显升高 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。轻症组治疗后血清IL 6和TNF α浓度与对照组比较差异无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,而重症组治疗后血清IL 6和TNF α浓度仍显著高于正常对照组 ,且较轻症组亦明显高 (P均 <0 .0 1) ,差异有显著性意义。结论　VE患儿治疗前血清和脑脊液IL 6和TNF α水平显著升高 ,病情越重升高越明显     

肺炎支原体肺炎患儿血清IL-6及sIL-6R活性的研究

目的　研究 MPP患儿血清 IL -6及 s IL -6 R含量变化 ,探讨其在 MPP发病机制中的作用。 方法　用 EL ISA法对41例 MPP患儿急性期及恢复期血清 IL -6及 s IL -6 R进行测定。结果　 1MPP患儿血清 IL -6及 s IL -6 R含量在急性期及恢复期均明显高于对照组 ( P<0 .0 1) ;血清 IL-6含量恢复期较急性期明显下降 ( P<0 .0 1) ,而 s IL-6 R在恢复期则持续保持高水平 ;2血清 IL-6含量在病情重的 MPP患儿明显高于病情轻组 ( P<0 .0 1) ,血清 s IL-6 R间的差异无统计学意义 ( P>0 .0 5 )。 结论 　血清IL-6及 s IL -6 R参与 MPP患儿的免疫状态改变 ,在 MPP发病机制中起重要作用     

白细胞介素-1与原发性肾病综合征的关系

目的探讨白细胞介素-1(IL—1)与原发性肾病综合征(PNS)间的关系。方法采用ELISA法测定PNS患儿急性期和缓解期血清IL-1水平,分析与24 h尿蛋白定量间的关系。结果PNS患儿急性期和缓解期血清IL-1水平比较有显著差异(P<0.01),急性期肾炎型肾病组(NN)血清IL—1高于单纯型肾病组(SN)(P<0.01)。PNS血清IL-1水平与24 h尿蛋白排泄量间呈明显正相关(r=0 758 P<0.01)。结论PNS患儿血清IL-1水平是升高的,IL-1可能在PNS发病中起部分作用。     

哮喘患儿血清IL-8、IL-10及TNF-α检测的临床意义

目的 探讨白细胞介素(IL-8、IL-10)和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF—α)在支气管哮喘发病机制中的作用。方法 采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测哮喘急性发作期、缓解期各40例患儿和健康儿童的IL-8、IL-10、TNF-α水平。结果 哮喘急性发作期患儿血清IL-8、TNF—α水平明显高于缓解期及健康对照组，IL-10水平明显低于缓解期及健康对照组，差异均有显著性；哮喘急性发作期患儿治疗后血清IL-8、TNF—α水平明显低于治疗前，而IL-10有明显上升，差异均有显著性。结论 哮喘的气道炎症可能与IL-8、TNF-α的上调和IL-10的消耗性降低有关，表明IL-8、IL-10、TNF-α参与了哮喘的气道炎症反应。     

Pubertal growth and development and prenatal and lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene

OBJECTIVES: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethene (DDE) are ubiquitous toxic environmental contaminants. Prenatal and early life exposures affect pubertal events in experimental animals. We studied whether prenatal or lactational exposures to background levels of PCBs or DDE were associated with altered pubertal growth and development in humans.Study design: Follow-up of 594 children from an existing North Carolina cohort whose prenatal and lactational exposures had previously been measured. Height, weight, and stage of pubertal development were assessed through annual mail questionnaires. RESULTS: Height of boys at puberty increased with transplacental exposure to DDE, as did weight adjusted for height; adjusted means for those with the highest exposures (maternal concentration 4+ ppm fat) were 6.3 cm taller and 6.9 kg larger than those with the lowest (0 to 1 ppm). There was no effect on the ages at which pubertal stages were attained. Lactational exposures to DDE had no apparent effects; neither did transplacental or lactational exposure to PCBs. Girls with the highest transplacental PCB exposures were heavier for their heights than other girls by 5.4 kg, but differences were significant only if the analysis was restricted to white girls. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal exposures at background levels may affect body size at puberty.     

Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia in Infants and Children: Pathophysiology and Treatment

Potassium is the second most abundant cation in the body. About 98% of potassium is intracellular and that is particularly in the skeletal muscle. Electrical disturbances associated with disorders of potassium homeostasis are a function of both the extracellular and intracellular potassium concentrations. Clinical disorders of potassium homeostasis occur with some regularity, especially in hospitalized patients receiving many medications. This article will review the pathophysiology of potassium homeostasis, symptoms, causes, and treatment of hypo- and hyperkalemia.     

Prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents

Increasing numbers of obese children and adolescents all over the world demand an investment in the primary and secondary prevention of obesity and overweight in this age group. The goal of preventive measures in children is to avoid the negative short- and long-term health problems associated with obesity. Primary prevention aims at establishing a healthy, active lifestyle and keeping children and adolescents within a range of body weight which is considered to be healthy. Constant availability and affordability of palatable and energy-dense food in the affluent society of the western world demands preventive strategies. Universal or public health prevention seems to be the most suitable form because several other cofactors of morbidity and mortality of affluent societies can also be prevented. However, in most European countries there is a lack of awareness of the necessity of prevention programmes, not only among the general population but also among the medical society. More awareness and consciousness to the problem of obesity must be generated in order to lead to effective therapeutic programmes. For those children and adolescents who are already obese, secondary prevention is mandatory. Therapeutic intervention programmes for the obese aim at long-term weight maintenance and normalisation of body weight and body fat. They have to modify eating and exercise behaviour of the obese child and establish new, healthier behaviour and lifestyle. Treatments programmes must include behavioural components in order to permanently change nutrition and physical exercise of the obese children and adolescents. However, long-term results of treatment programmes in European countries are scarce and the reported results, even of multidisciplinary regimens, are not impressive. Conclusion In most European countries there is an urgent need not only for a growing awareness of the problem of obesity in children and adolescents but also for development of new comprehensive approaches in treating this group.