Prevalence of CCR2-64I, SDF1-3'A and CCR5-Delta32 alleles in healthy Thais.

A genetic survey was performed of 200 healthy Thai blood donors for the frequency of three alleles that influence susceptibility to HIV infection and the rate of progression to HIV disease. The CCR5-Delta32 allele was not detected in this population. The CCR2-64I allele was detected at a frequency similar to that found in other Asian populations (15.7%). SDF1-3'A was detected at 33.2%, supporting a cline of increasing frequency of this allele from African and Caucasian to Asian (particularly Australasian) populations. These results have implications for the role of host genetic background in the biology and pathology of HIV in Thailand, and indicate that a systematic survey of non-Caucasian populations may reveal novel alleles important in HIV disease.     

Protective effect of CCR2-64I and not of CCR5-delta32 and SDF1-3'A in pediatric HIV-1 infection

The effects of chemokine and chemokine receptor genetic polymorphisms such as stromal derived factor 1 (SDF1-3'A), CCR2-64I, and CCR5-delta32 associated with HIV-1 transmission and/or rate of disease progression in infected study subjects remain highly controversial and have been analyzed primarily only in adults. We have investigated whether these polymorphisms may provide similar beneficial effects in children exposed to HIV-1 perinatally. The prevalence of CCR2-64I allele was significantly increased (p = .03) and the CCR2-64I genotype distribution was not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, among HIV-1-exposed uninfected infants. Moreover, in the HIV-1-infected group, a delay to AIDS progression was observed among carriers of CCR2-64I allele. This is the first report that suggests a protective role of CCR2-64I allele in mother-to-infant HIV-1 transmission and documents a delay in disease progression, after the child has been infected with HIV-1. However, SDFI-3'A and CCR5-delta32 alleles did not modify the rate of HIV-1 transmission or disease progression in HIV-1-infected children.     

Distribution of three HIV-1 resistance-conferring polymorphisms (SDF1-3'A, CCR2-641, and CCR5-delta32) in global populations

Chemokine receptors (CCR5, CXCR4 and CCR2) have been shown to be important co-receptors for HIV infection. Mutations at CCR5 (CCR5-delta2), CCR2 (CCR2-641), and stromal-derived factor SDF1 (SDF1-3'A), a primary ligand for CXCR4, are known to have protective effects against HIV-1 infection and the onset of AIDS symptoms. We studied the three-locus genotype frequency distributions in 70worldwide populations from a sample of 2341 individuals without any known history of HIV-1 infection and AIDS symptoms. From these data, we estimated the risk of AIDS onset (relative hazard, RH) of each population. This survey shows that the substantial allele frequency differences of each of these mutations translate into an extensive variation in relative hazards for AIDS in worldwide populations. However, no evidence of natural selection against the mutant gene carriers is detected. Finally, the combined three-locus genotype data predict the highest relative hazard (RH) in South-East Asia and Africa where AIDS is known to be more prevalent.     

Population survey of CCR5 delta32, CCR5 m303, CCR2b 64I,and SDF1 3'A allele frequencies in indigenous Chinese healthy individuals,and in HIV-1-infected and HIV-1-uninfected individuals in HIV-1 risk groups

The aim of this study is to determine in indigenous Chinese ethnic groups the frequencies of the chemokine (SDF1 3'A) and chemokine receptors (CCR5 delta32, CCR5 m303, and CCR2b 64I) HIV-1/AIDS restriction alleles. The study includes two cohorts; the first comprised 3165 indigenous healthy subjects representing eight ethnic groups: Han (n = 1406), Uygur (n = 316), Mongolia (n = 134), Hui (n = 386), Tibetan (n = 330), Zhuang (n = 378), Dai (n = 101), and Jingbo (n =114). The second cohort consisted of 330 HIV-1-infected (86 subjects infected by sexual transmission and 198 subjects infected by HIV-1-contaminated blood or by sharing injection equipment; the remaining 46 subjects said nothing about HIV-1 transmission) and 474 HIV-1-uninfected Han Chinese belonging to one of two HIV-1 high-risk groups: intravenous drug users (n = 215) and individuals with sexually transmitted diseases (n = 259). Genotypes for the four genes were obtained using PCR (CCR5 delta32) or PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Randomly selected amplified PCR products were further confirmed by direct DNA sequencing. The variant allele frequencies were determined to be 0% to 3.48% for CCR5 delta32, 0% for CCR5 m303, 16.23% to 28.79% for CCR2b 64I, and 17.70% to 27.76% for SDF1 3'A in Chinese healthy individuals from eight ethnic groups. These findings show that allele frequencies differ among the eight Chinese ethnic groups for CCR5 delta32, CCR2b 64I, and SDF1 3'A and that the CCR5 m303 and CCR5 delta32 mutant alleles were absent or infrequent in Chinese, which may be helpful for studies of specific anti-HIV-1 vaccine trials and coreceptor inhibitor drug targets in Chinese populations. Furthermore, we observed no significant differences in allele or genotypic frequencies between HIV-1-infected and HIV-1-uninfected groups from the Han ethnic group. Our finding is the first reporting that there is likely no effect of the examined polymorphisms in our study on HIV-1 transmission in the Chinese Han population, However, the genetic effects of these and other AIDS-modifying polymorphisms on the pathogenesis and clinical outcome of HIV-1/AIDS diseases is under investigation in Chinese populations.     

Distribution of two HIV-1-resistant polymorphisms (SDF1-3'A and CCR2-64I alleles) in the Polish population

Chemokine receptors (CCR2 and CXCR4) are used as coreceptors for entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into the target cells. Mutations in CCR2 (CCR2-64I) and stromal-derived factor SDF1 (SDF1-3'A), the primary ligand for CXCR4, exhibited a protective effect against the onset of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The frequency of the SDF1-3'A and CCR2-64I alleles were determined in blood donors from 16 provinces, covering the entire territory of Poland. Of 1063 individuals, 274 (25.8%) were carriers of the SDF1-3'A allele; 36 of them (3.4%) were homozygotes (SDF-3'A/A) while 238 (22.4%) were heterozygotes (SDF-3'G/A), resulting in a 14.6% frequency of the SDF1-3'A allele. Moreover, in the same group of individuals, 234 (22.0%) carried the CCR2-64I allele; 6 of them (0.6%) were homozygotes (CCR2-64I/I), and 228 (21.4%) were heterozygotes (CCR2-64V/I), resulting in an 11.3% frequency of the CCR2-64I allele. The highest frequencies of the SDF1-3'A allele were found in the northeastern provinces and in one of the western provinces of Poland. In contrast, allelic frequencies of CCR2-64I varied slightly among different provinces. The different pattern of prevalence of the SDF1-3'A and CCR2-64I alleles in Poland might suggest that the CCR2-64I allele was spread much earlier than the SDF1-3'A allele in the population of Poland.     

中国HIV-1感染疾病长期不进展者CCR2-64I、SDF1-3′A和CCR5△32的基因变异研究

目的探讨CCR2-64I、SDF1-3′A、CCR5△32基因变异对中国HIV-1感染疾病长期不进展者(long-term nonprogressors,LTNPs)疾病进程的影响.方法收集17例中国HIV-1感染LTNPs和39例中国HIV-1感染疾病典型进展者(typical progressors,TPs)的抗凝全血标本,用全自动核酸提取仪提取基因组DNA,采用PCR/RFLP技术对CCR2、SDF1、CCR5基因进行检测分析.结果LTNP组的CCR2-64I、SDF1-3′A基因突变率分别为50%和62.5%,TP组的CCR2-64I和SDF1-3′A基因突变率分别为23.08%、33.33%,LTNP组CCR2-64I、SDF1-3′A基因突变率明显高于TP组(P＜0.05);LTNP组有1例CCR5△32杂合突变,未发现纯合变异,而TP组未发现CCR5△32突变.结论CCR2-64I、SDF1-3′A和CCR5△32基因突变可能是中国HIV-1感染者疾病长期不进展的保护性因素之一.     

中国HIV-1感染疾病长期不进展者CCR2-64I、SDF1-3’A和CCR5Δ32的基因变异研究

目的 探讨CCR2-641、SDF1-3’A、CCR5Δ32基因变异对中国HIV—1感染疾病长期不进展者（long-term nonprogressors，LTNPs）疾病进程的影响。方法 收集17例中国HIV-1感染LTNPs和39例中国HIV-1感染疾病典型进展者（typical progressors，TPs）的抗凝全血标本，用全自动核酸提取仪提取基因组DNA，采用PCR／RFLP技术对CCR2、SDF1、CCR5基因进行检测分析。结果 LTNP组的CCR2-64I、SDF1-3’A基因突变率分别为50％和62．5％，TP组的CCR2-64I和SDF1-3’A基因突变率分别为23．08％、33．33％，LTNP组CCR2—64I、SDF1-3’A基因突变率明显高于TP组（P〈0．05）；LTNP组有1例CCR5Δ32杂合突变，未发现纯合变异，而TP组未发现CCR5Δ32突变。结论 CCR2-64I、SDF1-3’A和CCR5Δ32基因突变可能是中国HIV-1感染者疾病长期不进展的保护性因素之一。     

CCR5△32、CCR5m303、CCR2-64I、SDF1-3''A基因多态性对中国HIV-1感染者预后的影响

目的研究CCR5A32、CCR5m303、CCR2-64I、SDF1—3’A基因多态性对中国HIV-1感染者预后的影响。方法对在深圳地区发现的HIV-1感染者进行流行病学调查，应用PCR／RFLP技术分析感染者CCR5G32、CCR5m303、CCR2-64I、SDF1-3’A4种基因的多态性，对部分人群进行HIV-1血浆病毒载量和CD4^＋细胞计数的检测，判断感染者的潜伏期，使用SPSS11．0统计软件分析基因多态性对感染者病毒载量和潜伏期的影响。结果在189例HIV-1感染者中没有发现CCR5A32和CCR5-m303突变基因型，SDF1—3’A的等位基因频率为26．14％，CCR2—64I的等位基因频率为19．82％。方差分析发现，CCR2-64I基因野生型与杂合型的两组HIV-1感染者人群病毒载量对数的大小差异无统计学意义（P=0．272），两组人群潜伏期的长短差异无统计学意义（P=0．662）。SDF1基因野牛型、杂合型和纯合型的3组HIV-1感染者人群病毒载量对数的大小差异有统计学意义（P=0．001），但3组人群潜伏期的长短差异无统计学意义（P=0．228）。结论CCR2-64I基因突变对中国汉族HIV-1感染者病毒载量没有明显影响，因而也不影响感染者的潜伏期。SDF1-3’A基因突变对于病毒载量有降低作用，但对延长感染者潜伏期可能没有作用。     

Causal pathways of the effects of age and the CCR5-Delta32, CCR2-64I, and SDF-1 3'A alleles on AIDS development

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the causal pathways by which age and the CCR5-Delta32, CCR2-64I, and SDF-1 3'A alleles influence progression to AIDS. DESIGN: Analysis of follow-up data from 2 cohort studies among homosexual men (n=400), having >10 years of follow-up. METHODS: The effects of the 4 cofactors on the CD4 and HIV-1 RNA trajectories after seroconversion were modeled in a random-effects model. A proportional hazards model was used to investigate their effect on the risk of AIDS after correction for CD4 cell count and RNA level. This approach allows investigation as to whether they influence AIDS progression by affecting CD4 count and RNA level or by other pathways. RESULTS: Persons of younger age or having the CCR2-64I or SDF-1 3'A mutation have significantly higher CD4 levels. Persons with the CCR5-Delta32 deletion or CCR2-64I mutation have significantly lower RNA levels. After correction for both CD4 count and RNA level, only the SDF-1 3'A mutation significantly increases the AIDS risk. CONCLUSIONS: Age and the CCR5-Delta32 deletion and CCR2-64I mutation influence AIDS progression by affecting CD4 and HIV-1 RNA. The SDF-1 3'A allele increases the AIDS risk, but this effect is countered by its effect on CD4 and HIV-1 RNA level.     

Distribution of CCR2-64I and SDF1-3'A alleles and HIV status in 7 ethnic populations of Cameroon

Limited information is available on the prevalence among rural Africans of host genetic polymorphisms conferring resistance to HIV-1 infection or slowing HIV disease progression. We report the allelic frequencies of the AIDS-related polymorphisms CCR2-64I, SDF1-3'A, and CCR5-Delta32 in 321 volunteers from 7 ethnic groups in Cameroon. Allelic frequencies differed among the 7 ethnic groups, ranging from 10.8% to 31.3% for CCR2-64I and 0.0% to 7.1% for SDF1-3'A. No CCR5-Delta32 alleles were found. HIV seroprevalence was 6.9% in the total population and peaked at younger ages in girls and women than in boys and men. Among 15- to 54-year-olds, HIV seroprevalence varied from 2.0% to 11.1% among the village populations. Conditional logistic regression analysis using data from boys and men aged 15 to 54 years showed the number of CCR2-64I alleles to be a significant risk factor for HIV seropositivity (odds ratio per allele adjusted for age and matched on ethnic group = 6.3, 95% confidence interval: 1.3-30.3); this association was not found in women. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that CCR2-64I alleles may delay HIV disease progression without affecting susceptibility to infection among men. We did not observe this relation among women, and other factors, such as multiple pregnancies or maternal stressors (eg, breastfeeding), may have masked any protective effect of CCR2-64I alleles. Further study of this issue among women is warranted. SDF1-3'A did not differ between HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative individuals but was associated with increasing age among HIV-seronegative women, suggesting a protective effect against HIV-1 infection.     

Distribution of two HIV-1-resistant polymorphisms (SDF1-3′A and CCR2-64I alleles) in the Polish population

Chemokine receptors (CCR2 and CXCR4) are used as coreceptors for entry of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into the target cells. Mutations in CCR2 (CCR2-64I) and stromal-derived factor SDF1 (SDF1-3′A), the primary ligand for CXCR4, exhibited a protective effect against the onset of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The frequency of the SDF1-3′A and CCR2-64I alleles were determined in blood donors from 16 provinces, covering the entire territory of Poland. Of 1063 individuals, 274 (25.8%) were carriers of the SDF1-3′A allele; 36 of them (3.4%) were homozygotes (SDF-3′A/A) while 238 (22.4%) were heterozygotes (SDF-3′G/A), resulting in a 14.6% frequency of the SDF1-3′A allele. Moreover, in the same group of individuals, 234 (22.0%) carried the CCR2-64I allele; 6 of them (0.6%) were homozygotes (CCR2-64I/I), and 228 (21.4%) were heterozygotes (CCR2-64V/I), resulting in an 11.3% frequency of the CCR2-64I allele. The highest frequencies of the SDF1-3′A allele were found in the northeastern provinces and in one of the western provinces of Poland. In contrast, allelic frequencies of CCR2-64I varied slightly among different provinces. The different pattern of prevalence of the SDF1-3′A and CCR2-64I alleles in Poland might suggest that the CCR2-64I allele was spread much earlier than the SDF1-3′A allele in the population of Poland. Received: March 25, 2002 / Accepted: July 29, 2002 Acknowledgments We thank the directors of the Transfusion Centers from the 16 administrative provinces of Poland for providing venous blood samples. This research was supported by grant no. 6PO5B09221 from the State Committee for Scientific Research (KBN) and grant no. 501-1-08-05 from K. Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznań. Correspondence to:P.P. Jagodzinski     

辅助受体CCR5、CCR2及细胞趋化因子SDF1基因多态性与HIV-1异性传播的关系

目的 进一步阐述CCR5、CCR2和SDFl基因多态性与HIV-1异性传播的关系。方法 通过PCR／RFLP技术分析CCR5、CCR2和SDF1基因的多态性，继而分析基因多态性与HIV-1异性传播的关系。结果 在收集到的70对异性配对病例中，未能在汉族人群发现CCR5基因缺失突变，维吾尔族人CCR5Δ32基因频率为6．5％(6／92)，未发现纯合突变。有暴露史而未感染HIV-1者CCR2-64I基因频率明显高于受暴露后感染病毒者，说明CCR2-64I对异性传播可能具有一定保护作用。对SDFl基因的多态性研究发现，将病毒传播给配偶的指标病例(先感染：HIV-1一方)SDF-3′A的基因频率高于未发生传播者(较接近于统计学检验水准)，SDFl-3′A似乎是危险因素。结论 CCR5Δ32对汉族人群的HIV-1异性传播无明显意义，CCR2-64I对HIV-1异性传播可能具有一定的保护作用，而SDFl-3′A则有可能是危险因素，但有必要扩大样本量对后二者作进一步的深入研究。     

The frequency of CCR5Delta32 and CCR2-64I in southern Iranian normal population

Host genetic control of HIV infection involves certain polymorphisms of some chemokine receptor genes that are associated with susceptibility and progression of HIV-1 infection. Recent data suggest that two important polymorphisms in CCR2 and CCR5 chemokine receptors, CCR5Delta32 and CCR2-64I, prevent HIV transmission and delay disease progression. In this study allele and haplotype frequencies of the CCR5Delta32 and CCR2-64I mutations were determined in southern Iranian normal population using PCR and PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assays. Allele frequencies and the fit to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were evaluated by Arlequin population genetic software. Frequencies of CCR5Delta32 and CCR2-64I alleles were 0.0146 and 0.1221, respectively. Moreover, higher and lower haplotype frequencies in 341 normal individuals were CCR2/CCR5 (0.8636) and CCR5/CCR2-64I (0.1217), respectively. Only one case with CCR5Delta32/CCR2-64I haplotype was found among the studied normal population. This data is the first finding on the frequencies of CCR5Delta32 and CCR2-64I alleles in Iranian population. Results of the present study suggest that low frequency of CCR5Delta32 allele may be related to higher genetic susceptibility to the HIV-1 infection in Iranians. Results also suggest that the CCR2-64I mutation is sufficiently common in Iranians and may be associated with slower HIV infection progression in Iran.     

Polymorphism in the CCR5 gene promoter and HIV-1 infection in North Indians

The clinical course and outcome of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection are highly variable among individuals. CCR5 is the primary coreceptor that mediates entry of HIV-1 (R5) into permissive host cells. In this study, five SNPs (59029G/A, 59353T/C, 59356C/T, 59402A/G, and 59653C/T) in the promoter region and a deletion of 32 bp (Delta32) in the CCR5 gene were evaluated in 180 chronically HIV-1-infected North Indians. The study showed the following: (1) the protective CCR5 Delta32 allele was absent; (2) the frequency of CCR5*59402A allele in the HIV-infected people (66.4%) was higher than in healthy subjects (57.1%, p = 0.027) and in the CDC stage C patients (76%) versus stages A and B patients together (60%; p = 0.002); (3) homozygous CCR5*59402 AA genotype was significantly increased in the seropositive subjects (46.1%) compared with healthy control subjects (30.2%; p = 0.008) and in the CDC stage C patients (59.2%) compared with stage A and B subjects (37.6%, p = 0.007); and (4) an increased frequency of homozygous ACCAC haplotype was present in the seropositive stage C patients (32.4%) versus 15.6% in patients in stages A plus B (p = 0.013). These observations suggest an association of CCR5*59402A with increased likelihood of acquisition of HIV-1 and development of AIDS in the Asian Indian population. Further studies are required to confirm these findings and understand the effect of CCR5 polymorphisms on the outcome of HIV-1 infection.     

Gene Polymorphisms in CCR5, CCR2, CX3CR1, SDF-1 and RANTES in Exposed but Uninfected Partners of HIV-1 Infected Individuals in North India

Repeated exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) does not always result in infection. Understanding the mechanisms that give protection against progressive infection with HIV may help in the development of a vaccine. In order to determine the influence of host genetic factors on HIV resistance, we studied 35 exposed but uninfected (EU) partners of HIV-1 infected individuals for polymorphisms in multiple chemokine and chemokine receptor genes and compared the results with those for 75 HIV-1 seronegative normal healthy controls (HC) and 50 HIV infected controls. There was no association between CCR5-Δ32, CCR2-64I, CX3CR1-280 M, CX3CR1-249I, SDF-3′A, RANTES-28G and RANTES-403A polymorphisms and susceptibility against HIV in our cohort of EU individuals. An increased frequency of SDF-1 3′A and RANTES-403A genotypes was present in EU individuals but the difference was not statistically significant when compared to healthy and HIV infected controls. These observations suggest that mechanisms other than genetic mutations of these genes might be responsible for resistance to HIV infection in these individuals. An erratum to this article can be found at     

CCR5, RANTES and SDF-1 polymorphisms and mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission

Among 288 HIV-1-infected, breastfeeding women who received zidovudine prophylaxis and were followed with their infants in Nairobi, we found no associations between maternal genetic polymorphisms in CCR5 (59029G/A, 59353T/C, 59356T/C, 59402G/A), RANTES (-403G/A) and SDF-1 (3’801G/A) and mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission; plasma, cervical and breastmilk viral loads; or breastmilk chemokine concentrations.     

Prevalence of CCR2–64I,SDF1–3′A and CCR5‐Δ32 alleles in healthy Thais

A genetic survey was performed of 200 healthy Thai blood donors for the frequency of three alleles that influence susceptibility to HIV infection and the rate of progression to HIV disease. The CCR5‐Δ32 allele was not detected in this population. The CCR2–64I allele was detected at a frequency similar to that found in other Asian populations (15.7%). SDF1–3′A was detected at 33.2%, supporting a cline of increasing frequency of this allele from African and Caucasian to Asian (particularly Australasian) populations. These results have implications for the role of host genetic background in the biology and pathology of HIV in Thailand, and indicate that a systematic survey of non‐Caucasian populations may reveal novel alleles important in HIV disease.     

Distribution of HIV/AIDS protective SDF1, CCR5 and CCR2 gene variants within Cretan population.

An interesting finding in the epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is that certain mutations in genes coding for chemokine receptors and their ligands may confer resistance to HIV-1 infection and/or AIDS progression. The mutations most frequently studied are the CCR5-delta32, CCR2-64I and SDF1-3'A. We examined the frequency of the above polymorphisms within the Cretan population, evaluating their contribution to a protective genetic background against HIV infection and progression. Two hundred blood samples were recruited at random among prospective blood donors from Crete. Genotyping was initially performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. CCR2 and SDF-1 PCR-amplified genomic regions were further subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis for genotype determination. The CCR5-delta32 allele frequency among our study group was 3.25%, although no respective homozygous samples were detected. The screening for the CCR2-64I polymorphism yielded 39 heterozygous (19.5%) and 4 homozygous (2%) subjects, revealing a CCR2-64I allele frequency of 11.75%. Among our 200 PCR-RFLP analysed samples, 73 (36.5%) were found heterozygous and 23 (11.5%) homozygous for the SDF1-3'A mutant variant. The allele frequency of the above polymorphism reached 29.75%. The frequency of the CCR5-delta32 allele among our study population seems to be remarkably lower compared to previously reported frequencies in other Caucasian groups. However, the SDF1-3'A allele frequency shows significantly higher distribution profiles within our study group compared to those observed in other Caucasian-European populations. The indicated difference could be attributed to the increased homogeneity of our population, which is well balanced and dispersed over a small geographical area. Since this polymorphism is related with delayed progression from HIV infection to AIDS, it could be used for prognostic genotyping in HIV infected Cretan individuals.