Effects of sevoflurane and isoflurane anesthesia on arterial ketone body ratio and liver function

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect on arterial ketone body ratio (AKBR), which indicates hepatic mitochondrial energy charge in relation to hepatic blood flow, and liver function test (serum levels of liver enzymes) between sevoflurane and isoflurane anesthesia. METHODS: Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin (TBil), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GTP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured before and 1,2,3,7, and 14 days after anesthesia in each of 60 patients receiving either sevoflurane or isoflurane anesthesia for neurosurgery (tumor resection). In 13 patients of both groups, arterial concentrations of acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate were also measured before, during and after (up to 12 h) anesthesia and the AKBR was calculated. RESULTS: AST, ALT and GTP increased, peaking 7 days after anesthesia, especially in the isoflurane group. There was a significantly greater number of patients with abnormal AST and ALT values in the isoflurane group than in the sevoflurane group. The increase of TBil had its peak 1 day after anesthesia in both groups. AKBR decreased after anesthesia induction and recovered to the control value 12 h after anesthesia in both groups. There was no difference between the two anesthetic groups in AKBR. CONCLUSION: Isoflurane induced an elevation of serum levels of liver enzymes more frequently than did sevoflurane 3 to 14 days after anesthesia, while AKBR until 12 h after anesthesia did not show any significant difference between sevoflurane and isoflurane anesthesia.     

紧闭循环麻醉时七氟醚对病人肝肾功能的影响

目的 评价紧闭循环麻醉时七氟醚对病人肝肾功能的影响.方法 拟行普外科手术病人40例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄20～60岁,随机分为2组(n=20),麻醉诱导后S1.组和S2组分别吸人6%～8%国产或进口七氟醚,新鲜气流量2～4 L/min,2～3 min后调整新鲜气流量至0.18～0.30 L/min,随后维持七氟醚呼气末浓度2.6%～3.5%.于术前、术毕、术后1、2、3和5 d时测定血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)活性、总胆红素(TB)、肌酐(Cr)、尿素(BUN)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)浓度和尿液β2-MG浓度.结果 与术前比较,术毕、术后1、2 d时两组尿液β2-MG浓度升高(P<0.05),术后1～5血清ALT、AST活性和TB、Cr、BUN和β2-MG浓度差异无统计学意义(P0.05);各指标组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05).结论 紧闭循环麻醉时七氟醚对病人肝肾功能无明显影响.     

低流量七氟烷吸入麻醉时不同二氧化碳吸收剂环路中化合物A浓度的比较及其对患者肝肾功能的影响

Objective To investigate the influence of different carbon dioxide (CO2) absorbents (Dr(a)gersorb 800 plus , Sodasorb,Sodasorb LF) on the production of compound A during low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia.Methods Twenty-seven ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients aged 20-64 years were randomly assigned to three groups according to different CO2 absorbents: Dr(a)gersorb 800 plus' group (group D, n = 10), Sodasorb group (group S, n = 10) and Sodasorb LF group (group LF, n = 7). Anesthesia was maintained with low-flow (500 ml/min) sevoflurane inhalation (with the end-tidal sevoflurane concentration of approximately 2% ). At 2 h after low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia, gas samples were taken from the expiratory limb of the circuit. Compound A was detected by gas chromatography. Serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin (BR), urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) levels were measured before (T0 ) and 24 h after operation (T1).Results The three groups were comparable with respect to age, body weight and height. After 2 h of low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia, compound A concentrations in the expiratory limb of the circuit were 11.6 ± 5.8 (group D), 2.1 ± 1.9 (group S)and ＜ 0.1 ppm (group LF), respectively. There were no significant changes in the serum ALT, AST, BR, BUN and Cr levels at 24 h after operation as compared with the preoperative baseline values in the three groups.Conclusion After 2 h of low-flow (500 ml/min) sevoflurane anesthesia, compound A concentrations within the circuit with different CO2 absorbents ( Dr(a)gersorb 800 plus' , Sodasorb, Sodasorb LF) are less than 50 ppm, with the lowest in Sodasorb LF.However, they have no significant effects on hepatic or renal function.     

Serum and urinary inorganic fluoride concentrations with renal and hepatic functions after repeated sevoflurane anesthesia

The purpose of this study is to examine changes in serum and urinary inorganic fluoride (F) concentrations with their effects on renal and hepatic functions after repeated sevoflurane anesthesia with relatively short time interval. Eight patients received sevoflurane anesthesia twice within 7 days for gynecological surgery. Serum and urine F levels before induction, 0.5 and 1 hour after induction, and 0.5 hour after anesthesia were compared between first and second anesthesia. There were no significant differences in serum and urine F concentrations at the same point between first and second anesthesia. Two obese patients exhibited peak concentrations greater than 50 mumol.l-1 of F. Laboratory findings of renal function remained stable throughout 2 operations, whereas hepatic function deteriorated in the two obese patients after the first anesthesia, and resolved within 14 days after the second anesthesia. In conclusion, it is suggested that the second exposure to sevoflurane within 7 day interval does not alter the sevoflurane metabolism. However, obesity may contribute to a rise in serum inorganic fluoride after repeated sevoflurane anesthesia.     

Comparison of postoperative hepatic function after laparoscopic versus open gastric bypass

BACKGROUND: Pneumoperitoneum has been shown to reduce hepatic portal blood flow and alter postoperative hepatic transaminases. This study evaluated the changes in hepatic function after laparoscopic and open gastric bypass (GBP). METHODS: Thirty-six morbidly obese patients were randomly assigned to undergo either laparoscopic (n = 18) or open (n = 18) GBP. Liver function tests--total bilirubin (T Bil), gamma GT (GGT), albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT)--and creatine kinase levels were obtained preoperatively and at 1, 24, 48, and 72 hours postoperatively. RESULTS: The two groups were similar in age, sex, and body mass index. Albumin and ALP levels decreased while T Bil and GGT levels remained unchanged from baseline in both groups without significant difference between the two groups. After laparoscopic GBP, ALT and AST transiently increased by sixfold and returned to near baseline levels at 72 hours. After open GBP, ALT and AST transiently increased by fivefold to eightfold and returned to near baseline levels by 72 hours. Creatine kinase level was significantly lower after laparoscopic GBP than after open GBP at 48 and 72 hours postoperatively. There was no postoperative liver failure or mortality in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic GBP resulted in transient postoperative elevation of hepatic transaminase (ALT, AST) but did not adversely alter hepatic function to any greater extent than open GBP. Creatine kinase levels were lower after laparoscopic GBP reflecting its lesser degree of abdominal wall trauma.     

Plasma inorganic fluoride with sevoflurane anesthesia: correlation with indices of hepatic and renal function.

The biotransformation and plasma inorganic fluoride ion production of sevoflurane (the new volatile anesthetic) during and after surgical anesthesia was studied in 50 ASA I or II surgical patients. Twenty-five additional patients served as controls by receiving isoflurane. Sevoflurane or isoflurane was administered with a semiclosed (total gas flow, 2 L/min O2) circle absorption system for durations of 1.0 to greater than 7.0 minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) hours for surgical anesthesia (sevoflurane MAC, 2.05%; isoflurane MAC, 1.15%). Preoperative and postoperative blood urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations were determined. Blood samples were obtained during and after anesthesia in both groups for determining anesthetic blood concentration analysis and plasma fluoride level. Plasma fluoride concentrations did not significantly increase during isoflurane anesthesia. Sevoflurane biotransformation produced a mean peak plasma inorganic fluoride concentration of 29.3 +/- 1.8 mumol/L, 2 h after anesthesia, which decreased to 18 mumol/L concentration by 8 h after anesthesia. The peak plasma inorganic fluoride ion concentration correlated with duration of sevoflurane anesthetic exposure. Five patients given sevoflurane had peak levels transiently exceeding 50 mumol/L, and one of these had a history of ingesting drugs potentially producing hepatic enzyme induction. No increases in postoperative levels of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, direct bilirubin, or hepatic transaminase and no changes in serum electrolyte level occurred in either anesthetic group. Indirect bilirubin concentration increased significantly after sevoflurane anesthesia, but the increase was not of clinical significance (from 0.30 +/- 0.03 to 0.38 +/- 0.06 mg/dL). Indirect bilirubin concentrations did not increase after isoflurane anesthesia; the concentrations reached 0.31 +/- 0.04 mg/dL and did not differ significantly from those found with sevoflurane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

七氟醚预处理对右肝癌切除患者肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的：探讨七氟醚预处理对右肝癌切除患者肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法：择期全麻下行右肝癌手术切除患者40例．ASAI或II级,术中经第一肝门阻断．血流阻断时间10～30min．随机分为2组（n=20）：缺血再灌注组（IR组）和七氟醚预处理组（S组）。两组麻醉维持期间均保持脑电双频谱指数40-50。s组麻醉诱导后吸入1MAC七氟醚（呼气末浓度）．30min后洗脱15min。于麻醉诱导前（T0）、缺血再灌注即刻（T1）、1h（T2）、6h（T3）抽血测血清中谷丙转氨酶（ALT）．谷草转氨酶（AST）,乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）的含量以及肝脏组织匀浆中丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）活性,并行肝组织病理学观察。结果：与麻醉诱导前比较．两组缺血再灌注即刻．1h、6h血清ALT．AST,LDH含量均显著增加（P〈0．05）;与IR组比较,s组肝脏缺血再灌注后相应各时点血清ALT．AST、LDH含量均降低．肝组织匀浆MDA含量减少,SOD活性增加（P〈0．05）;肝组织病理学损伤减轻。结论：七氟醚预处理对右肝癌切除患者肝脏缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用．可能与其抑制氧自由基生成．减少脂质过氧化有关。     

2-Arachidonoylglycerol increases in ischemia-reperfusion injury of the rat liver.

Several studies have implicated endocannabinoids in various forms of shock. However, the role of endocannabinoids in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes of two endocannabinoidsin hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury: anandamide (ANA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 2 groups: the short (15 min) ischemic group and the long (60 min)ischemic group in the segmental (70%) hepatic tissue. Blood levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ANA, and 2-AG were examined. Serum lev-els of AST, ALT, and LDH were significantly higher in the long-ischemia group than in the short-ischemia group. Plasma levels of 2-AG showed similar augmentation prior to and after reperfusion in both the short- and long-ischemia groups, although plasma 2-AG lev-els tended to be higher in the long-ischemia group than in the short-ischemia group. Plasma levels of ANA were augmented in the early phase of reperfusion in the short-ischemia group and did not differ significantly from the normal level with time after reperfusion in the long-ischemia group. These results suggest that the endocannabinoid 2-AG increases in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury of rats, rather than ANA.     

Compound A Concentrations during Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Children

Background: Sevoflurane is a new inhalation agent that should be useful for pediatric anesthesia. Sevoflurane undergoes degradation in the presence of carbon dioxide absorbents; however, quantification of the major degradation product (compound A) has not been evaluated during pediatric anesthesia. This study evaluates sevoflurane degradation compound concentrations during sevoflurane anesthesia using a 2-1 fresh gas flow and a circle system with carbon dioxide absorber in children with normal renal and hepatic function.

Methods: The concentrations of compound A were evaluated during sevoflurane anesthesia in children using fresh soda lime as the carbon dioxide absorbent. Nineteen patients aged 3 months-7 yr were anesthetized with sevoflurane (2.8% mean end-tidal concentration) using a total fresh gas flow of 2 l in a circle absorption system. Inspiratory and expiratory limb circuit gas samples were obtained at hourly intervals, and the samples were analyzed using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detection technique. Carbon dioxide absorbent temperatures were measured in the soda lime during anesthesia. Blood samples were obtained before and after anesthesia for hepatic and renal function studies. Venous blood samples were obtained before anesthesia, at the end of anesthesia, and 2 h after anesthesia for plasma inorganic fluoride ion concentration.

Results: The maximum inspiratory concentration of compound A was 5.4 +/-4.4 ppm (mean+/-SD), and the corresponding expiratory concentration was 3.7+/-2.7 ppm (mean+/-SD). The maximum inspiratory compound A concentration in any patient was 15 ppm. Mean concentrations of compound A peaked at intubation and remained stable, declining slightly after 120 min of anesthesia. The duration of anesthesia was 240+/-139 min (mean+/-SD). Maximum soda lime temperature ranged between 23.1 degrees C and 40.9 degrees C. There was a positive correlation between maximum absorbent temperature and maximum compound A concentration (r2 = 0.58), as well as between the child's body surface area and maximum compound A concentration (r2 = 0.59). Peak plasma inorganic fluoride ion concentration was 21.5 +/-6.1 micro mol/l. There were no clinically significant changes in hepatic or renal function studies performed 24 h postanesthesia.     

Pentoxifylline contributes to the hepatic cytoprotective process in rats undergoing hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury.

AIM: Considerable efforts have been made to find and/or eliminate the underyling causes of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, but many points are still unclear. Pentoxifylline-related cytoprotection is one of these unclear points. Our study tests the effects of pentoxifylline on the hepatic cytoprotective process in an experimental model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The animals were divided into two groups: (1) placebo-pretreated rats and (2) pentoxifylline-pretreated rats. After pretreatment, all rats underwent the hepatic ischemia-reperfusion procedure which was performed by clamping the hepatoduodenal ligament. To evaluate the liver injury, serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), and liver tissue levels of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) were measured before ischemia, immediately after ischemia and immediately after reperfusion. RESULTS: Before ischemia and immediately after ischemia, there were no significant differences between ALT and AST levels of groups 1 and 2 (p >0.05). However, at the end of reperfusion, ALT and AST levels of group 2 were significantly decreased when compared with group 1 (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Additionally, tissue levels of PGE(2) that were obtained before ischemia, immediately after ischemia and immediately after reperfusion in group 2 were significantly higher than those of group 1 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Pentoxifylline reduces reperfusion injury of the liver through significantly decreased transaminase levels, and contributes to hepatic cytoprotection by increasing tissue levels of PGE(2) significantly. These effects reflect the role of tissue PGE(2) in pentoxifylline-related hepatoprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury of the liver.     

Implication of B lymphocytes in endotoxin-induced hepatic injury after partial hepatectomy in rats

BACKGROUND: Lymphocyte population constitutes major defense mechanism against endotoxemia, but the role of B lymphocytes in endotoxin-induced hepatic injury after hepatectomy is not clear. METHODS: We used lymphopenic (L(-)) rats by single administration of anti-rat lymphocyte serum, nu/nu athymic (T(-)) rats, B cell-ablated (B(-))rats by intermittent injection of anti-immunoglobulin (Ig) micro-chain from birth, and their vehicle controls. These animals were subjected to two-thirds hepatectomy with subsequent intravenous lipopolysaccharides (LPS, 1.5 mg/kg) administration. The survival rate, plasma alanine transaminase (ALT), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IgM levels, and total hemolytic activity (CH50) were determined. Hepatic tissue deposition of IgM or C3 was assessed with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The 24-h survival rate in control animals was 20%, whereas those in L(-), T(-), and B (-) animals were 80, 0, and 100%, respectively. Lymphocyte-sufficient control (L(+)) and B cell-sufficient control (B(+)) animals showed a rapid elevation of plasma TNF-alpha levels 1 h after the challenge, followed by an increase in plasma ALT levels. In B(+) group, plasma IgM levels were increased and CH50 activities were decreased 4 h after LPS injection with significant difference compared to those at time 0. Liver histology showed massive hepatic necrosis with a dense accumulation of IgM and C3 deposits 4 h after LPS administration. B cell ablation significantly ameliorated plasma ALT, IgM, and CH50 levels, showing less histological liver damage. CONCLUSION: B lymphocytes susceptible to LPS might be implicated in the development of endotoxin-induced hepatic injury after partial hepatectomy.     

Case report: Fatal hepatic failure after aortic valve replacement and sevoflurane exposure

PURPOSE: To report a case of lethal hepatotoxicity possibly caused by sevoflurane. CLINICAL FEATURES: A 76-yr-old woman with a history of four previous minor surgical procedures developed acute liver failure after general anesthesia with sevoflurane, sufentanil and propofol for aortic valve replacement. After an uneventful procedure the patient was extubated 4.5 hr after surgery. On the second postoperative day, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased. On the third postoperative day liver failure occurred, ALT peaked at 10504 UxL(-1) and AST at 15516 UxL(-1), and coagulopathy with an international normalized ratio of 4.6 developed. Liver transplantation was considered but rejected as a therapeutic option. The patient died three days after the operation in multiple organ failure triggered by hepatic failure. Other possible causes for liver failure were excluded. CONCLUSIONS: Sevoflurane hepatitis as a cause for liver failure may be implicated in this patient undergoing valve surgery. Unlike other halogenated anesthetic drugs, sevoflurane is not metabolized to hepatotoxic trifluoroacetyl proteins. However, compound A may react with proteins and may be transformed into antigenic material. We suggest that all halogenated anesthetics may be implicated with acute liver injury.     

Hepatic Effects of Halothane,Isoflurane or Sevoflurane Anaesthesia in Dogs

The effects of halothane, isoflurane and sevoflurane anaesthesia on hepatic function and hepatocellular damage were investigated in dogs, comparing the activity of hepatic enzymes and bilirubin concentration in serum. An experimental study was designed. Twenty‐one clinically normal mongrel dogs were divided into three groups and accordingly anaesthetized with halothane (n = 7), isoflurane (n = 7) and sevoflurane (n = 7). The dogs were 1–4 years old, and weighed between 13.5 and 27 kg (18.4 ± 3.9). Xylazine HCI (1–2 mg/kg) i.m. was used as pre‐anaesthetic medication. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol 2 mg/kg i.v. The trachea was intubated and anaesthesia maintained with halothane, isoflurane or sevoflurane in oxygen at concentrations of 1.35, 2 and 3%, respectively. Intermittent positive pressure ventilation (tidal volume, 15 ml/kg; respiration rate, 12–14/min) was started immediately after intubation and the anaesthesia lasted for 60 min. Venous blood samples were collected before pre‐medication, 24 and 48 h, and 7 and 14 days after anaesthesia. Serum level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma‐glutamyltransferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH GGT) activities and bilirubin concentration were measured. Serum AST, ALT and GGT activities increased after anaesthesia in all groups. In the halothane group, serum AST and ALT activities significantly increased all the time after anaesthesia compared with baseline activities. But in the isoflurane group AST and ALT activities increased only between 2 and 7 days, and in the sevoflurane group 7 days after anaesthesia. GGT activity was increased in the halothane group between 2 and 7 days, and in the isoflurane and sevoflurane groups 7 days after anaesthesia. All dogs recovered from anaesthesia without complications and none developed clinical signs of hepatic damage within 14 days. The results suggest that the use of halothane anaesthesia induces an elevation of serum activities of liver enzymes more frequently than isoflurane or sevoflurane from 2 to 14 days after anaesthesia in dogs. The effects of isoflurane or sevoflurane anaesthesia on the liver in dogs is safer than halothane anaesthesia in dogs.     

Liver and renal function after repeated sevoflurane or isoflurane anaesthesia

Purpose

To compare retrospectively liver and renal function after repeated exposure (twice) to sevoflurane or isoflurane.

Methods

Sixty patients were studied for liver and renal function after repeated exposure within 30 to 180 days to sevoflurane (30 patients) or isoflurane (30 patients). Serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin (TBil), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GTP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) were measured before and, 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after surgery. Qualitative analyses of urinary protein and glucose were done 1, 3, and 7 days after surgery.

Results

The number of patients with abnormal values in AST ALT and GTP was larger in the isoflurane than in the sevoflurane group. BUN and Cr were within normal range after anaesthesia in either group. Renal excretion of protein and glucose increased one and three days after anaesthesia with no difference between the anaesthetics. None of the variables showed differences between the first and second anaesthesia after either anaesthetic.

Conclusion

Repeat exposure to sevoflurane or isoflurane within 30 to 180 days had no additional risk of increasing serum concentration of liver enzymes or increasing urinary excretion of protein and glucose compared with the first exposure to the same anaesthetic.     

Synthetic sulfonolipids deduced from sulfonoquinovosyl diacylglycerols of sea urchin reduces hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

BACKGROUND: In hepatic surgery and liver transplantation, ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is an unavoidable process, and protection against hepatic I/R injury is a major unresolved problem. In this study, we investigated whether 3-O-(6-deoxy-6-sulfono-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-1,2-di-O-acylglycerol bound to saturated C18 fatty acids (beta-SQAG9), which was derived from sea urchin intestines, could reduce this injury. This agent was recently reported to have immunosuppressive effects in allogeneic rat skin grafts. MATERIALS & METHODS: Male Lewis rats were divided into two experimental groups. Group 1 rats were injected with SQAG9 (50 mg/kg) into the penile vein 15 minutes before the induction of ischemia and into the portal vein just reperfusion. The same amounts of normal saline were injected into rats in the control group (group 2). Each experimental groups included six rats. Seventy percent hepatic ischemia (20 minutes) was induced by occluding the blood vessels and bile duct with a vascular clamp. For examination of hepatic function, serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, (AST) alanine transaminase (ALT), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured. In addition, histological examination was also assessed. RESULTS: Three hours after reperfusion, the mean plasma concentration of AST, ALT, LDH in group 1 was suppressed compared with group 2. Six hours after reperfusion, the hepatic damage in group 1 was mild in comparison with that in group 2. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrated that SQAG-9 reduced the warm hepatic I/R injury.     

Liver function after sevoflurane or isoflurane anaesthesia in neurosurgical patients

Purpose

Although both sevoflurane and isoflurane are thought to be less hepatotoxic than halothane or enflurane, recent case reports have described liver injury after sevoflurane or isoflurane anaesthesia. There are no studies comparing liver function after sevoflurane or isoflurane anaesthesia. The purpose of this study was to compare serum liver enzyme concentrations in patients receiving either sevoflurane or isoflurane anaesthesia prospectively.

Methods

Ninety patients scheduled for elective neurosurgery were studied. Serum concentrations of aspartame aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin (TBil), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ- glutamyl transpeptidase (GTP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured before and, 1, 2, 3, 7, and 14 days after either sevoflurane (45 patients) or isoflurane (45 patients) anaesthesia.

Results

AST ALT and GTP increased peaking seven days after anaesthesia, especially in the isoflurane group. The numbers of patients with abnormal values in AST and ALT were not different in the isoflurane from that in the sevoflurane group. The increase in TBil peaked one day after anaesthesia in both groups.

Conclusion

Even in a small number of patients, isoflurane induced an elevation of serum levels of liver enzymes more frequently than did sevoflurane three to 14 days after anaesthesia.     

The effects of prolonged low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia on renal and hepatic function

We assessed the effects of prolonged low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia on renal and hepatic functions by comparing high-flow sevoflurane with low-flow isoflurane anesthesia. Thirty patients scheduled for surgery of > or =10 h in duration randomly received either low-flow (1 L/min) sevoflurane anesthesia (n = 10), high-flow (6-10 L/min) sevoflurane anesthesia (n = 10), or low-flow (1 L/min) isoflurane anesthesia (n = 10). We measured the circuit concentrations of Compound A and serum fluoride. Renal function was assessed by blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, and urinary excretion of glucose, albumin, protein, and N:-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase. The hepatic function was assessed by serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin. Compound A exposure was 277 +/- 120 (135-478) ppm-h (mean +/- SD [range]) in the low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia. The maximum concentration of serum fluoride was 53.6 +/- 5.3 (43.4-59.3) micromol/L for the low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia, 47.1 +/- 21.2 (21.4-82.3) micromol/L for the high-flow sevoflurane anesthesia, and 7.4 +/- 3.2 (3.2-14.0) micromol/L for the low-flow isoflurane anesthesia. Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were within the normal range, and creatinine clearance did not decrease throughout the study period in any group. Urinary excretion of glucose, albumin, protein, and N:-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase increased after anesthesia in all groups, but no significant differences were seen among the three groups at any time point after anesthesia. Lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase on postanesthesia Day 1 were higher in the high-flow sevoflurane group than in the low-flow sevoflurane group. However, there were no significant differences in any other hepatic function tests among the groups. We conclude that prolonged low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia has the same effect on renal and hepatic functions as high-flow sevoflurane and low-flow isoflurane anesthesia. Implications: During low-flow sevoflurane anesthesia, intake of Compound A reached 277 +/- 120 ppm-h, but the effect on the kidney and the liver was the same in high-flow sevoflurane and low-flow isoflurane anesthesia.     

The effects of desflurane and sevoflurane on hepatic and renal functions after right hepatectomy in living donors*

We compared postoperative hepatic and renal functions between the two inhalational anesthetics, desflurane and sevoflurane in living donors undergoing right hepatectomy. Seventy‐four adult donors were randomly allocated into Des group (n = 37) and sevo group (n = 37). Before the induction of anesthesia, morphine sulfate 400 μg was injected intrathecally. Anesthesia was maintained with one minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of deflurane or sevoflurane plus continuous intravenous remifentanil. Liver and renal function tests were performed and analysed at preoperative period, immediately after operation, and on 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 30th postoperative days (PODs). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) showed significant elevations from the day of surgery to POD 3 and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was significantly elevated on POD 1 and POD 3 in the sevo group. Albumin level was significantly lower on POD 2 in the sevo group. Creatinine was significantly higher on POD 3 and POD 30 and estimated glomerular filtration ratio was significantly lower on POD 3 and POD 30 in the sevo group. No patient developed hepatic or renal failures. The results of our study showed better postoperative hepatic and renal function test with desflurane than sevoflurane at equivalent dose of 1 MAC in living donors undergoing right hepatectomy, but further study is required to evaluate clinical importance.     

Pharmacokinetics of Rocuronium during the Three Stages of Liver Transplantation

Background: Little is known about the influence of liver transplantation on the pharmacokinetics of most anesthetic drugs. The authors determined the pharmacokinetics of rocuronium during liver transplantation and examined whether variability in pharmacokinetics could explain variability in recovery of neuromuscular function.

Methods: Twenty patients undergoing liver transplantation were given rocuronium, 600 micro gram/kg, after induction of anesthesia and again after perfusion of the transplanted liver. Plasma was sampled to determine rocuronium concentrations. Pharmacokinetic models were fit to rocuronium concentrations versus time data using a mixed-effects population approach. Various models permitted changes in clearance (Cl) or central compartment volume to account for changes in hepatic function and circulatory status during the paleohepatic, anhepatic, and neohepatic periods. Time to initial recovery of four twitches of the orbicularis oculi was determined.

Results: During the paleohepatic and anhepatic periods, the typical value of Cl was 2.47 ml [center dot] kg sup -1 [center dot] min sup -1 and was not influenced by the magnitude of preexisting liver disease (as evidenced by prothrombin time, bilirubin, serum albumin, alanine transaminase [ALT], and aspartate transaminase [AST]). During the neohepatic period, the typical value of Cl varied as a function of the duration of warm ischemia of the hepatic allograft and was 2.72 ml [center dot] kg sup -1 [center dot] min sup -1 for a patient with an average 60-min period of warm ischemia; time to neuromuscular recovery varied as a function of Cl.     

大鼠烧伤早期肝功能及超微结构改变和药物保护作用的观察

为探讨烧伤及液体复苏后肝损害以及药物的保护作用,采用大鼠30%TBSAⅢ度烫伤模型,将126只 Wistar 大鼠随机分为正常对照组、早期复苏组、早期复苏 药物治疗组、延迟复苏组、延迟复苏 药物治疗组及不治疗组。观察烧伤后6,12,24及48小时血清 ALT、AST 含量变化,同时对肝细胞光镜及电镜下组织病理学改变进行了观察。结果表明:早期复苏及延迟复苏组血清 ALT、AST 及肝细胞形态均出现异常,ALT 在伤后6小时即显著升高,24小时达到峰值水平,AST 变化与 ALT 相似。病理检查显示肝细胞有不同程度损害。给予爱维治药物治疗后,上述损害均得到改善。结果提示:肝脏是烧伤早期易受损伤的器官之一,延迟复苏将进一步加重肝组织损伤;爱维治有益于保护肝细胞结构和功能。