拇趾甲皮瓣及尺动脉腕上皮支下行支皮瓣瓦合并髂骨植骨再造拇指末节缺损

目的探讨拇趾甲皮瓣及尺动脉腕上皮支下行支皮瓣瓦合并髂骨植骨再造拇指末节缺损的临床疗效。方法对7例拇指末节缺损患者分别采用吻合血管拇趾甲皮瓣修复拇指背侧皮肤及指甲缺损、尺动脉腕上皮支下行支皮瓣修复拇指末节掌侧皮肤缺损、末节指骨缺损取髂骨移植。拇趾甲皮瓣供区采用游离植皮5例,同侧第2趾胫侧方皮瓣顺行覆盖2例;尺动脉腕上皮支下行支皮瓣供区均直接缝合。结果 7例拇趾甲皮瓣及尺动脉腕上皮支下行支皮瓣均顺利成活,伤口一期愈合。其中1例拇趾甲皮瓣供区植皮出现部分坏死,经换药后愈合。末节植骨愈合时间为8~11周,平均10周。去除内固定物后行规律功能锻炼。所有患者获随访6~15个月,平均8个月,移植组织成活及拇指指甲生长良好,指腹皮瓣两点辨别觉为8~10 mm(平均9 mm);足部供区皮瓣及植皮无破溃,足部功能未受影响。结论采用拇趾甲皮瓣及尺动脉腕上皮支下行支皮瓣瓦合并髂骨植骨再造拇指末节能较好地恢复拇指外形及功能,是一种较好的临床治疗方法。     

600例股前外侧皮瓣移植术的临床应用经验

目的总结股前外侧皮瓣移植术的临床应用经验。方法回顾分析1988至2003年间所开展600例625块股前外侧皮瓣移植手术的记录资料，对皮瓣的血管蒂及其血管变异类型、手术切口的操作顺序及皮瓣皮支缺如类型的改制等方面进行总结。结果皮瓣移植共625块，术中放弃移植7块，术后发生血管危象17例，经探查及相应处理后完全成活10例，部份坏死3例，完全坏死4例，成功率97．8％。皮瓣血管蒂以降支及外侧支为蒂者545块，以横支或高位皮支为蒂者45块，以降支、横支联合为蒂者10块，以其它血管为蒂者18块，无供血皮支或手术误伤7块，血管变异率仅占4．06％。结论股前外侧皮瓣移植成功率高、血管变异少，是修复四肢软组织缺损的优良供区。     

眶下血管皮下蒂鼻唇沟皮瓣

当内眦动脉与面动脉损伤时,可采用眶下血管皮下蒂鼻唇沟皮瓣修复鼻面部小面积缺损,本组5例,均效果满意。     

眶下血管皮下蒂鼻唇沟皮瓣

当内眦动脉与面动脉损伤时，可采用眶下血管皮下蒂鼻唇沟皮瓣修复鼻面部小面积缺损，本组５例，均效果满意。     

尺动脉腕上皮支上下行支为蒂的前臂逆行岛状皮瓣修复手部缺损

目的介绍一种修复手部创面的皮瓣设计。方法尺动脉腕上皮支下行支与腕背动脉弓交通,形成尺动脉腕上皮支上下行支为蒂的前臂逆行岛状皮瓣修复手部缺损。结果2000年4月～2003年10月于临床应用8例,其中修复手背和指背创面3例、手掌创面2例、第1指间隙创面3例。所有皮瓣均成活,伤口一期愈合,外形满意。结论该皮瓣血管蒂长、供区隐蔽,为手部深度创面修复提供了一种新的方法     

The dorsoradial flap: a new flap for hand reconstruction. Anatomical study and clinical applications

The authors report a new cutaneous flap harvested from the dorsal and distal quarter of the forearm: the dorsoradial flap. The vascularisation type of the cutaneous paddle belongs this flap to the anterograde and axial family flaps. The anatomical study carried out on thirty six fresh cadaver upper arms showed a constant and a consistent cutaneous collateral branch of the radial artery which arises at the apex of the first intermetacarpal space. Two anatomical types were recorded according to the origin of the dorsoradial artery: type I (84% of cases), the vessel arises directly from the radial artery; type II (16% of cases), it arises from a common trunk with the first dorsal intermetacarpal artery. Those anatomical findings does not influence the flap operative technique, the flap design and the location of the pedicle pivot point. The dorsoradial artery emerges vertically from the apex of the first intermetacarpal space, crosses the angle between the extensor pollicis longus tendon laterally and the extensor carpi radialis longus tendon medially and turns proximally towards the distal radio-ulnar joint. Over the dorsal aspect of the wrist, the dorsoradial artery enters the subcutaneous tissue, runs parallel to the extensor pollicis longus tendon at three millimeters in a medial position, passes over the medial collateral branch of the superficial radial nerve and irrigates all the distal and dorsal quarter of the forearm. The artery is consistently accompanied by two comitantes veins, which assume the venous drainage of the cutaneous territory. The flap paddle is designed over the distal dorsal forearm quarter, between the dorsal crease of the wrist distally, the ulnar crest medially and the radial crest laterally. All this skin territory can be harvested and supplied by the dorsoradial pedicle, but we always should deal with the needs of the defects reconstruction and the morbidity of the donor site. The vascular pedicle is outlined between the distal radio-ulnar joint and the apex of the first intermetacarpal space with a minimum of one centimeter width. The surgical procedure is carried out under a tourniquet without an upper arm exsanguination. The skin is firstly dissected over the vascular pedicle through an S shape incision; it is lifted on the dermo-hypodermis plan preserving all the superficial venous network with the pedicle. The flap is elevated from proximal to distal including the dorsal forearm fascia. Over the dorsal extensor retinaculum, the dissection is underwent close to it elevating all the subcutaneous tissues. The medial collateral branch of the superficial radial nerve should be identified and respected. At the distal border of the dorsal retinaculum, the extensor pollicis longus and the extensor carpi radialis longus tendons are identified and retracted. The pedicle dissection goes deeper between this two tendons towards the first web space. It takes all the areolar tissue around the pedicle in order to preserve the venous network of the cutaneous paddle. The donor site is closed primarily if the skin width does not exceed 3 cm or grafted secondarily. Its large rotational arc allows the cutaneous paddle to cover the dorsal hand and metacarpo-phalangeal long fingers defects, the dorsal aspect of the thumb and the first intermetacarpal space. It can also safely reach the palmar aspect of the wrist. We report four clinical cases where the dorsoradial flap was successfully applied. This preliminary clinical experience exhibits the vascular network reliability and the operative technique simplicity of this new cutaneous flap. We believe that it should be added to the armamentarium of the reconstructive hand surgeon and considered as a useful tool for soft tissue hand and thumb reconstruction defects.     

腓动脉皮支与腓肠神经联合远端蒂皮瓣修复小儿足踝部皮肤缺损

目的 探讨腓动脉皮支与腓肠神经营养血管联合远端蒂皮瓣逆行修复小儿足踝部皮肤缺损的临床应用效果.方法 根据缺损部位及大小设计以腓动脉下段皮支与腓肠神经营养血管的联合远端蒂及旋转点,沿腓肠神经营养血管轴线切取皮瓣,逆行移位修复小儿足踝部皮肤软组织缺损6例.皮瓣切取范围8.0 cm × 7.0 cm～18.0 cm×10.0 cm,联合血管蒂长1.7～3.0 cm,血管蒂发出部位位于外踝上4.0～8.0 cm.结果 术后6例皮瓣其中5例完全成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合.1例远端1.0 cm发生干性坏死,面积约2.0 cm×1.0 cm,经换药后愈合.随访6～18个月,无任何并发症,皮瓣质地优良,外观满意,行走正常,其中腓肠神经均与受区感觉神经吻合,术后1年感觉恢复可,两点辨别觉为10.0～13.0mm.结论 腓动脉皮支与腓肠神经营养血管联合远端蒂皮瓣手术操作简便,血供可靠,且不过多牺牲主要动脉,切取面积大,逆转距离长,恢复一定的足踝部感觉,为临床修复小儿足踝部软组织缺损提供了一种新方法.     

隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管与逆行胫后动脉皮支蒂复合瓣在足跟部瘢痕修复中的应用

目的：探讨应用隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管与逆行胫后动脉皮支蒂复合瓣修复足跟部瘢痕的疗效。方法：应用隐神经-大隐静脉营养血管与逆行胫后动脉皮支为蒂的复合瓣修复足跟部瘢痕共11例。设计的皮瓣面积为6cm×8cm～9cm×16cm。结果：11例患者皮瓣全部成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合,术后随访患者3～24个月,均取得满意效果。结论：隐神经一大隐静脉营养血管与逆行胫后动脉皮支蒂复合瓣相对较长,血供可靠,皮瓣可切取面积大,是修复足跟部瘢痕的理想皮瓣。     

Reconstruction of distal forefoot burn defect with retrograde medial plantar flap

Burn reconstruction of forefoot remains as a difficult challenge, because the local flap alternatives are limited. We evaluated the efficiency of distally based medial plantar fasciocutaneous island flap in the coverage of forefoot defects resulting from release of toe contracture and burn debridement. Four patients with toe contractures and two patients with third degree burn in forefoot were treated between June 2004 and February 2006. The mean follow-up period was 10.4 months. The flaps were elevated as with a fasciocutaneous base on the distal medial plantar artery. The dimensions of the flaps ranged from 4cmx3cm to 5cmx4cm. The skin over the pedicle was included as a part of flap in three cases. Concomitant vein of the pedicle was anastomosed with the first plantar digital vein in four cases. In the early postoperative period, one flap used to cover third degree burn due to high-voltage electric injury was lost completely. We concluded that this flap was an appropriate alternative reconstructive option for the forefoot defect. Including skin and subcutaneous tissue over the pedicle to flap protects the pedicle against kinking and compression. Venous supercharging of the flap improves venous drainage.     

远端蒂皮瓣或逆行岛状皮瓣转移术蒂部减张皮瓣的设计与应用

目的 探讨在远端蒂皮瓣或逆行岛状皮瓣蒂部设计减张皮瓣的可行性和临床应用效果.方法 临床应用胫后动脉内踝上皮支逆行岛状皮瓣修复9例,胫后动脉小腿内侧穿支远端蒂皮瓣修复2例,腓动脉外踝上皮穿支逆行岛状皮瓣修复8例,腓浅神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复4例,远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复3例,掌背筋膜蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复2例.蒂部减张瓣呈梭形或圆形,面积为1.0 am×1.0 cm～5.0 cm×3.5 cm.结果 28例皮瓣术后血运良好,无肿胀、淤血,全部成活,随访皮瓣质地良好,外形美观,供区均一期愈合,疗效满意.结论 在远端蒂皮瓣或逆行岛状皮瓣蒂部设计减张皮瓣是可行的.可有效地防止蒂部血管受压或血管网破坏而影响皮瓣的血运,是一种可靠的预防远端蒂皮瓣或逆行岛状皮瓣血供障碍的新方法.     

七种轴型血管蒂皮瓣修复手部软组织缺损

目的探讨和总结应用轴型皮瓣修复手部软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法根据手部软组织缺损的不N情况分别采用尺动脉腕上支皮瓣、骨间背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣、前臂皮神经逆行岛状皮瓣、指背筋膜岛状皮瓣、掌背动脉岛状皮瓣、指动脉岛状皮瓣、髂腹股沟皮瓣7种方法进行修复。结果临床应用75例,静脉回流障碍6例,局部血运不良部分坏死3例,经处理皮瓣均成活。随访3～36个月,皮瓣质地、感觉好,手功能恢复满意。结论7种轴型血管蒂皮瓣修复手部软组织缺损疗效满意。     

"风筝"皮下蒂皮瓣在头颈部修复术中的应用

目的：探讨“风筝”皮下蒂皮瓣（简称皮下蒂皮瓣）在头颈部修复术中的应用。方法：对头颈部皮肤缺损者设计三角形皮下蒂皮瓣,三角形的底靠近缺损侧。于三角形两腰切开皮肤,向下外潜行分离皮下组织,然后将皮下组织蒂的中央部分用剪刀分离,形成双蒂,将皮瓣向缺损侧推进,修复组织缺损。结果：应用皮下蒂皮瓣30例,切口Ⅰ期愈合,形态较满意,切口瘢痕不明显。结论：采用皮下蒂皮瓣修复头颈部皮肤缺损,效果确定,方法简便易行。     

小腿外侧腓动脉皮支皮瓣的解剖与临床应用

目的研究以腓动脉皮支血管为蒂的小腿外侧皮瓣吻合血管游离移植的解剖学与临床应用。方法解剖20具40侧成人尸体小腿,测量小腿外侧腓动脉皮支的有关数据。多普勒血管仪测定30侧成人活体小腿外侧腓动脉皮支血管穿出点。临床行21例小腿外侧腓动脉皮支皮瓣吻合血管的游离移植手术。结果40侧小腿共观察到皮支140支,每侧1~7支不等,平均3.5支,其中一侧只有1支高位皮支。皮支的穿出点大多(76%)在腓骨头最凸点下方7~21 cm范围。每侧最粗的皮支动脉外径平均为(1.8±0.4)mm(1.4~2.9 mm),两条伴行静脉外径平均(3.0±0.5)mm和(2.4±0.4)mm。30侧活体小腿共测到小腿外侧皮支血管穿出点145个,平均每侧4.8个。临床切取皮瓣大小5.0 cm×3.5 cm~28 cm×11 cm,21块皮瓣均成活。结论小腿外侧皮瓣由不同数目的腓动脉皮支供养,其主皮支能满足显微外科吻合血管的要求。以皮支血管为蒂的小腿外侧游离皮瓣移植,比以腓血管为蒂创伤小、操作简单、血运重建符合生理。     

改良前额旁正中皮瓣在鼻缺损修复和再造中的临床应用

目的 探讨携带少量额肌的前额旁正中皮瓣行鼻缺损修复和鼻再造术的可行性和临床意义.方法 采用仅蒂部携带额肌的改良旁正中皮瓣法,完成2例鼻再造和7例鼻缺损修复术.除眶上区的蒂部携带少量额肌外,皮瓣获取均在皮下层次.皮瓣的轴线角度从垂直90°到倾斜50°不等,其中3例低发际线患者,采用倒L形设计.结果 一期皮瓣形成和二期皮瓣断蒂术中,观察到长距离行走皮下脂肪层的滑车上血管皮支的存在,以及良好的动脉灌注压.8例皮瓣全部成活,皮瓣质地和色泽良好.采用皮下蒂法1例术后皮瓣周边血运障碍,经换药自愈.结论 滑车上血管皮支的存在是改良旁正中皮瓣应用的解剖学基础.仅蒂部携带少量额肌的旁正中皮瓣具有设计较灵活,成活良好,质地合适,皮肤颜色匹配,以及供区损伤更小等优点.采用改良旁正中皮瓣行鼻再造或鼻缺损修复,能满足血运和形态的双重要求.     

The experience of the free superficial palmar branch of the radial artery perforator flap application

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to retrospect and summarize clinical efficacy and experience of the free perforator flap base on the superficial palmar branch of the radial artery for tissue defect reconstruction in hand.Method17 patients who underwent tissue defect in hands reconstruction by the free superficial palmar branch of the radial artery (SPBRA) perforator flaps in our department from July 2014 to October 2018 were reviewed.ResultsAll the flaps in our series application were survival uneventful except one, which was necrosis because of venous thrombosis postoperative 5 days, and then the abdominal pedicle flap was executed to recover the defect in second stage. The first dorsal metacarpal artery flap and the arterial venous flap were utilized to cover the defect in one right index finger and one right ring finger due to the absence variation of the SPBRA. 2 cases presented tension vesicle of superficial skin and 1 case occurred venous congestion. All donor sites were closed primarily. The follow-up period means 13.5 months (range, 4–50 months). The static 2 point discrimination test mean 7.53 mm (range, 4–11 mm). All flaps acquire protective feeling at the latest follow-up. The self-assessment of patients: 13 cases in good, 4 cases in fair.ConclusionThe goal of physiological reconstruction and esthetic effect can be achieved for hand tissue defect by the free SPBRA perforator flap, multiple tissues of the flap can be contained according to the defect. Even though the SPBRA is variation, arterial venous flap could be applied thanks to abundant superficial cutaneous veins.     

游离足内侧皮瓣的解剖研究与临床应用

目的 改进和完善以足底内侧动脉深支的内侧支供血的游离足内侧皮瓣的设计和应用技术。方法 基于８只足标本的解剖观测结果,制定独特皮瓣设计方案,应用游离足内侧皮瓣修复手部皮肤缺损４例,改进如下：皮瓣静脉回流选用大隐静脉,缝合皮瓣的隐神经带,利用动脉蒂的伴行静脉与受区动脉吻合,挽救发生动脉危象的皮瓣等。结果 ４例皮瓣均完全存活,效果良好。结论 皮瓣设计例题,将该皮瓣的深静脉动脉化是动脉危象的有效补救措施,     

指侧方动脉皮支血管链皮瓣修复手指末节软组织缺损

目的 总结应用指侧方动脉皮支血管链皮瓣修复手指末节软组织缺损的临床疗效.方法 2011年1月-2013年3月,对24例由各种原因导致的手指末节软组织缺损采用指侧方动脉皮支血管链皮瓣修复创面,清创后创面缺损面积为2.0 cm×3.0 cm～3.0 cm×4.0 cm,皮瓣面积为3.0 cm×4.0 cm～4.0 cm×5.0 cm.结果 21例皮瓣全部成活,1例皮瓣边缘浅表坏死,1例皮瓣远端部分坏死,经二期扩创植皮后伤口愈合,另1例术后3d出现静脉危象,立即拆除部分蒂部过紧的缝合线,经换药两周后二期愈合.结论 指侧方动脉皮支血管链皮瓣是修复手指末节软组织缺损较好的修复方法.     

耳后皮下组织蒂皮瓣在耳前缺损修复中的应用

目的：介绍耳后皮下组织蒂皮瓣在耳前缺损修复中的应用。方法：2006年5月～2010年10月间,应用耳后皮下组织蒂皮瓣修复耳前缺损32例。于耳后及乳突区设计耳后皮下组织蒂皮瓣,按设计线切开皮肤,自皮瓣远端开始向周围潜行分离形成皮瓣,旋转修复耳前缺损。结果：应用此法修复耳前缺损32例,切口均Ⅰ期愈合,皮瓣全部成活,术区平整,耳部形态满意,远期瘢痕不明显。结论：耳后皮下组织蒂皮瓣修复耳前缺损,方法简单,手术效果肯定,能达到良好的美学效果,是一种较理想的修复方法。     

Innervated reverse dorsal digital island flap for fingertip reconstruction

PURPOSE: Various methods of fingertip reconstruction with a sensory flap have been reported. Digital island flaps or cross-finger flaps have to be used for large defects; however, the digital artery is sacrificed when creating conventional homodigital island flaps and 2 surgeries are required for the cross-finger flap. We describe our experience with an innervated reverse dorsal digital island flap that does not require sacrifice of the digital artery. METHODS: We used innervated reverse dorsal digital flaps for fingertip reconstruction in 8 patients. The flap was supplied by the vascular network between the dorsal digital artery (the terminal branch of the dorsal metacarpal artery) and the dorsal branch of the digital artery. Venous drainage was through the cutaneous veins and the venous network associated with the dorsal arterial network. The flap was designed on either the dorsal proximal or the dorsal middle phalangeal region. The flap was harvested with the dorsal branch of the digital nerve (for the dorsal middle phalanx), the dorsal digital nerve (for the dorsal proximal phalanx), or the superficial branch of the radial nerve (for the thumb), which was anastomosed to the distal end of the digital nerve. After flap transfer the donor site was covered with a full-thickness skin graft. RESULTS: Of the 8 flaps, 6 survived completely, 1 had partial epithelial skin necrosis, and 1 showed central compression skin necrosis. Three flaps showed congestive changes from the first to the fifth day after surgery, which resolved by massage. All patients achieved satisfactory recovery of sensation; the static 2-point discrimination ranged from 3 mm to 5 mm and the Semmes-Weinstein test results ranged from 0.036 g to 0.745 g. CONCLUSIONS: The innervated reverse dorsal digital island flap provides another option for homodigital tip coverage. The advantages are that the digital artery is not sacrificed and only 1 surgery is needed. A disadvantage is the potential for venous congestion for the first 4 or 5 days after surgery.     

高位直接皮支型股前外侧皮瓣的应用

目的探讨股前外侧皮瓣缺乏第1肌皮动脉穿支时皮瓣移植的可能性。方法总结15年来股前外侧皮瓣移植160例的经验,及其临床所见的血管走行、分布、起始部位及血管外径等解剖特点与移植成活的关系。其中有10例以高位直接皮支为蒂的皮瓣移植术,占本组的6.3%。切取皮瓣的范围10cm×14cm～12cm×18cm,修复体表皮肤软组织缺损。结果术后10例高位直接皮支皮瓣游离移植,均获得完全成活。结论高位直接皮支型股前外侧皮瓣是一种血供良好,切取范围较大、简便的皮瓣,当股前外侧皮瓣降支的第1穿支缺乏时,是一种最理想的选择。