老年髋部骨折患者延续性跌倒风险管控的研究进展

【摘 要】老年髋部骨折是一种常见的严重骨折类型,且发生二次骨折的风险极高。跌倒是引发二次骨折的独立危险因素。因此,对老年髋部骨折患者开展延续性跌倒风险管控对于二次骨折预防具有积极意义。本文综述了老年髋部骨折患者常见跌倒风险因素、跌倒风险的评估、风险干预策略等。旨在为老年髋部骨折患者的跌倒风险延续性管理提供实践依据。     

老年髋部骨折围术期心力衰竭发生的危险因素分析

目的分析老年髋部骨折围术期心力衰竭发生的危险因素。方法从2017年4月至2019年5月期间在我院行手术治疗的老年髋部骨折患者中选择658例,根据其围术期是否发生心力衰竭分为两组,其中552例未发生心力衰竭的患者作为未发生心力衰竭组,而106例发生心力衰竭的患者作为心力衰竭组。对可能引起患者围术期发生心力衰竭的因素进行统计分析,据此分析引起老年髋部骨折围术期心力衰竭发生的危险因素。结果经单因素分析提示,老年髋部骨折患者围术期心力衰竭发生的危险因素主要有患者年龄较大、认知功能较差、合并冠心病、合并贫血、术中输血等。多因素logistic、回归分析提示,引起老年髋骨骨折患者围术期心力衰竭的独立高危因素包括合并贫血、合并认知功能障碍、合并冠心病。结论老年髋部骨折患者围术期心力衰竭的发生是由多种因素共同作用导致的结果,其中合并贫血、合并认知功能障碍、合并冠心病是老年髋部骨折患者围术期心力衰竭发生的独立危险因素。鉴于此,在老年髋部骨折患者手术治疗过程中,准确地评估患者的围术期风险评估,积极治疗患者的基础疾病、控制并发症,降低手术风险,是降低围术期心力衰竭发生率的有效手段。     

老年髋部骨折术后并发症发生风险与贫血的相关性研究

目的 研究老年髋部骨折患者术后并发症与贫血的关系,从而进一步探讨贫血能否作为预测老年髋部骨折并发症的独立危险因素。方法 从解放军总医院髋部骨折数据库中纳入2009年10月1日至2011年10月1日之间入院、年龄≥50岁且髋部骨折经手术治疗的患者744例。根据入院后首次血红蛋白检测值区分为贫血组和非贫血组,收集患者一般临床资料,运用多因素logistic回归分析术后并发症与贫血的关系。结果 贫血组患者年龄、输血患者数、粗隆间骨折患者数和采用髓内固定患者数均显著高于非贫血组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;贫血组发生术后并发症患者数、发生呼吸系统并发症和发热的患者数均显著高于非贫血组,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;校正年龄、性别、美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）评分等危险因素后,贫血增加了患者术后呼吸系统并发症、术后发热的发病风险（P＜0.05）。另外,贫血显著增加了女性骨折患者术后总体并发症的发病风险（P＜0.05）。结论 贫血可作为老年髋部骨折患者术后呼吸系统并发症及术后发热的独立危险因素;对于发生髋部骨折的女性患者,贫血是预测术后总体并发症风险的独立危险因素。     

老年人髋部骨折周围神经阻滞应用的研究进展

老年髋部骨折患者常经历中到重度的疼痛, 疼痛增加围术期并发症的风险、不利于患者术后早期活动和康复。周围神经阻滞被推荐用于老年髋部骨折患者的围术期镇痛。本文概述了髋关节神经支配、相关周围神经阻滞技术及其对老年髋部骨折患者术后并发症和术后康复的影响。基于现有的证据, 周围神经阻滞对老年髋部骨折患者的预后有潜在的积极作用, 未来仍需要高质量的临床研究进一步验证。     

GNRI联合NLR对老年髋部骨折患者术后谵妄的预测价值

目的 探讨老年营养风险指数（GNRI）联合中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞（NLR）对老年髋部骨折患者术后谵妄（POD）的预测价值。方法 选择老年髋部骨折患者223例，均接受手术治疗，发生POD 51例（POD组）、未发生POD172例（非POD组）。比较两组术前GNRI和NLR。收集老年髋部骨折患者术前基本资料、手术相关资料以及实验室检查资料，采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析老年髋部骨折患者发生POD的影响因素。采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析GNRI、NLR对老年髋部骨折患者POD的预测效能。结果 POD组GNRI低于非POD组，NLR高于非POD组（P均<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示，年龄（OR=1.081,95%CI:1.019～1.146）、脑卒中（OR=2.712,95%CI:1.011～7.271）、NLR(OR=1.484,95%CI:1.021～2.156)为老年髋部骨折患者发生POD的独立危险因素（P均<0.05），而GNRI(OR=0.880,95%CI:0.825～0.940)则为其独立保护因素（P<0.05）。ROC曲线分析显...     

老年髋部脆性骨折患者的短期生存状况及其影响因素

目的探讨老年髋部脆性骨折患者的短期生存状况并对其影响因素进行研究。方法选择80例髋部脆性骨折的老年患者作为研究对象,随访1年分析患者生存状况情况,并根据患者生存状况情况分为预后好组与预后差组,采用回顾性方法记录相关信息,筛选出影响该类患者生存状况的相关因素,应用Logistic回归分析进行多因素回归分析。结果 80例髋部脆性骨折老年患者中,24例(30.0%)患者预后较差,56例(70.0%)患者预后较好。随着随访时间的延长,髋部脆性骨折患者的预后良好率逐渐下降。年龄、病程、治疗方式、合并肺部感染及合并心脏疾病与髋部脆性骨折老年患者生存状况相关(P0.05)。多因素分析发现年龄≥75岁、病程≥7d、合并肺部感染是髋部脆性骨折老年患者生存状况差的独立危险因素,手术治疗是髋部脆性骨折老年患者生存状况差的保护因素(P0.05)。结论部分髋部脆性骨折老年患者预后较差,高龄、病程长、合并肺部感染及保守治疗是该类患者预后差的独立危险因素,因此对于上述患者,在条件允许的情况应尽早手术,避免肺部感染发生。     

老年髋部骨折病人疾病认知及康复护理需求的质性研究

目的探讨老年髋部骨折病人疾病认知及康复护理需求,以降低二次骨折、跌倒及其他并发症的发生风险,提高老年髋部骨折病人生活自理能力与生活质量。方法采用质性研究中描述性现象学研究法,对12例老年髋部骨折病人进行面对面、半结构式、个体化深度访谈,采用Colaizzi 7步分析法进行分析和整理,提炼出主题。结果通过访谈、分析和归纳,提炼出老年髋部骨折病人疾病认知及康复护理需求的3个主题:疾病相关认知需求、医院内康复需求、院外延续护理需求。结论老年髋部骨折病人有着强烈的康复护理需求,但对疾病的认知水平较低,缺乏正确、全程的康复指导。医务人员应满足其康复护理需求,同时应进行个性化的院内外健康宣教,提高病人疾病认知水平和生活质量。     

老年髋部骨折患者的手术风险因素及预见性护理

选取2013年9月至2015年9月间的在我院诊治的84例髋部骨折的老年患者,随机分为实验组和对照组,对所有患者的手术风险因素进行分析,实验组患者实施预见性护理,对照组实施常规护理,比较两组患者的护理效果。结果实验组并发症发生率为4.8%,对照组并发症发生率为16.7%,实验组低于对照组(P0.05)。结论老年髋部骨折患者的手术风险因素主要有年龄、心功能、肺功能、手术时间以及日常生活活动能力(ADL)水平。对行髋部手术的患者进行预见性护理干预,可以有效减少术后并发症的发生。     

X射线骨皮质厚度值及扫描灰度值对老年骨质疏松症病人髋部脆性骨折风险的预测价值

目的 探讨X射线扫描灰度值及骨皮质厚度值对老年骨质疏松症病人髋部脆性骨折风险的预测价值。方法 回顾性分析2018年3月至2021年2月在本院行X线骨盆检查的82例老年骨质疏松症病人的临床资料。统计病人髋部脆性骨折的发生情况,并比较骨折组和未骨折组病人的临床资料。采用多因素Logistic回归分析老年骨质疏松症病人发生髋部脆性骨折的危险因素,采用ROC曲线分析X射线扫描灰度值、骨皮质厚度值对老年骨质疏松症病人髋部脆性骨折风险的预测价值。结果 入组病人共28例发生髋部脆性骨折,发生率为34.15%。骨折组腰椎L₂处骨密度值、髋部大转子骨密度值、小转子上和小转子下的骨皮质厚度值、X射线扫描灰度值均低于未骨折组(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,小转子上骨皮质厚度值(OR=3.374,95%CI:1.853～8.429,P=0.012)及X射线扫描灰度值(OR=3.133,95%CI:1.506～6.475,P=0.023)是老年骨质疏松症病人髋部脆性骨折发生的危险因素。ROC曲线分析显示,小转子上骨皮质厚度值联合X射线扫描灰度值预测老年骨质疏...     

老年髋部骨折患者低氧血症情况及相关危险因素

目的 探讨老年髋部骨折患者入院时低氧血症情况及相关危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2017年5月至2019年3月于北京积水潭医院急诊科就诊的1599例老年髋部骨折患者的临床资料。根据氧合指数将患者分为低氧血症组(n=248)和非低氧血症组(n=1351)。根据有无肺部疾病和低氧血症,将患者分为4组:有肺部疾病且低氧血症组(A组,n=136),有肺部疾病且无低氧血症组(B组,n=362),无肺部疾病且低氧血症组(C组,n=112),无肺部疾病且无低氧血症组(D组,n=989)。收集患者一般资料。采用SPSS 24.0软件对数据进行统计学分析。根据数据类型,组间比较采用独立样本t检验、单因素方差分析或χ²检验。采用二分类多因素logistic回归分析老年髋部骨折患者发生低氧血症的危险因素。结果 老年髋部骨折患者在急诊就诊时,约15.5%(248/1599)的患者存在低氧血症。与非低氧血症组相比,低氧血症组患者年龄更大、肺部疾病[54.8%(136/248)和26.8%(362/1351)]及心肌损伤[5.6%(14/248) 和 1.7%(23/1351)]发生率更高,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05)。2组患者骨折发生情况比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。排除肺部疾病因素后,A组较B组患者年龄更大,股骨颈骨折发生率[66.9%(91/136) 和 47.8%(173/362)]更高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。C组较D组患者D-二聚体水平及股骨颈骨折发生率[62.5%(70/112) 和 52.2%(516/989)]更高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,高龄、高D-二聚体水平、股骨颈骨折和肺部疾病是老年髋部骨折患者发生低氧血症的危险因素(OR=1.04,1.01,2.04,2.97;均P＜0.05)。结论 高龄、高D-二聚体水平、股骨颈骨折和肺部疾病是老年髋部骨折患者发生低氧血症的危险因素。合并低氧血症的老年髋部骨折患者,更易发生心肌损伤,可能会增加心血管不良事件。     

Hemodialysis Product and Hip Fracture in Hemodialysis Patients: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Japan

Some have raised concerns that longer and more frequent hemodialysis (HD) would be associated with bone fractures due to excess phosphate removal. We examined the effects of hemodialysis product (HDP) on hip fracture incidence among Japanese HD patients using registry data of the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy. During a 1‐year study period, 1411 hip fractures occurred among 135 984 patients. After adjusting for demographic and clinical factors, patients with a high HDP did not show a significant risk of hip fracture. Interestingly, patients with polycystic kidney disease had a lower risk of hip fracture. Our findings did not support the hypothesis that patients undergoing longer and more frequent HD would face a higher risk of hip fracture than those undergoing shorter and less frequent HD. Polycystic kidney disease was identified as a new significant factor for hip fracture; relative to glomerulonephritis, this condition was associated with a lower risk of hip fracture.     

Hypovitaminosis D and 'functional hypoparathyroidism'-the NoNoF (Nottingham Neck of Femur) study.

BACKGROUND: calcium and vitamin D deficiency are common in elderly people and lead to increased bone loss, with an enhanced risk of osteoporotic fractures. Although hip fractures are a serious consequence, few therapeutic measures are given for primary or secondary prevention. A combination of calcium and vitamin D may not be the most effective treatment for all patients. OBJECTIVE: to investigate the effects of hypovitaminosis D on the calcium-parathyroid hormone endocrine axis, bone mineral density and fracture type, and the optimal role of combination calcium and vitamin D therapy after hip fracture in elderly patients. DESIGN: a population-based, prospective cohort study. METHODS: 150 elderly subjects were recruited from the fast-track orthogeriatric rehabilitation ward within 7 days of surgery for hip fracture. This ward accepts people who live at home and are independent in activities of daily living. All subjects had a baseline medical examination, biochemical tests (parathyroid hormone, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) and were referred for bone densitometry. RESULTS: at 68%, the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D (25-hydroxyvitamin D<30 nmol/l) was high. However, only half the patients had evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism, the rest having a low to normal level of parathyroid hormone ('functional hypoparathyroidism'). Patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism and hypovitaminosis D had a higher mean corrected calcium, higher 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, lower hip bone mineral density and an excess of extracapsular over intracapsular fractures than the 'functional hypoparathyroid' group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: there is a high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in active, elderly people living at home who present with a hip fracture. However, secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs in only half of these patients. This subgroup attempts to maintain calcium homeostasis but does so at the expense of increased bone turnover, leading to amplified hip bone loss and an excess of extracapsular over intracapsular fractures. Combination calcium and vitamin D treatment may be effective in preventing a second hip fracture in these patients, but its role in patients with hypovitaminosis D without secondary hyperparathyroidism and 'vitamin D-replete' subjects needs further evaluation.     

One-year mortality after hip fracture in older individuals: the effects of delirium and dementia

BackgroundDelirium is common in older hip fracture patients, yet its association with mortality after hip fracture remains uncertain. This study aimed to determine whether delirium was associated with all-cause one-year mortality after hip fracture in older patients and whether the effect of delirium was independent of dementia status.MethodA retrospective analysis of linked hospitalisation and mortality data for patients aged ≥65 years with a hip fracture during 1 January 2010 to 30 June 2014 in New South Wales, Australia. The association between delirium and mortality after a hip fracture was assessed using Cox proportional hazard regression.ResultsThere were 4,065 (14.6%) of 27,888 hip fracture hospitalisations identified with delirium during hospitalisation. Individuals with delirium had a higher age-adjusted rate of all-cause one-year mortality after hip fracture compared to individuals without delirium (35.3% versus 23.9%). After adjusting for covariates, the risk of all-cause mortality was increased at one-year post-admission for older individuals compared to those aged 65-69 years, for individuals with multiple comorbidities, dementia (Hazard Ratio (HR): 1.14; 95%CI:1.08-1.20), delirium (HR: 1.19; 95%CI:1.12-1.26), and who had an Intensive Care Unit admission (HR: 1.44; 95%CI:1.31-1.59). Comorbid delirium did not add additional mortality risk for individuals with a hip fracture who have dementia.ConclusionsDelirium identified in hospital was associated with all-cause one-year mortality after hip fracture in older Australians without dementia. As delirium is potentially preventable, better systematic assessment and documentation of a hip fracture patient’s cognitive state is warranted to select the most effective strategies to prevent and manage delirium.     

The role of internal fixation in the treatment of femoral head necrosis with ipsilateral hip fracture

Whether internal fixation or hip arthroplasty is the most appropriate initial treatment for patients with ipsilateral hip fracture and osteonecrosis of the femoral head remains unknown. In this study, the prognoses of patients who underwent internal fixation or hip arthroplasty were analyzed and compared to explore the role of internal fixation in treating such patients.We retrospectively reviewed 69 patients diagnosed with osteonecrosis of the femoral head and ipsilateral hip fracture from 1999 to 2018. They were divided into the hip arthroplasty or internal fixation group. The visual analog scale and Harris score were used. The incidence of complications and the conversion to arthroplasty were also investigated to further explore the role of internal fixation.Male patients (male/female: 25/31 vs 20/38, P = .015), younger patients (average age: 46.80 ± 13.14 vs 61.07 ± 15.61, P < .001), and patients with femoral neck fractures (fracture type, femoral neck/trochanter: 21/31 vs 12/38, P = .003) were more likely to receive 1-stage hip arthroplasty. Of 38 patients undergoing internal fixation, fracture nonunion was identified in 9, and progression of osteonecrosis was identified in 16. Meanwhile, conversion to secondary hip arthroplasty occurred in 13 patients. Four independent risk factors for conversion to secondary hip arthroplasty were identified: age of ≤60 years (odds ratio [OR] = 9.786, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.735–35.015), male sex (OR = 6.790, 95% CI = 1.718–26.831), collapse of the femoral head before injury (OR = 7.170, 95% CI = 2.004–25.651), and femoral neck fracture (OR = 8.072, 95% CI = 2.153–30.261). A new scoring system was constructed for predicting conversion to hip arthroplasty in patients undergoing internal fixation treatment. A cutoff of ≤2 points indicated low risk for conversion, 3 to 4 points indicated moderate risk, and ≥5 points indicated high risk.Patients who underwent internal fixation had worse prognoses than those who underwent 1-stage hip arthroplasty. However, in this study, hip arthroplasty conversion did not occur in most patients who received internal fixation. Using the new scoring system to identify patients who may require conversion to replacement may help make appropriate patient management and clinical decisions.     

Maximum potential preventive effect of hip protectors

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the maximum potential preventive effect of hip protectors in older persons living in the community or homes for the elderly. DESIGN: Observational cohort study. SETTING: Emergency departments in the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: Hip fracture patients aged 70 and older who visited the emergency departments of five hospitals in the Netherlands (n=520). MEASUREMENTS: Using the risk score of the Dutch Guidelines for Osteoporosis, how many patients had a high risk for fractures was retrospectively assessed. In addition, the circumstances of the hip fracture were assessed (n=299). Four factors were specified that might influence the maximum potential preventive effect of hip protectors: (1) hip fracture occurred in persons having a low risk, (2) hip fracture was not the consequence of a fall, (3) hip fracture occurred during circumstances that preclude the use of hip protectors, and (4) hip fracture occurred during the night. RESULTS: When providing hip protectors to women at high risk of fractures, 48.2% of all hip fractures could have been prevented. CONCLUSION: Many hip fractures occur in persons with a low risk for hip fracture or under circumstances that preclude the use of hip protectors. It was estimated that the maximum potential preventive effect of hip protectors is approximately 50% in older women living in the community or homes for the elderly. The actual preventive effect will be lower and depends on the acceptance and effectiveness of hip protectors and adherence to wearing them.     

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in neck of femur fracture patients: a single tertiary centre experience

This study aimed to identify the incidence of perioperative acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) in our hip fracture patients; to evaluate the characteristics, management and clinical outcomes of these patients; and to explore risk factors and protective factors. Of the 1691 consecutive patients admitted for surgical management of hip fractures, 11 (0.65%) had UGIB and a further four patients for each case were selected as controls for evaluation of risk factors and protective factors. Pre‐existing peptic ulcer disease was identified as a risk factor for acute UGIB (odds ratio 7.9; 95% confidence interval: 1.1–54.9). This study reported a very low incidence of UGIB in hip fracture patients. Despite being a high‐risk population, timely endoscopic evaluation can be safely undertaken to optimise patient outcome. When risk factors such as history of peptic ulcer disease are present, additional precaution including gastro‐protective agent and nutritional support should be undertaken.     

Risk of hip fracture in Addison's disease: a population-based cohort study

Abstract. Björnsdottir S, Sääf M, Bensing S, Kämpe O, Michaëlsson K, Ludvigsson JF (Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Uppsala University, Uppsala; and Örebro University Hospital, Örebro; Sweden). Risk of hip fracture in Addison’s disease: a population‐based cohort study. J Intern Med 2011; 270 : 187–195. Objectives. The results of studies of bone mineral density in Addison’s disease (AD) are inconsistent. There are no published data on hip fracture risk in patients with AD. In this study, we compare hip fracture risk in adults with and without AD. Design. A population‐based cohort study. Methods. Through the Swedish National Patient Register and the Total Population Register, we identified 3219 patients without prior hip fracture who were diagnosed with AD at the age of ≥30 years during the period 1964–2006 and 31 557 age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Time to hip fracture was measured. Results. We observed 221 hip fractures (6.9%) in patients with AD and 846 (2.7%) in the controls. Patients with AD had a higher risk of hip fracture [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.8; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.6–2.1; P < 0.001]. This risk increase was independent of sex and age at or calendar period of diagnosis. Risk estimates did not change with adjustment for type 1 diabetes, autoimmune thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis or coeliac disease. Women diagnosed with AD ≤50 years old had the highest risk of hip fracture (HR = 2.7; 95 % CI, 1.6–4.5). We found a positive association between hip fracture and undiagnosed AD [odds ratio (OR) = 2.4; 95 % CI, 2.1–3.0] with the highest risk estimates in the last year before AD diagnosis (OR = 2.8; 95 % CI, 1.8–4.2). Conclusion. Both clinically undiagnosed and diagnosed AD was associated with hip fractures, with the highest relative risk seen in women diagnosed with AD ≤50 years of age.     

Significantly higher estimated 10-year probability of fracture in lupus patients with bone mineral density comparable to that of healthy individuals

This study aimed at comparing the FRAX^® 10-year fracture risk between SLE patients and demographically- and anthropometrically matched healthy individuals. Consecutive SLE patients aged ≥40 were analyzed for the FRAX^® 10-year probability of major osteoporotic and hip fractures and their risk was compared with healthy controls matched for age, gender and body mass index. Potential determinants associated with higher 10-year fracture probability in the SLE patients were studied by regression models. Ninety subjects (45 SLE patients and 45 healthy controls) were studied. While the bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and dominant hip was comparable between the two groups, the FRAX^® 10-year probability of major and hip fractures was significantly higher in SLE patients. Significantly more SLE patients had high 10-year fracture risk as defined by the National Osteoporosis Foundation compared with healthy controls (16 vs. 2 %, p = 0.026). After controlling for glucocorticoid use and premature menopause which were significant univariate risk factors, the difference in the 10-year fracture risk became insignificant. Amongst SLE patients, increasing age, lower hip BMD and cumulative glucocorticoid dose independently predicted higher 10-year major fracture risk while higher anti-dsDNA level independently predicted higher hip fracture risk in addition to age and lower hip BMD. Chronic glucocorticoid use and premature menopause led to higher 10-year probability of major osteoporotic and hip fractures in SLE patients compared with their healthy counterparts although their BMD was comparable. Advanced age, lower hip BMD, cumulative glucocorticoid and higher anti-dsDNA level independently predicted higher 10-year fracture risk amongst SLE patients.     

Relationship between pain and opioid analgesics on the development of delirium following hip fracture

BACKGROUND: Delirium and pain are common following hip fracture. Untreated pain has been shown to increase the risk of delirium in older adults undergoing elective surgery. This study was performed to examine the relationship among pain, analgesics, and other factors on delirium in hip fracture patients. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study at four New York hospitals that enrolled 541 patients with hip fracture and without delirium. Delirium was identified prospectively by patient interview supplemented by medical record review. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify risk factors. RESULTS: Eighty-seven of 541 patients (16%) became delirious. Among all subjects, risk factors for delirium were cognitive impairment (relative risk, or RR, 3.6; 95% confidence interval, or CI, 1.8-7.2), abnormal blood pressure (RR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2-4.7), and heart failure (RR 2.9, 95% CI 1.6-5.3). Patients who received less than 10 mg of parenteral morphine sulfate equivalents per day were more likely to develop delirium than patients who received more analgesia (RR 5.4, 95% CI 2.4-12.3). Patients who received meperidine were at increased risk of developing delirium as compared with patients who received other opioid analgesics (RR 2.4, 95% CI 1.3-4.5). In cognitively intact patients, severe pain significantly increased the risk of delirium (RR 9.0, 95% CI 1.8-45.2). CONCLUSIONS: Using admission data, clinicians can identify patients at high risk for delirium following hip fracture. Avoiding opioids or using very low doses of opioids increased the risk of delirium. Cognitively intact patients with undertreated pain were nine times more likely to develop delirium than patients whose pain was adequately treated. Undertreated pain and inadequate analgesia appear to be risk factors for delirium in frail older adults.