Results of a nation-wide retrospective study of lymphadenectomy for esophagogastric junction carcinoma

Background

Esophagogastric junction (EGJ) carcinoma has attracted considerable attention because of the marked increase in its incidence globally. However, the optimal extent of esophagogastric resection for this tumor entity remains highly controversial.

Methods

This was a questionnaire-based national retrospective study undertaken in an attempt to define the optimal extent of lymph node dissection for EGJ cancer. Data from patients with EGJ carcinoma, less than 40 mm in diameter, who underwent R0 resection between January 2001 and December 2010 were reviewed.

Results

Clinical records of 2807 patients without preoperative therapy were included in the analysis. There are distinct disparities in terms of the nodal dissection rate according to histology and the predominant tumor location. Nodal metastases frequently involved the abdominal nodes, especially those at the right and left cardia, lesser curvature and along the left gastric artery. Nodes along the distal portion of the stomach were much less often metastatic, and their dissection seemed unlikely to be beneficial. Lower mediastinal node dissection might contribute to improving survival for patients with esophagus-predominant EGJ cancer. However, due to low dissection rates for nodes of the middle and upper mediastinum, no conclusive result was obtained regarding the optimal extent of nodal dissection in this region.

Conclusions

Complete nodal clearance along the distal portion of the stomach offers marginal survival benefits for patients with EGJ cancers less than 4 cm in diameter. The optimal extent of esophageal resection and the benefits of mediastinal node dissection remain issues to be addressed in managing patients with esophagus-predominant EGJ cancers.

     

胃食管结合部腺癌区域淋巴廓清的临床研究

目的  探讨胃型胃食管结合部腺癌淋巴清扫范围与淋巴结转移区域分布规律。 方法  分析2004年1月至2015年12月,山西省人民医院普外科收治的胃食管结合部癌患者肿瘤数据库,基于Nishi分型选取其中胃型胃食管结合部腺癌肿瘤,直径≤40 mm并R0切除患者相关肿瘤学数据勾勒胃型胃食管结合部腺癌淋巴高频转移站别区域图。 结果  纳入306例胃型胃食管结合部腺癌患者,结果显示：pT4期肿瘤占87％、pN阳性占778％、pTNM分期Ⅲ期占745％;肿瘤直径（2544±1803）mm;腹腔淋巴结转移高频区域依次是贲门左右侧（第1、2组）、小弯侧胃左血管周围（第3组）、胰腺上缘腹腔干（第9组）及其主干分支胃左动脉（第7组）、肝总动脉（第8a组）、脾动脉近端（第11p组）、肝动脉（第12a组）周围以及食管裂孔周围（第19、20组）;胃远端区域转移较为罕见。 结论  瘤体直径≤40 mm胃型胃食管结合部腺癌淋巴清扫区域应集中在贲门左右侧、小弯侧、胰腺上缘腹腔干及其主干分支以及食管裂孔周围,胃远端及大弯侧区域淋巴清扫外科获益价值存疑。     

Collision carcinoma at the esophagogastric junction

Received on Nov. 1, 1999; accepted on Jan. 26, 2000     

Lymph node metastasis and lymphadenectomy of resectable adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction

Based on Siewert classification, adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction （AEGs） have different behaviors of perigastric-mediastinal nodal metastasis. Siewert type I AEGs have higher incidence of mediastinal nodal metastasis than those of type H or III, especially at middle-upper mediastinum. With regard to the necessity of mediastinal lymphadenectomy, theoretically, transthoracic esophagogastrectomy with complete mediastinal lymphadenectomy is suggested for Siewert type I AEGs, while transhiatal total gastrectomy with lower mediastinal and D2 perigastric lymphadenectomy is a standard surgery for type II-III AEGs. Nevertheless, the mediastinal nodal metastasis is an independent factor of poor prognosis for any type of AEG.     

晚期胃食管胃结合部腺癌二线治疗方案疗效及安全性的回顾性研究

  目的  探讨晚期胃/食管胃结合部（gastric/gastroesophageal junction,G/GEJ）腺癌适宜的二线治疗方案。  方法  回顾性分析2019年1月至2021年3月于河南省肿瘤医院以紫杉醇单药和紫杉醇联合抗血管或程序性细胞死亡受体-1（programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1）单抗作为二线治疗的晚期G/GEJ腺癌的临床资料。  结果  收集101例患者,中位随访时间为10.4个月,中位总生存期（overall survival,OS）为9.5个月。紫杉醇单药治疗组（43例）、紫杉类联合抗血管组（22例）和紫杉类联合免疫组（36例）客观缓解率（overall response rate,ORR）分别为9.3%、 27.3% 和30.6%,疾病控制率（disease control rate,DCR）分别为60.5%、86.4% 和80.6%,中位无进展生存期（progression-free survival,PFS）分别为2.7个月、4.3个月和3.9个月,中位OS分别为7.0个月、12.0个月和11.0个月,差异均具有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。三组不良反应均可控,无新型不良事件发生,联合抗血管组高血压发生率为40.9%（9/22）,联合PD-1单抗组免疫相关不良反应发生率为19.4%（7/36）,与其他两组相比差异均具有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;多因素分析显示美国东部肿瘤协作组（ECOG）评分、腹膜转移是患者OS的独立影响因素（P<0.05）。  结论  紫杉类联合抗血管或PD-1单抗治疗可有效延长患者PFS及OS,临床疗效显著且安全性高,是晚期胃癌二线治疗可选择的方案。      

食管胃交界部肿瘤的最新研究进展

近年来,食管胃交界部肿瘤(carcinoma of esophagogastric junction,CEG)发病率明显升高,但是在其分类、病因、治疗原则等很多方面存在争议,争议源于贲门解剖学位置和结构的复杂性.目前学术界普遍采用的是Siewert分类法,将肿瘤分为三类:AEG I型、AEG II型和AEG III型.胃食管返流性疾病、食管裂孔疝、幽门螺旋杆菌、饮食、生活习惯和药物等都是导致CEG肿瘤发生重要因素,这些因素导致上皮细胞在基因和染色体水平出现紊乱,最终促使正常细胞演变为肿瘤细胞,但是具体的机制还有待深入研究和探讨.本文对上述问题的最新研究进展进行综述.     

食管胃交界部肿瘤的最新研究进展

近年来,食管胃交界部肿瘤（carcinoma of esophagogastric junction,CEG）发病率明显升高,但是在其分类、病因、治疗原则等很多方面存在争议,争议源于贲门解剖学位置和结构的复杂性。目前学术界普遍采用的是Siewert分类法,将肿瘤分为三类：AEGⅠ型、AEGⅡ型和AEGⅢ型。胃食管返流性疾病、食管裂孔疝、幽门螺旋杆菌、饮食、生活习惯和药物等都是导致CEG肿瘤发生重要因素,这些因素导致上皮细胞在基因和染色体水平出现紊乱,最终促使正常细胞演变为肿瘤细胞,但是具体的机制还有待深入研究和探讨。本文对上述问题的最新研究进展进行综述。     

Transhiatal laparoscopic esophagectomy with extended lymphadenectomy guided by green-indocyanine imaging for adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction

IntroductionSurgical treatment for adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (AEGJ) has been long-established, from resection margins to the extension of lymphadenectomy [1,2,4]. The addition of cyanine dye, namely indocyanine green (ICG), to identify suspicious lymph nodes (LN) and evaluate organ vascularization may improve results and outcomes [3].VideoA 58-year-old female patient with Siewert type II AEGJ was administered mFLOX neoadjuvant treatment. After three cycles, she underwent surgical treatment. The day before surgery, an upper endoscopy was performed to inject 0.2 ml ICG 0.5 cm from the proximal and distal tumor margins. The patient underwent laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy with extended lymphadenectomy due to a 4 cm distal esophagus compromised margin. We describe the primary steps of the procedure and demonstrate the role of the ICG in the lymphadenectomy.ResultsSurgery was carried out laparoscopically with a cervical approach (McKeown access), and posterior mediastinal gastric tube reconstruction and cervical gastroplasty were performed. During the standard lymphadenectomy, we observed an ICG-positive LN in station 10, which was found positive in the subsequent pathology examination. After these findings, we performed an extended lymphadenectomy through the splenic hilum. The final pathologic assessment was T3N2 (two perigastric and one positive LN at station 10 among 60 retrieved LN). The operative time was 360 min. The patient started a liquid diet on the seventh postoperative day, and she was discharged on the tenth postoperative day.ConclusionsICG may be helpful to guide both extended lymphadenectomy and distal margin evaluation in transhiatal laparoscopic esophagectomy.     

Survival benefits of retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for optimally-resected advanced ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma: a multi-institutional retrospective study

ObjectiveThe survival benefits of retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy (RLNA) for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remain controversial because clinical behaviors differ among subtypes. The purpose of the present study was to clarify whether RLNA increases the survival rate of advanced high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC).MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort analysis of 3,227 patients with EOC treated between 1986 and 2017 at 14 institutions. Among them, 335 patients with stage IIB-IV HGSC who underwent optimal cytoreduction (residual tumor of <1 cm) were included. Patients were divided into the RLNA group (n=170) and non-RLNA group (n=165). All pathological slides were assessed based on a central pathological review. Oncologic outcomes were compared between the two groups in the original and weighted cohorts adjusted with the inverse probability of treatment weighting.ResultsThe median observation period was 49.8 (0.5–241.5) months. Overall, 219 (65%) out of 335 patients had recurrence or progression, while 146 (44%) died of the disease. In the original cohort, RLNA was a significant prognostic factor for longer progression-free survival (PFS) (hazard ratio [HR]=0.741; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.558–0.985) and overall survival (OS) (HR=0.652; 95% CI=0.459–0.927). In the weighted cohort in which all variables were well balanced as standardized differences decreased, RLNA was also a significant prognostic factor for more favorable oncologic outcomes (PFS, adjusted HR=0.742; 95% CI=0.613–0.899) and OS, adjusted HR=0.620; 95% CI=0.488–0.787).ConclusionThe present study demonstrated that RLNA for stage III-IV HGSC with no residual tumor after primary debulking surgery contributed to better oncologic outcomes.     

Adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction

To date,there has been a dramatic increase in the incidence of adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction （AEG）worldwide.The classification of AEG,defined by Siewert and Stein,was approved at the second International Gastric Cancer Congress in Munich in April 1997.In accordance with the anatomic cardia,EGJC can be divided into three subtypes：type Ⅰ,adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus with the center located within 1 cm above and 5 cm above the anatomic esophagogastric junction （EGJ）;type Ⅱ,true carcinoma of the cardia with the tumor center within 1 cm above and 2 cm below the EGJ;type Ⅲ,subcardial carcinoma with the tumor center between 2 and 5 cm below EGJ,which infiltrates the EGJ and distal esophagus from below （1）.     

食管胃交界腺癌的外科治疗

食管胃交界腺癌（ＡＥＧ）指发生于食管远端和胃贲门区域的腺癌,其发生率明显上升。由于两种腺癌发生部位接近、生物学行为相似、预后均较差,多数学者认为ＡＥＧ是一独特的临床病理类型。目前对ＡＥＧ分型采用最广泛的是Ｓｉｅｗｅｒｔ分型方法;在分期方面尚无单独的分期研究,一般根据病灶主体所在部位,按现行ＴＮＭ分期系统,Ⅰ型和Ⅱ、Ⅲ型分别按食管癌和胃癌分期。手术切除是ＡＥＧ最主要的治疗手段,在保证手术安全的前提下应力争达到Ｒ０切除,切缘应距肿瘤边缘５ｃｍ。常规手术径路有经胸、经腹、胸腹联合３种,一般Ⅰ型者多采用经胸途径,Ⅱ、Ⅲ型者多采用经腹途径。对于Ｔ２期以上者应按Ｄ２标准进行淋巴结清扫,扩大切除（联合脾或胰腺体尾切除）仅限于特定的较晚期病例。早期病例（Ｔ１ｂ）可行Ｄ１手术。有关ＡＥＧ综合治疗的研究很少,对病期较晚（Ｔ２分期以上）者可以选择ＥＣＦ为主的新辅助化疗或辅助化疗、化放疗。     

Carcinosarcoma of the esophagogastric junction

Carcinosarcoma of the esophagus and the stomach are rare neoplasms characterized by the simultaneous presence of carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements. There is no report in the literature of carcinosarcoma of the esophagogastric junction. We present a case of carcinosarcoma of the esophagogastric junction whose unique clinical presentation, surgical issues, morphological and immunohistochemical features makes it quite distinctive from similar cases observed in the esophagus or in the stomach.     

Cancer of the esophagogastric junction

In the Western world, there has been an alarming rise in the incidence and prevalence of adenocarcinoma arising at the esophagogastric junction during recent decades. Epidemiological, clinical and pathological data support a sub-classification of adenocarcinomas arising in the vicinity of the esophagogastric junction (AEG) into adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus (Type I), true carcinoma of the cardia (Type II) and subcardial carcinoma (Type III). While most, if not all, adenocarcinomas of the distal esophagus arise from areas with specialized intestinal metaplasia, which develop as a consequence of chronic gastroesophageal reflux, the etiology and pathogenesis of true carcinoma of the gastric cardia and subcardial gastric cancer is not clear at present. Although a subgroup of true carcinomas of the gastric cardia may also develop within short segments of intestinal metaplasia at the esophagogastric junction, a causal relation between these tumors and gastroesophageal reflux has been difficult to establish. Irrespective of the etiology, a complete removal of the primary tumor and its lymphatic drainage has to be the primary goal of any surgical approach to adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction. Our experience in the management of more than 1000 such patients during the past 18 years suggests that an individualized therapeutic strategy oriented by tumor type and stage results in survival rates superior to those reported with a more indiscriminate approach. This individualized strategy prescribes a transmediastinal esophagectomy with lymphadenectomy in the lower posterior mediastinum and along the celiac axis for Type I tumors, extended total gastrectomy with transhiatal resection of the distal esophagus and D2 lymphadenectomy for Type II and Type III tumors, a limited resection of the esophagogastric junction and distal esophagus with interposition of a pedicled jejunal segment for uT1N0 tumors, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by resection for uT3/T4 tumors. Extensive preoperative staging is essential to allow correct selection of the appropriate therapeutic strategy using this tailored approach.     

A case of carcinoma of the esophagogastric junction with marked eosinophil infiltration

A case of carcinoma of the esophagogastric junction with marked eosinophil infiltration is reported. The patient was a 56-year-old man. He had complained of abdominal discomfort for three months. After examination, a total gastrectomy was performed. Carcinoma of Borrmann III type was found at the esophagogastric junction. Pathohistological findings showed that mucinous adenocarcinoma and marked eosinophil infiltration were present in the primary lesion and metastatic lymph nodes, but there was no evidence of eosinophilia. These results suggested that the tumor might produce eosinophil chemotactic factor. However, the factor could not be detected.     

食管胃结合部腺癌外科治疗及预后单中心回顾性分析

目的:探讨食管胃结合部腺癌(adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction,AEG)的外科治疗效果及影响预后的相关因素。方法:回顾性分析2006-03-01-2007-02-28河北医科大学第四医院胸外科诊治的387例AEG患者的临床资料,采用Kaplan-Meier法进行预后生存分析,Cox比例风险模型进行多因素分析。结果:共行根治性切除术368例,扩大性切除术13例,姑息性切除术6例。5年总生存率为28.7%,中位生存时间27.88个月。5年生存的患者中,姑息术为0,根治术达29.7%,扩大切除术为9.1%。单因素分析显示,性别(P=0.025)、手术方式(P=0.000)、肿瘤最大直径(P=0.000)、病理分化程度(P=0.008)、肿瘤浸润深度(P=0.000)、淋巴结转移个数(P=0.000)、病理TNM分期(P=0.000)、上下残端是否阳性(P值分别为0.025和0.000)及围术期输血情况(P=0.003)是影响预后的主要因素。多因素分析显示,肿瘤最大直径(P=0.000)、淋巴结转移个数(P=0.003)、病理TNM分期(P=0.000)是影响预后的独立危险因素。结论:AEG的预后较差,外科治疗是其主要的治疗手段,而肿瘤最大直径、病理TNM分期是影响预后的独立危险因素。因此,早发现、早诊断和早治疗是提高AEG患者外科治疗效果的主要途径。     

Liver adenosquamous carcinoma invading the esophagogastric junction - a case-report and a review of the literature

A case of adenosquamous carcinoma of the liver involving the esophago-gastric junction is reported. The preoperative diagnosis of a submucosal tumor of the cardia of the stomach was made following a barium meal study, gastrofiberscopy, ultrasonography, and computed tomography. At surgery, a tumor was found measuring 6x5 cm in diameter and involving the left lobe of the liver, lower esophagus and cardia of the stomach, and the origin of the tumor was unclear. Post-operative histopathology revealed that the tumor contained two different malignant components of glandular and squamous cells. An adenosquamous carcinoma originating in the liver was suspected, since the cancer cells did not involve the esophago-gastric mucosa and were mainly located in the S2 of the liver. Despite aggressive adjuvant chemotherapy, the patient died of a recurrence in the liver seven months later. This seems to be the first documentation of adenosquamous carcinoma of the liver invading the esophago-gastric junction.     

食管胃结合部腺癌的手术治疗

There are a variety of surgical treatments of advanced esophagogastric junction cancer, type Ⅰ、Ⅱ mainly by transthoracic approach, part of the type Ⅱ by transabdominal approach, type Ⅲ mainly by left thoracoabdominal approach (LTA) or transabdominal. Intraoperative lymph node dissection is one of the most important factors which affect the postoperative survival rate. The cardia right lymph node (NO.1), the cardia left lymph node (NO.2), gastric lesser curvature (NO.3) and left gastric artery side (NO.7) should do regular cleaning.     

Transhiatal lower mediastinal lymph node dissection for esophagogastric junction carcinoma by interconnecting four body cavities

BackgroundDue to the limited number of landmark structures, it is difficult to standardize the surgical procedures for advanced esophagogastric junction cancer such as Ivor Lewis esophagectomy that require transhiatal lower mediastinal lymph node dissection (TH-LMND). We demonstrate an easily reproducible procedure for TH-LMND, wherein four body cavities, namely, the abdominal cavity, infracardiac bursa (ICB), and left and right thoracic cavities are interconnected.MethodsFirst, the dissection between the right crus and the esophagus was used to connect the abdominal cavity to the ICB — a lower mediastinal cavity separated from the omental bursa during embryonic development [1,2]. Second, the right thoracic cavity was opened with the shortest distance by dissecting the cranial side of the ICB. The right pulmonary ligament was dissected from the right lung. Third, the dissection to the contralateral side while exposing the aorta and the pericardium connected the left and right thoracic cavities. Then, the left pulmonary ligament was dissected from the left lung. The dissected tissues, including the lymph nodes, were subsequently peeled from the esophagus.ResultsBetween April 2018 and August 2021, 14 patients underwent laparoscopic or robotic TH-LMND via the procedure above. The median time required to complete the dissection was 75 min. None of the procedures were converted to open surgery, and none of the patients experienced intraoperative complications such as pericardial injury, lung injury, or massive bleeding.ConclusionThe surgical concept of interconnecting four body cavities made the procedure more accessible and reproducible while achieving en bloc TH-LMND.     

3D-CT勾画的食管胃结合部癌放疗疗程中靶区体积和位移变化研究

目的 三维适形放疗过程中靶区各方向的位移差异很大,有关食管胃结合部癌适形放射治疗过程中靶区位移的研究较少.本研究基于三维CT(three dimensional computed tomography,3D-CT)探讨食管胃结合部癌三维适形放疗(three dimensional conformal radiotherapy,3D-CRT)疗程中靶区位移和体积变化.方法 选取2014-01-01-2015-12-31山东大学附属山东省肿瘤医院行3D-CRT的20例食管胃结合部癌患者,基于放疗前3D-CT定位图像勾画原发肿瘤大体肿瘤体积(gross tumor volume,GTV)并定义为GTV1,基于GTV1构建相对应的临床靶区体积(clinical target vol-ume,CTV)和计划靶区体积(planning target volume,PTV)并分别定义为CTV1和PTV1;放疗至15～20次时重复定位,基于复位3D-CT扫描图像勾画GTV并定义为GTV2,构建CTV2和PTV2.比较初次和重复定位GTV体积变化和中心位移,计算初次和重复定位靶区间包含度(degree of inclusion,DI)和匹配指数(matching index,MI).结果 GTV靶区中心位移中位数分别为X轴1.7 mm,y轴2.5 mm,Z轴3.0mm,但是3个方向位移差异无统计学意义,P=0.142;GTV1和GTV2间MI1、PTV1和PTV2间MI2分别为51.75％和69.39％;GTV2对GTV1的DI1、PTV2对PTV1的DI2分别为81.49％和84.33％;GTV2较GTV1体积缩小平均15.98 cm3,体积回缩率为25.26％.PTV、GTV的MI和DI与GTV几何中心在X、y、Z轴的位移成负相关,相关性最强的是GTV DI、MI与GTV几何中心在X、Z轴上的位移.GTV靶区中心在X、y、Z轴上的位移,在临床分型之间差异无统计学意义,GTV靶区中心在X轴的位移在3种病理类型之间差异有统计学意义,P=0.027.结论 在放疗过程中,食管胃结合部癌的体积变化和靶区中心位移是明显的,因此有必要重复定位以重新勾画靶区,保证放疗计划的合理性,减少脱靶体积及不必要正常组织照射.     

腹腔镜下腹股沟淋巴结切除术治疗外阴癌的临床研究

目的　探讨外阴浸润癌行腹腔镜下腹股沟淋巴结切除术的可行性和手术技巧。方法　２０１０年１１月至２０１１年８月对１０例外阴癌患者行根治性局部外阴切除术和腹腔镜下腹股沟淋巴结切除术,必要时行盆腔淋巴结切除术。结果　１０例患者均在腹腔镜下腹股沟淋巴结切除术后行根治性局部外阴切除。平均每侧腹股沟淋巴结切除手术时间为９１ｍｉｎ（８０～１３０ｍｉｎ）,术中每侧腹股沟淋巴结切除平均出血为６.３ｍｌ（５～１０ｍｌ）,切除淋巴结数平均为７.４个（单侧）,淋巴结转移２例,平均拔管时间为６.８ｄ（５～１０ｄ）,所有患者均未发生腹股沟区皮肤坏死。结论　外阴广泛切除联合腹腔镜下腹股沟淋巴结切除术治疗外阴浸润癌安全、可靠,手术创伤小,术后切口愈合佳,不易发生腹股沟区皮肤缺血坏死。