Prognostic implications of positive margins in radical prostatectomy specimens

To evaluate the histopathologic implication of positive margins of prostatectomy specimens in the biochemical recurrenceMatherial and methodsThe study group consisted of 290 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer who were treated by radical retropubic prostatectomy. Patients with neoadjuvant hormonal therapy and positive lymph nodes were excluded. The mean age at the time of surgery was 63 years (range 47-73); 166 (57.2%) patients were T1c and 124 (42.8%) T2; the average time of folow-up was of 4 years (range 1-12). Positive surgical margins were defined as the presence of cancer cells at the surface inked of prostatectomy specimens. They were classified as: Margin for capsular incision (without extraprostatic extension evidence)/ margin for extraprostatic extension, margin with smooth rounded surface/margin with irregular surface, margin ≤4 mm/margin >4 mm, unifocal margin/multifocal margin. We define biochemical recurrence if the PSA exceeds 0.20 ng/ml in two consecutive determinationsResultsThe overall rate of positive margins was 65/290 (22.4%). The 5-year survival free of biochemical recurrence was as follows: Negative margins 71% vs positive margins 44% (p<0.001); positive margins for capsular incision 84% vs positive margins for extraprostatic extension 33% (p<0.01); positive margins with smooth rounded surface 58% vs positive margins with irregular surface 26% (p<0.01); positive margins ≤4 mm 57% vs positive margins >4 mm 32% (p<0.05); unifocal margins 53% vs multifocal margins 0% (p<0.01). The multivariate analysis revealed that preoperative PSA, Gleason score and pathological classification were the best predictors of biochemical recurrenceConclusionsTwo groups are established of positive margin. The first group with high probability of biochemical recurrence: margin for extraprostatic. The second group with less probability of biochemical recurrence: margin for capsular incision, margin with smooth rounded surface, margin ≤4 mm and unifocal margin     

Telomerase activity in prostate sextant needle cores from radical prostatectomy specimens

Human telomerase acts to maintain functioning telomeres, which are required for cellular immortality and very likely for cancer progression. Telomerase activity is present in about 85% of human cancers tested, but it has not been found in most human somatic cells and tissues. We used the Telomeric Repeat Amplification Protocol to perform telomerase activity assays on sextant needle core samples obtained from 35 freshly excised radical retropubic prostatectomy specimens. Similar assays were done on prostatic tissues obtained by means of other urologic procedures from 8 patients without prostate cancer. Telomerase activity was found in one or more specimens from 32 of 35 prostate cancer patients (91%), but was not detectable in all biopsy specimens from 7 of 8 cancer-free patients (88%). Further analysis showed that cancers more poorly differentiated, with higher Gleason scores, were always associated with a higher rate of telomerase detection and stronger telomerase activity. Moreover, comparison of telomerase activity in needle core samples with the volume of cancer in surrounding tissue as observed on corresponding histologic slides showed that stronger activity was positively correlated with a higher cancer volume. Prognostic indicators of prostate cancer and the expression of telomerase appear to be linked. The presence of telomerase activity in prostate tissue may aid in the detection of prostate cancer and produce additional prognostic information.     

Comparison of Gleason scores from sextant prostate biopsies and radical prostatectomy specimens.

OBJECTIVES: We compared the Gleason scores obtained from sextant prostate biopsy and radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens in patients with localized prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-one patients having a clinical diagnosis of localized prostate cancer underwent needle biopsy under transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) and RP. Grading and staging were assigned based on Gleason scores and the TNM system, respectively. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 65.5 +/- 13.43 years and mean PSA level was 14.69 +/- 3.95. Mean Gleason score for prostate biopsy and RP specimen were 5.85 +/- 0.7 and 6.34 +/- 1.44, respectively. With respect to clinical stage, there were 20 patients in stage 1 and 41 patients in stage 2 prostate cancer. Comparing the Gleason scores, the biopsy score was lower in 26 (42.26%) and higher than RP specimens in 7 (11.84%) cases, and there was agreement between the biopsy and RP specimens in 28 (45.9%) patients. The difference between the two Gleason scores was +/- 1 for 18 patients (29.5%) and +/- 2 or more for 17 patients (27.86%). CONCLUSION: In our study, high Gleason score biopsies with elevated PSA level (>10 ng/ml) were risk factors for extraprostatic extension, and we demonstrated that Gleason scores were significantly correlated with seminal vesicle and lymph node invasion (p < 0.05). The Gleason scores of biopsy and RP specimens agreed with 45.9% of TRUS-guided sextant prostate biopsies, and this ratio was 91.1% in moderately differentiated tumors Copyright 2001 S. Karger AG, Basel     

前列腺癌根治术后切缘阳性的危险因素及处理对策

<正>前列腺癌是常见的男性泌尿生殖系统肿瘤。据统计,2009年美国有192280例前列腺癌新发病例,其中死亡病例为27360例,为美国男性恶性肿瘤发病率第一位,死亡率第二位[1]。随着人口老龄化等因素,我国前     

前列腺癌根治术后切缘阳性的研究进展

前列腺癌根治术是治疗局限性前列腺癌的最有效的方法,但仍有一定数量的患者术后复发,肿瘤的复发取决多种因素,手术切缘阳性是术后复发的最危险因素,直接关系到患者的生存和预后。本文对切缘阳性的定义、影响因素、对预后的影响、切缘阳性的辅助治疗作一综述。     

Close surgical margins after radical prostatectomy mimic biochemical recurrence rates of positive margins

IntroductionThe significance of a “close” but negative surgical margin after radical prostatectomy (RP) is controversial. We evaluated the effect of a close surgical margin (CSM) on biochemical recurrence (BCR) compared to a negative margin after RP.Materials and methodsPathologic records of men who underwent RP from 2005-2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Margin status was classified as “positive” (PSM), “negative” (NSM), or “close” (<1 mm from margin). BCR was defined as 2 consecutive postoperative prostate specific antigen measurements >0.2 ng/ml. Probability of BCR was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and stratified by margin status. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine whether close margin status was associated with an increased rate of BCR.ResultsA total of 609 consecutive patients underwent RP (93% robotic) and had complete pathologic data. A total of 126 (20.7%) had PSM, 453 (74.4%) had NSM, and 30 (4.9%) had CSM (mean<0.44 mm). The 3-year BCR-free survival for patients with CSM was similar to those with PSM (70.4% vs. 74.5%, log rank P = 0.66) and significantly worse than those with NSM (90%, log rank P<0.001). On multivariable regression, positive margin status (HR = 3.26, P<0.001) was significantly associated with a higher risk of BCR, along with close margins (HR = 2.7, P = 0.04).ConclusionsBCR for patients with CSM at RP is tantamount to PSM patients. CSM <1 mm should be explicitly noted on pathology reports. Patients with this finding should be followed up closely and offered adjuvant therapy.     

腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术后切缘阳性的相关因素分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术后切缘阳性的相关因素. 方法 2004年2月至2007年9月,采用腹膜外途径行腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术33例.患者年龄57～78岁,平均70岁.术前均经病理证实前列腺癌诊断.Gleason评分3+3者14例(43%)、3+4者11例(33%)、4+3者6例(18%)、4+4者2例(6%),临床分期T1a～T1b 4例(12%)、T1c14例(43%)、T2a～T2b 5例(15%)、T2c 10例(30%).多因素回归分析比较根治术后标本切缘阳性与阴性组临床及生物学参数指标. 结果 腹腔镜下完成前列腺癌根治术31例,中转开放手术2例.术后病理报告切缘阳性9例(27%)、阴性24例(73%).切缘阳性组与阴性组患者术前临床分期T2c分别为6例(67%)和4例(17%)(P=0.010),术后Gleason评分＞7分者分别为3例(33%)和0例(P=0.015),术前PSA＞20ng/ml分别为4例(44%)和5例(21%)(P=0.178),直肠指诊可触及结节或局部质硬者分别为4例(44%)和9例(38%)(P=0.509).多因素回归分析结果显示:临床分期T2c与切缘阳性呈独立正相关关系(OR=24.69),T2c患者术后切缘阳性率明显增高.术前Gleason评分＞7分者切缘阳性率增高,PSA＞20 ng/ml者切缘阳性率有增高趋势,但二者需结合临床分期等指标综合判断对术后切缘阳性的影响.直肠指诊触及结节或质硬者切缘阳性率略增高,可作为参考指标. 结论 影响腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术后切缘阳性的因素为临床分期、术前病理Gleason评分、总PSA和直肠指诊.临床分期可以作为预测术后切缘阳性的独立相关因素,≥T2c期的患者术后切缘阳性率明显增加.Gleason评分＞7分、PSA＞20 ng/ml作为重要参考指标,应结合临床分期综合分析;直肠指诊有结节或质硬可作为参考指标.     

Screening with low PSA cutoff values results in low rates of positive surgical margins in radical prostatectomy specimens

BACKGROUND: In the literature, positive margins in radical prostatectomy specimens, the rate of which ranges between 7% and 46%, are associated with adverse patient survival. The aim of the present study was to determine the predictive value of preoperative serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) values for the rate of positive margins in radical retropubic prostatectomy. METHODS: The study included a cohort of 845 patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy between October of 1993 and December of 1999. All patients were stratified in groups on the basis of their preoperative PSA values: PSA group I, 0-1.99 ng/ml; PSA group II, 2-3.99 ng/ml; PSA group III, 4-5.99 ng/ml; PSA group IV, 6-7.99 ng/ml; PSA group V, 8-9.99 ng/ml; and PSA group VI, >10 ng/ml. For each group, the pathologic stage, Gleason score, and the incidence of positive margins were analyzed. For statistical analysis, the Mann Whitney U-test was used. RESULTS: Our data show a significantly higher rate of organ-confined prostate cancers and a significantly lower rate of positive surgical margins in patients with preoperative total PSA values of less than 4 ng/ml compared with patients with higher preoperative total PSA levels. CONCLUSION: As tumor stage and surgical margin status after radical prostatectomy are important predictors of the likelihood of PSA recurrence, which necessitates additional therapy, these findings support the concept of PSA screening by using low PSA cutoff levels.     

Site of positive surgical margins influences biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether the number and location of positive surgical margins (PSMs) in radical prostatectomy (RP) surgical specimens affect biochemical recurrence (BCR) rates.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The locations of PSMs were recorded for 1308 consecutive men who underwent RP between October 2000 and December 2006. BCR was defined as three consecutive prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level rises with the peak level ≥0.15 ng/mL. Multivariate regression analyses were used to identify preoperative predictors of PSMs and BCR. The estimated 5‐year risk of BCR was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method.

RESULTS

In all, 128 (9.8%) men had one or more PSMs. The mean body mass index, mean preoperative serum PSA level, the distributions of clinical stage and biopsy Gleason scores, and the presence or absence of biopsy perineural invasion were significantly different between men with or with no PSMs. In multivariate analysis, baseline serum PSA level, Gleason score and perineural invasion were independent preoperative predictors of PSMs. The 5‐year actuarial BCR rates were dependent on the site of the PSM (P = 0.035) and not the number of PSMs (P = 0.18). The rank order of estimated 5‐year BCR rates according to the site of PSMs were base > anterior > posterolateral > apex ≈ posterior.

CONCLUSIONS

About half of the men with PSMs in the RP surgical specimen in our prospective series did not develop BCR. The risk of BCR was dependent on the site and not the number of PSMs. Adjuvant therapy should be considered in cases with anterior and basilar PSMs due to the very high risk of BCR.     

Influence of pathologist experience on positive surgical margins following radical prostatectomy

Background

A positive surgical margin (PSM) following radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer is associated with increased risk of biochemical recurrence. We sought to examine whether the pathologist is an independent predictor of PSMs.

Risk factors for positive surgical margins following radical prostatectomy: review

The presence of positive surgical margins on radical prostatectomy specimen is an adverse prognostic factor. Parameters supposed to influence surgical margin status includes pathology method analysis, surgical technique, tumoral and non tumoral patient parameters, and neoadjuvant hormonal therapy. Regarding the surgical technique, surgeon's experience and neuro-vascular bundles preservation are the most important factors of margin status, whereas surgical approach, bladder neck conservation, intraoperative frozen analysis, and bleeding are minor factors. Non tumoural patient parameters influencing surgical margin status include patient's age and weight, and prostate gland weight. For tumoural parameters, pathological stage and tumour volume are more important factors than the tumor grade and PSA. Five preoperative tumoral risk factors of positive surgical margins are particularly important, including abnormal digital rectal examination, preoperative PSA 10 ng/mL, biopsy Gleason score >7, number of positive biopsy cores > or = 2, and suspicion of extraprostatic extension on radical prostatectomy specimen.