输血对脑外伤患者术后感染的影响

目的 探讨输血对脑外伤患者术后感染的影响,指导合理输血。方法 选择本院1997年1月~2004年1月525例脑外伤手术患者,其中225例术中输注普通悬浮红细胞,202例输注悬浮去白细胞红细胞,98例未输血。对3组患者术后感染率及输血剂量与感染率的关系进行比较。结果 普通悬浮红细胞输血组术后感染率为11．11％,悬浮去白细胞红细胞输血组术后感染率为3．46％,与普通悬浮红细胞输血组相比差异有显著性（P〈0．01）,与未输血组感染率（2．04％）比较差异无显著性。普通悬浮红细胞输血组患者的输血量与术后感染的发生显著相关（P〈0．01）,而悬浮去白细胞红细胞输血组的输血量与术后感染率的相关性不显著。结论 脑外伤患者术后感染的发生与输血、血液成分及输血量等有关。在保证患者能够耐受手术的情况下,应尽量不输血或少输血,对确需输血的患者,应该输注去白细胞红细胞。     

血液成分在严重烧伤患者休克期急救中的应用

目的总结成都市"6.5"公交车燃烧事件严重烧伤患者休克早期急救中血液成分的应用情况。方法对本院接治的"6.5"事件烧伤患者中的16名危重患者,在休克期第1个24h共输入新鲜血浆2.82万ml,平均(1763±1249)ml(0—5000ml),未输入红细胞,血小板及全血;第2个24h共输入新鲜血浆2.58万ml,平均(1613±1097)ml(0—4800ml),2人输入红细胞15U,未输入血小板及全血。结果16例烧伤危重病例中,除1名患者在休克期第2个24h后死亡外,其余患者在输注血液成分后均平稳度过休克期,救治成功,现正在康复中。结论严重烧伤患者早期除应大量补充晶体及其它胶体液外,输注血浆及红细胞等血液成分也尤为重要。     

Importance of extended blood group genotyping in multiply transfused patients

Blood group antigen systems are not limited to the ABO blood groups. There is increasing interest in the detection of extended blood group systems on the red cell surface. The conventional method used to determine extended blood group antigens or red cell phenotype is by serological testing, which is based on the detection of visible haemagglutination or the presence of haemolysis. However, this technique has many limitations due to recent exposure to donor red cell, certain drugs or medications or other diseases that may alter the red cell membrane. We aimed to determine the red cell blood group genotype by SNP real time PCR and to compare the results with the conventional serological methods in multiply transfused patients. Sixty-three patients participated in this study whose peripheral blood was collected and blood group phenotype was determined by serological tube method while the genotype was performed using TaqMan^® Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) RT-PCR assays for RHEe, RHCc, Kidd and Duffy blood group systems. Discrepancies were found between the phenotype and genotype results for all blood groups tested. Accurate red blood cell antigen profiling is important for patients requiring multiple transfusions. The SNP RT-PCR platform is a reliable alternative to the conventional method.     

The impact of HIV testing on blood utilization in the intensive care unit in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding

Objective To determine whether the AIDS epidemic has influenced physician use of blood products in intensive care unit management of gastrointestinal hemorrhage.Methods Retrospective chart review of 148 patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage admitted to the intensive care unit. Forty-eight patients were admitted before the onset of HIV testing of the blood supply (group 1) and 100 were admitted after HIV testing was begun (group 2).Results Of the 148 patients, 18 (eight in group 1, ten in group 2) were not transfused and had higher median hemoglobin levels on admission and higher median hemoglobin nadirs during hospitalization than patients who were transfused. Transfused patients in group 3 did not have significantly lower median hemoglobin levels on admission (7.9 (4.2–12.5) g/dl) than transfused patients in group 1 (9.3 (4.1–13.5) g/dl) (p=0.058). Patients in group 2 had significantly lower median hemoglobin concentrations prior to the first transfusion event (7.4 (4.2–10.3) g/dl) than those in group 1 (8.5 (4.2–12.1) g/dl) (p=0.016). There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the total number of units of packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma or platelets transfused. Neither was any significant difference in mortality observed, with 11 patients (22.9%) dying in group 1 and 23 patients (23.0%) dying in group 2. The cause of death in 13 of the 34 patients was related to cardiovascular and hemodynamic complications of gatrointestinal bleeding. There was no significant difference in mean age (group 1: 60.5 years, group 2: 59.4 years) or mean hemoglobin nadir (group 1: 7.0 g/gl, group 2: 7.1 g/dl) among those who died in the two groups.Conclusions These data indicate that physicians are transfusing patients at lower hemoglobin levels than they did before the beginning of HIV testing. However, there has been no decrease in the total median amount of blood products transfused since that time. This change in practice may be due to increased concern about HIV transmission through blood products and suggests the need for greater awareness of existing transfusion guidelines.     

Impact of allogenic packed red blood cell transfusion on nosocomial infection rates in the critically ill patient

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether critically ill patients who receive allogenic packed red blood cell transfusions are at increased risk of developing nosocomial infections during hospitalization. DESIGN: Retrospective database study utilizing Project IMPACT. SETTING: A 40-bed medical-surgical-trauma intensive care unit in an 825-bed tertiary referral teaching hospital. PATIENTS: One thousand seven hundred and seventeen patients admitted to the medical-surgical-trauma intensive care unit. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Data were collected by using the Project IMPACT database. Nosocomial infection rates were compared among three groups: the entire cohort, the transfusion group, and the nontransfusion group. We determined the nosocomial infection rates in these groups while adjusting for probability of survival by using Mortality Prediction Model (MPM-0) scores, age, gender, and number of units of packed red blood cells transfused. The average number of units transfused per patient was 4.0. The nosocomial infection rate for the entire cohort was 5.94%. The nosocomial infection rates for the transfusion group (n = 416) and the nontransfusion group (n = 1301) were 15.38% and 2.92%, respectively (p <.005 chi-square). Transfusion of packed red blood cells was related to the occurrence of nosocomial infection, and there was a dose-response pattern (the more units of packed red blood cells transfused, the greater the chance of nosocomial infection; p< 0.0001 chi-square). The transfusion group was six times more likely to develop nosocomial infection compared with the nontransfusion group. In addition, for each unit of packed red blood cells transfused, the odds of developing nosocomial infection were increased by a factor of 1.5. A subgroup analysis of nosocomial infection rates adjusted for probability of survival by using MPM-0 scores showed nosocomial infection to occur at consistently higher rates in transfused patients vs. nontransfused patients. A second subgroup analysis adjusted for patient age showed a statistically significant increase in rates of nosocomial infection for transfused patients regardless of age. CONCLUSIONS: Transfusion of packed red blood cells is associated with nosocomial infection. This association continues to exist when adjusted for probability of survival and age. In addition, mortality rates and length of intensive care unit and hospital stay are significantly increased in transfused patients.     

An evaluation of clinical aspects of post-operative autotransfusion, either alone or in conjunction with pre-operative aspirin, in cardiac surgery.

Two groups of 21 otherwise healthy patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for the first time were studied in order to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of post-operative autotransfusion using a red cell 'salvage' method. Group 1 patients (control group) were transfused using donor blood only. Group 2 patients were transfused with their own (autologous) blood, salvaged post-operatively, although donor blood was also available to them if needed. The two groups were further subdivided according to whether the patients received aspirin pre-operatively or not. The four subgroups thus formed were comparable pre- as well as intra-operatively, with respect to all available clinical and laboratory criteria. The post-operative data, however, showed that the combination of pre-operative aspirin and autotransfusion leads to excessive post-operative bleeding, together with increased donor blood requirement. It was also shown that autotransfusion without aspirin does reduce the need for donor blood transfusion without any increase in post-operative bleeding. Although aspirin alone did not increase post-operative bleeding or donor blood requirement, its combination with autotransfusion should be avoided.     

非自身免疫性溶血性贫血患者直接抗人球蛋白试验阳性对临床输血效果影响

目的:研究非AIHA患者DAT阳性对临床输血效果影响.方法:收集多个科室96例DAT阳性的非AIHA输血者为阳性组,均分为甲组(48例输注洗涤红细胞)和乙组(48例输注普通红细胞悬液),对照组为58例DAT阴性的常规输血患者.采用微柱凝胶法(MGT)和凝聚胺法进行交叉配血.检测患者红细胞(RBC)、血红蛋白(Hb)、红...     

罕见B（A）血型的检测及其安全输血探讨

本研究探讨稀有B（A）血型的遗传特性、鉴定方法和输血策略.采用血型血清学方法、PCR-SSP方法基因定型和ABO血型第6、7外显子直接测序的方法进行B（A）血型鉴定,并分析该家系的血型遗传特点和分子机制;同时对B（A）型献血者和用血者进行配合性试验和临床输血研究.结果表明,该家系调查发现3例血清学结果正反定型结果不符,均为血清学结果为正定型AB型,反定型B型,ABO基因型为B（A）04/O01型,1袋B（A）型红细胞输注给1例B型患者后临床有轻度的输血反应,B（A）型患者输注O型洗涤红细胞后患者未出现输血反应.结论：对ABO血型血清学正反定型不符的标本,可以用家系调查和分子生物学方法进行辅助验证,B（A）型血液不能给B型或AB型患者输注,B（A）血型患者输血时应采取配合性成分输血或自身输血.     

原位肝移植围手术期成分输血相关问题的探讨

目的　探讨成人原位肝移植围手术期出凝血功能的变化及输血对手术预后的影响。方法　对肝移植术前肝功能Child分级均为C级 ,出凝血功能均存在异常的 19名患者通过补充凝血因子、血小板等成分进行纠正。无肝期采用体外静脉转流 ,术中动态监测血流动力学、出凝血功能变化及出血量 ,根据无肝前期、无肝期、新肝期各项出凝血功能指标的变化 ,给予相应的输血处理 ,分别以术后生存情况和围手术期输血量分组 ,分析各种输血因素对移植术中、术后的影响。结果　在术前肝功能分级、出凝血功能、手术方式、方法、时间无明显差异的情况下 ,输血总量、红细胞用量、冰冻血浆用量与术后存活率呈明显负相关 ,偏相关系数分别为 - 0 .75 18(P <0 .0 1)、- 0 .710 4 (P<0 .0 1)、- 0 .5 14 4 (P <0 .0 5 )。死亡组输血量明显高于存活组 ,差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;输血量≥ 10 0 0 0ml组死亡率明显高于输血量 <10 0 0 0ml组 ,差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;所有病例中无一发生输血后巨细胞病毒 (CMV)感染、颅内出血。结论　术前充分纠正出凝血功能异常 ,术中进行动态监测 ,及时通过各种血液成分在品种和剂量上的合理输注进行调控及应用去白细胞输血等新技术 ,可保证原位肝移植手术顺利进行 ,有效降低输血总量 ,减少术后并发症。     

自体血液回输对脊椎手术患者围术期血浆ICAM-1和炎症介质的影响

[目的]观察自体血液回输对脊椎手术患者围手术期血浆ICAM-1和炎性介质的影响.[方法]60例择期行脊柱外科手术患者随机分为对照组（C组,n=30）与自体血液回输组（H组,n=30）,H组采用标准回收模式,应用血液回收机对回收血进行处理,术中回输给患者.当C组血细胞比容（HCT）〈0.25时则输异体红细胞悬液,出血量〉1500 mL时补输新鲜冰冻血浆（输入血浆总量占出血量30%）,必要时输入冷沉淀.分别于入室前30 min（T1）,初次输注自体或异体血后10 min（T2）,手术结束时（T3）,术后24 h （T4）取肘正中静脉采血2 mL,高速离心后于-70℃液氮低温标记储存待检.分别检测4个时间点血液中细胞间粘附分子-1（ICAM-1）以及肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白介素-1（IL-1）、白介素-8（IL-8）的水平.[结果]与C组比较H组在T3时IL-1、IL-8、ICAM-1浓度明显高于C组（P＜0.05）,术后24 h（T4）,两组上述炎症细胞因子无明显差异（P〉0.05）.[结论]自体血液回收回输能引起血液中炎性因子的激活,但并不导致血管内皮细胞大量受损,激活严重的全身炎症反应综合征造成明显的组织损伤.     

Universal fresh frozen plasma (Uniplas): a safe product in open-heart surgery

Objective To test the tolerability and safety of the universal plasma Uniplas [solvent/detergent (SD)-treated plasma], infused regardless of the patient's blood group.Design Prospective, parallel group, controlled and observer-blinded study, randomized with respect to patients requiring plasma transfusion.Setting Cardiothoracic operating room and ICU in a university hospital.Patients Eighty-four patients undergoing open-heart surgery comparing three parallel treatment groups and one control group.Interventions The Uniplas treatment group was subdivided into patients with blood group A, B or AB, and group O. The treatment group receiving Octaplas of type AB, was not subdivided. Patients who did not require any plasma transfusion served as control.Measurements Complement activation (C3bc, TCC), direct antiglobulin test (DAT) and other immunohaematological tests, tests for haemolysis, and relevant clinical observations during treatment phase. Blood samples were collected again after 6 months for evaluation of viral safety.Results Of the 84 patients, 29 served as control group. Uniplas was transfused in 36 of the patients (1–23 units). Octaplas was transfused in 19 patients (1–11 units). During the study no clinical adverse events related to plasma transfusion were observed. The degree of complement activation C3bc and TCC, a recommended test for biocompatibility, did not show any increased activation after Uniplas or Octaplas transfusion. No haemolytic reactions, positive DAT-tests or viral transmissions were observed after Uniplas transfusion.Conclusion In open-heart surgery, Uniplas, which can be transfused regardless of a patient's blood group, was well-tolerated and gave no adverse drug reactions.     

体外循环后控制性机血回输的临床研究

【目的】观察体外循环后控制性机血回输对胸液量和激活全血凝血时间（ACT）的影响。【方法】112例心脏瓣膜置换病人随机分为A、B两组,A组为机血通过中心静脉1～3h输完,并常规每100mI。机血给5mg鱼精蛋白中和。B组为体外循环（CPB）停机鱼精蛋白中和后10min内肝素血主动脉管输完,残余管道部分弃置。两组的麻醉、病人体外循环及停机后体内肝素中和方法相同。观测CPB后ACT值、关胸止血时间及术后24h胸液量。【结果】B组比A组ACT更接近生理值（P〈0．05）,关胸止血时间明显缩短（P〈0．01）,且胸液量明显减少（P〈0．01）。【结论】心脏手术中鱼精蛋白中和后10min内肝素血输完,能明显缩短手术时间,减少术后胸液渗量,减少库血的应用,临床操作方便和实用。     

Risk factors in transmission of non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis. The role of hepatitis B antibody in donor blood

Risk of developing icteric hepatitis in a transfusion study involving cardiac surgery patients was 0.2 per cent per unit of blood transfused with the ratio of icteric to anicteric cases being 1:4. Risk of developing hepatitis was proportional to the number of units transfused: one to four units, 4 per cent; six to ten units, 8 per cent; 11 to 20 units, 19 per cent; greater than 21 units, 42 per cent. The prevalence of type B hepatitis was low (6 per cent), with the vast majority of patients being shown to have non-A non-B hepatitis. However, a greater incidence of hepatitis type B serologic events was observed among recipients of anti-HBs positive blood than those transfused only with units not containing antibody (p = 0.04. A significantly greater incidence of non-A, non-B hepatitis was observed among patients transfused with blood containing anti-HBs when compared with a group who received blood without antibody (p less than 0.01). Caution should be exercised in interpretation of this difference because patients transfused with blood containing anti-HBs received significantly more units of blood. However, utilization of stepwise regression analysis to unconfound the two dependent variables suggest that the use of blood containing anti-HBs increases the hepatitis risk (p = 0.06) although the number of units transfused was the more significant factor (p less than 0.001). Additional data from carefully designed studies are needed to determine if donor blood containing anti-HBs significantly increases the risk of transmitting non-A, non-B hepatitis.     

Pre-storage leucocyte depletion and transfusion reaction rates in cancer patients

Passenger leucocytes transfused with allogenic blood are responsible for potential adverse effects. The impact of pre-storage leucodepletion (in-line filtration) of all whole blood units on transfusion reaction rate among patients suffering from cancer was retrospectively studied, comparing all reactions following red blood cell (RBC) transfusions during 2 years of pre-storage vs. 2 years of selective (bedside) leucodepletion. During selective leucodepletion, 5165 RBC units - of which 2745 were bedside filtered units- were transfused to 866 patients. Twenty-eight reactions were recorded: 22 (15 in the bedside group) febrile non-haemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTR) and six allergic reactions (five in the bedside group). The overall percentage of reactions was 0.54 (0.76 for bedside) and 0.42 for FNHTR (0.54 for bedside). During pre-storage leucodepletion, 4116 RBC units were transfused to 841 patients. Eleven reactions were recorded: four FNHTR and seven allergic reactions (urticaria). The percentage of reactions for transfused RBC units was 0.26 (0.09 for FNHTR). Comparison between pre-storage filtration and bedside filtration with regard to FNHTR showed an odds ratio of 2.80 (95% confidence interval = 0.83-14.87) for bedside filtration. The study suggests that, for transfused patients affected by cancer, pre-storage leucodepletion is more effective than selective (bedside) filtration in reducing the incidence of transfusion reactions (FNHTR).     

A study of blood utilization by diagnosis, month of transfusion, and geographic region of the United States

The purpose of this study was to analyze blood utilization by 92,815 transfused patients treated in 300 United States hospitals during 1974. In order to achieve this end, transfused patients were first divided into 349 diagnosis groups. Blood transfusion data for the highest ranking 50 groups in terms of total units administered to patients in the group are presented and discussed, as well as the blood needs of patients in 19 major disease categories such as malignant neoplasm. Blood transfusion is then correlated with the month of the year by presenting the mean number and the total number of units transfused per month for the country as a whole and for each of four geographic regions. Individual diagnosis groups with significant variation in the mean number of units transfused among the months are also listed and discussed. To aid in the interpretation of mean monthly transfusion rates for the various diagnosis groups, a list of operative procedures with significant variation in the quarterly frequency is offered. Diagnosis groups with significant variation in the mean transfusion rate among the four geographic regions are presented with interpretation of the data.     

The value of automated gel column agglutination technology in the identification of true inherited D blood types in massively transfused patients

BACKGROUND: Massive transfusion of D− trauma patients in the combat setting involves the use of D+ red blood cells (RBCs) or whole blood along with suboptimal pretransfusion test result documentation. This presents challenges to the transfusion service of tertiary care military hospitals who ultimately receive these casualties because initial D typing results may only reflect the transfused RBCs. After patients are stabilized, mixed-field reaction results on D typing indicate the patient's true inherited D phenotype. This case series illustrates the utility of automated gel column agglutination in detecting mixed-field reactions in these patients.
STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The transfusion service test results, including the automated gel column agglutination D typing results, of four massively transfused D− patients transfused D+ RBCs is presented. To test the sensitivity of the automated gel column agglutination method in detecting mixed-field agglutination reactions, a comparative analysis of three automated technologies using predetermined mixtures of D+ and D− RBCs is also presented.
RESULTS: The automated gel column agglutination method detected mixed-field agglutination in D typing in all four patients and in the three prepared control specimens. The automated microwell tube method identified one of the three prepared control specimens as indeterminate, which was subsequently manually confirmed as a mixed-field reaction. The automated solid-phase method was unable to detect any mixed fields.
CONCLUSION: The automated gel column agglutination method provides a sensitive means for detecting mixed-field agglutination reactions in the determination of the true inherited D phenotype of combat casualties transfused massive amounts of D+ RBCs.     

Convalescent plasma – An insight into a novel treatment of covid-19 ICU patients

IntroductionVarious therapies have been tried for Covid disease including the use of antivirals, steroids, monoclonal antibodies and convalescent plasma. Method: The study was conducted on convalescent plasma transfused ICU patients. Part A of the study involves clinical outcomes based on gender, age, comorbidities, blood group,and the average length of stay. Part B investigates clinical outcomes in patients transfused with convalescent plasma before and after the November 2021 guidelines. Part C of the study includes patients in cytokine storm and the efficacy of tocilizumab in these patients.Result: Out of the 326 ICU patients transfused with convalescent plasma the overall mortality was 152 (53.3 %). On comparing blood groups and clinical outcomes, a clinically significant result was found. A clinically significant association was also seen on comparing the clinical outcome of 18–50 years and 61–70 years age group and in female gender patients. The average number of ICU days had a positive impact on the overall patient survival. Out of the patients in ‘cytokine storm’ (n = 109), on day 20, the survival percentage in the non-Tocilizumab group showed a downward trend throughout. However, in the Tocilizumab group, the survival percentage remained stable throughout till around day 50. Conclusion: Amongst the convalescent plasma transfused ICU patients, females, having blood group B, and an average length of stay of fewer than 20 days had a better chance of survival. The patients given tocilizumab and convalescent plasma had a better chance of survival compared to tocilizumab alone.     

Identifying elective orthopedic surgical patients transfused with amounts of blood in excess of need: the transfusion trigger revisited

The discharge hematocrit has been analyzed as a clinical indicator of the transfusion trigger by which to identify patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery who were transfused with blood in excess of need. The volume of red cells lost by each patient during surgical hospitalization was compared to the volume of red cells transfused. Three clinical indicator levels were considered. Red cell losses of 10, 20, and 30 percent of each patient's baseline red cell volume at admission were considered to be appropriate before subsequent blood transfusion replacement, representing generous, intermediate, or strict clinical indicator levels, respectively. With Level I as a generous clinical indicator, 110 (25%) of 525 patients were transfused in excess of blood needs; by Level II (intermediate) and Level III (strict) criteria, 221 (42%) and 314 (60%) of 525 patients, respectively, were transfused in excess of blood needs. Significant differences were found for transfused patients analyzed by gender (26% of women vs. 13% of men; Level I, p less than 0.001) and preoperative autologous blood donation (25% of autologous blood donors vs. 11% of those who did not donate autologous blood; Level I, p less than 0.001). It can be concluded that the discharge hematocrit and amount of blood lost during hospitalization can be used as clinical indicators with which to identify patients receiving transfusions in excess of needs in the elective surgical setting. With this method, it was found that the transfusion trigger is different for women and for men as well as for autologous blood donors and those who did not donate autologous blood undergoing elective orthopedic surgery [corrected].     

Red cell transfusions in total knee and total hip replacement surgery

To explore how red cell transfusions were used to support patients who underwent primary and revision hip and knee replacements classified within diagnosis-related group (DRG) 209 (major joint and limb reattachment procedures), we studied abstracted patient discharge records from 151 United States hospitals in 1986. A total of 9684 units of whole blood and/or separated red cells was used to support 6472 patients. The transfusion use varied by surgical procedure, with patient gender as an influencing factor. Large proportions of patients underwent surgery without requiring transfusion. Among transfused patients, the majority received 1 to 3 units of red cells; however, a minority of patients required multiple transfusions, thereby utilizing a disproportionate share of the blood resource. Comparison of transfusion practice within the seven most active hospitals revealed significant differences (p less than or equal to 0.01) in the percentage of patients actually transfused, but not in the mean number of units of red cell components transfused per transfused patient. Similar findings emerged from comparison of transfusion practice when all hospitals were segregated into five hospital classes on the basis of orthopedic surgical service activity. These effects were seen for both total knee and total hip replacement procedures. It can be concluded that the lack of clearly defined criteria for transfusion contributed to the variations observed.     

Blood group genotyping in multi-transfused patients

BackgroundIn chronically transfused patients, the classical hemagglutination assays may be inaccurate in defining the RBC phenotypes of the patients due to previous transfusions.DesignDNA samples from 39 multi-transfused patients including thalassemia and sickle cell disease were used for red blood cell genotyping. The Rh-Type and KKD-Type (BAGene, BAG Healthcare) were used to determine the polymorphisms associated with antigen expression for RHD, RHCE and Kell, Kidd, Duffy blood group systems, respectively. Results were compared with previously determined phenotyping results for RhD, RhCcEe and Kell by hemagglutination method.ResultsNineteen out of the 37(51%) patients had discrepancies between genotyping and phenotyping results in a total of 25 alleles. In 12 patients, the discrepancies had the potential of alloimmunization.ConclusionBlood group genotyping has vital importance in transfusion management of chronically transfused patients especially if the patients were not phenotyped before starting the initial transfusions.