3～5岁儿童不同发音部位塞音的听觉识别研究

目的考察健听儿童不同发音部位塞音的听觉识别能力，探究其影响因素以及发展特点。方法抽取88名3～5岁儿童，采用最小音位对比法研究他们b／d、b／g、d／g、p／t、p／k、t／k6对塞音音位对的听觉识别能力。结果儿童塞音的听觉识别能力受年龄、送气方式和发音部位三大因素影响；随着年龄增长，儿童6对塞音音位对的听觉识别能力均表现出不同程度的发展；不送气塞音的发展明显好于送气塞音的发展；不送气塞音中，双唇音／舌根音的发展明显好于舌尖音／舌根音；送气塞音中，双唇音／舌根音的发展明显好于双唇音／舌尖音。结论3～5岁是健听儿童塞音听觉识别能力的高速发展期，在听觉康复实践中应把握关键期，参照b／g_b／d—d／g—p／k—t／k—p／t的顺序对听障儿童进行塞音听觉识别能力的训练。     

语前聋儿童佩戴助听器后塞音发音特点

目的分析听力障碍患儿佩戴助听器后塞音的发音特点。方法以佩戴助听器的语前聋患儿30例(助听器组)和健听儿童30例(健听组)为研究对象,年龄3~6岁(分为3~、4~、5~6岁组,每组2类儿童各10例),日常均使用汉语普通话交流,具备一定的发音能力。以塞音词表进行测试,分析两组儿童塞音(/b/、/d/、/g/、/p/、/t/、/k/)的发音正确率和错误类型,分析不同生理年龄、助听时间与发音正确率的关系。结果助听器组儿童塞音发音的正确率从高到低为/b/>/d/>/g/>/k/>/t/>/p/,健听组儿童塞音发音的正确率从高到低依次为/b/>/g/>/k/>/p/>/d/>/t/;健听组儿童塞音/b/、/g/、/k/、/t/、/p/的正确率显著高于助听器组儿童(P<0.05)。助听组儿童发音错误规律包括:①发音方法相同的音互相替代,如不送气塞音的互相替代和送气塞音的互相替代;②发音部位相同的音互相替代;③发音方法和发音部位不同的替代,如:塞音擦音化,塞音塞擦音化,不送气化。4~、5~6岁组听障儿童塞音/g/、/p/、/k/发音的正确率明显高于3~岁组(P<0.05),助听器佩戴时间大于2年的听障儿童塞音/p/、/t/发音的正确率明显高于小于2年的儿童(P<0.05)。结论听障儿童塞音发音清晰度落后于健听组儿童,生理年龄、听觉干预的时间对听障儿童部分塞音发音的正确率有影响,需进行积极的干预和有针对性的康复训练。     

听障儿童塞音嗓音起始时间评估及与最长声时的相关性研究

目的 探究听障儿童塞音嗓音起始时间特点及与呼吸能力的相关性,为其塞音的习得及矫正提供依据。方法 选取3～5岁听障儿童及健听儿童各20例,录取6个塞音（/b/、/p/、/d/、/t/、/g/、/k/）与3个单元音（/a/、/i/或/e/、/u/）所组成的18个辅-元（consonant vowel,CV）音节,声调均为一声,提取嗓音起始时间（voice onset time,VOT）。对两组儿童进行最长声时（maximum phonation time,MPT）测试并对VOT与MPT相关性进行分析。结果 在不送气塞音中,听障儿童/da/的VOT值显著大于健听儿童（P<0.05）,其余音节的VOT值均无显著差异（P>0.05）;在送气塞音中,听障儿童所有音节VOT值均显著小于健听儿童（P<0.05）;听障儿童的MPT显著小于健听儿童（P<0.05）;送气塞音VOT值与MPT均呈显著正相关（P<0.05,r>0）。结论 听障儿童的呼吸能力显著弱于健听儿童,需要加强呼吸训练,有利于听障儿童送气塞音的学习。     

食管语塞音、塞擦音发音起始时间的初步研究

目的 探讨食管语塞音、塞擦音的发音起始时间特点.方法 对4名喉全切除术后能熟练掌握食管语特点的患者录音.录音材料为塞音、塞擦音和元音/a/、/i/组成的汉字汉语语句,每句话读5遍,所得声音数据由高质量麦克风收集,随即存在电脑里由专用分析软件计算发音起始时间.结果 食管语送气塞音、塞擦音的发音起始时间比声带音的塞音、塞擦音发音起始时间要小,而对于不送气塞音、塞擦音结果却相反;食管语的送气塞音、塞擦音的发音起始时间明显大于不送气塞音、塞擦音的发音起始时间; 对于相同发音方式不同发音位置的辅音,其发音起始时间也有一定的差别.结论 食管语的发音起始时间和正常人的发音起始时间不同,有自身的特点,这和他们的发音方法有关.     

信噪比对VOT时长感知阈值的影响研究

目的 探讨不同性别成人在不同的聆听方式上VOT时长感知是否存在差异,分析不同信噪比对VOT时长感知阈值的影响,获取健听成人VOT时长感知的特征.方法选取送气清塞音/t/与核心韵母/a/组合而成的单音节词/ta/,采用“递减法”测试40名健听成人VOT时长感知阈值,并用SPSS 16.0对所得数据进行2×3×5三因素混合实验方差分析.结果 ①健听成人在安静环境中VOT时长感知阈值为72ms;②信噪比的主效应极其显著,其中S/N=0 dB与其他4种信噪比均存在显著差异;③性别和聆听方式主效应不显著,但交互作用显著.结论 ①信噪比对VOT时长感知影响较大,S/N越大,阈值越低;②低信噪比较中,高信噪比对阈值的影响更大;③在进行VOT时长感知时,男性存在右耳优势,女性存在左耳优势.     

墨西哥汉语习得者普通话送气和不送气音的脑偏侧化北大核心CSCD

目的观察以西班牙语为母语的墨西哥汉语习得者在感知汉语送气和不送气塞音、塞擦音时的脑偏侧化。方法以19例视力、听力均正常及非左利手的墨西哥籍汉语习得者为研究对象,应用两耳分听技术分别测试其识别普通话送气和不送气塞音、塞擦音时的脑半球反应时间。结果学习汉语语音25~30小时的墨西哥汉语习得者识别普通话送气、不送气塞音和塞擦音时,左耳(大脑右半球)和右耳(大脑左半球)的正确反应时间差异无显著统计学意义;学习汉语语音50~60小时的墨西哥汉语习得者识别送气塞擦音的左耳(大脑右半球)正确反应时间显著低于右耳(大脑左半球)(P<0.05);识别不送气塞擦音的左耳(大脑右半球)正确反应时间显著低于右耳(大脑左半球)(P<0.05)。结论墨西哥汉语习得者汉语送气和不送气音的脑偏侧化的程度是一个渐变的过程,该过程与汉语习得者送气和不送气语音范畴的建立有关。     

3～5岁健听儿童连续语音切换清晰度的研究

目的 考察健听儿童连续语音切换清晰度的发展,探究其影响因素以及发展特点.方法 采用基于9项声母音位对比的短句测试材料,测试90名3～5岁健听儿童发出目标音的正确率,考察其连续语音切换清晰度.结果 3～5岁儿童连续语音切换清晰度测试女生得分明显高于男生;塞音与擦音、塞音与鼻音、擦音与无擦音以及不同构音部位的不送气塞音4项的发展成熟比较早,4岁以后没有显著变化;送气塞音与不送气塞音以及不同构音部位的送气塞音两项在3～5岁间随年龄增长有显著增加,5岁末基本发展完成;送气塞擦音与不送气塞擦音,塞擦音与擦音以及卷舌音与非卷舌音3项,在3个年龄段间有显著差异(P＜0.05),且需要更长的时间才能发展完善.结论 3～5岁是健听儿童连续语音切换清晰度的高速发展期,发展受性别和年龄两大因素影响,其在言语矫治实践中应把握关键期,按照发展顺序有针对性地对听障儿童进行训练.     

学龄前聋儿声母发音难度研究

目的分析学龄前聋儿声母的发音情况,获得其声母发音的难度层次。方法选取平均年龄为4.5岁的语前聋儿64名,以黄昭鸣-韩知娟词表为测试材料,分析其不同发音部位、不同发音方式声母的发音正确率。结果①学龄前聋儿不同发音部位声母发音难度差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01),不同发音部位声母的发音从易到难依次为:双唇音→舌尖中音→舌根音→唇齿音和舌面音→舌尖前音和舌尖后音;②学龄前聋儿不同发音方式声母的发音难度差异有极显著统计学意义(P<0.01),不同发音方式声母的发音从易到难依次为:不送气塞音→鼻音→送气塞音→擦音和边音→送气塞擦音和不送气塞擦音。结论学龄前聋儿声母发展远远滞后于健听儿童,表现出明显的难度层次关系,主要与发音的可视性、发音动作发育的早晚以及发音方法的复杂程度有关;在声母构音矫治时,应遵循学龄前聋儿声母发音部位或发音方式的难度顺序以提高其康复效率。     

学前听障儿童声母正确率与康复时间的相关性研究

目的：分析学龄前听障儿童不同发音方式的声母正确率与康复时间的关系,为不同发音方式的声母康复训练提供指导。方法选取3～5岁康复半年以上的听障儿童104名和健听儿童36名,以《汉语构音能力测验词表》为测试材料,分析不同发音方式声母的发音正确率。结果①康复时间1年以上的听障儿童鼻音的发音与健听儿童没有显著差异;②康复时间1.5年以上的听障儿童边音的发音与健听儿童没有显著差异;③康复时间2年以上听障儿童的塞音正确率同健听儿童没有统计学差异;④所有康复时间段听障儿童的擦音和塞擦音正确率均与健听儿童有极显著差异（P〈0.01）。结论学龄前听障儿童不同发音方式的声母习得有一定时间顺序,可能与声母的音高、发音的难度、发音的可见性、发音动作的发育有关。建议听障儿童进行声母康复训练时应当循序渐进,由浅入深,提高听障儿童声母学习的效率。     

言语识别中的时域及频域信息

本文对言语识别中的声学要素从时域和频域的角度进行探讨，旨在为人工耳蜗编码策略的改善提供理论依据。声码器技术被用于一系列的实验以确定时域和频域信息对言语识别和汉语四声识别的相互作用。频域信息是由声码器中的频道数来决定，而时域信息则是由声码器的低通滤波器的截止频率来决定。听力正常成人参加了各项感知试验。结果表明，时域和频域信息都对音素识别很重要。在安静环境下。辅音和元音识别率分别在8和12频道及16Hz和4Hz的低通截止频率时达到平台成绩。在噪声环境下，元音识别受益于增高的频道数。汉语四声的识别需要256Hz的低通截止频率才达到平台成绩，这一频率比英语音素识别所需的时域信息高得多。声调识别率在本研究中最高频道数12时仍未见饱和。为了研究细微结构和时域包络对四声识别的相对重要性．我们用声嵌合技术将不同声调信号的时域包络和细微结构进行对换。感知实验结果表明，声调识别主要取决于细微结构，这一点与音乐感知的结果类似，而不象言语识别，后者主要依赖于时域包络信息。因此，增加人工耳蜗系统中有效的频道数将有助于尤其是噪声环境下的言语识别。将人工耳蜗刺激中提供更多的细微结构信息可能会提高患者声调识别的成绩。     

Acoustic integrity of speech production in children with moderate and severe hearing impairment.

Ten normally hearing and 10 age-matched subjects with moderate-to-severe hearing impairment were recorded producing a protocol of 18 basic syllables [/pi/,/pa/,/pu/;/bi/,/ba/,/bu/; /ti/,/ta/,/tu/ ;/di/,/da/,/du/; /ki/,/ka/,/ku/; /gi/,/ga/,/gu/] repeated five times. The resulting 90 syllables were digitized and measured for (a) total duration; (b) voice-onset time (VOT) of the initial consonant; (c) fundamental frequency (F0) at midpoint of vowel; and (d) formant frequencies (F1, F2, F3), also measured at midpoint of vowel. Statistical comparisons were conducted on (a) average values for each syllable, and (b) standard deviations. Although there were numerical differences between normally hearing and hearing-impaired groups, few differences were statistically significant.     

The effects of feedback filtering on nasalization in normal and hypernasal speakers.

Two groups of subjects, one with normal speech and one with hypernasal speech, spoke while hearing their voices unfiltered, low-pass filtered with cut-off frequencies of 1000, 500, and 300 Hz and high-pass filtered with cut-off frequencies of 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz. Measurements of nasalization were made with a miniature accelerometer attached to the side of the subject's nose. Both groups of subjects decreased nasalization when hearing their voices low-pass filtered with a cut-off frequency of 300 Hz. This decrease was statistically significant. The results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that nasalization is under feedback control.     

成年功能性构音障碍患者辅音错误类型及方式分析

目的 探讨成年功能性构音障碍患者辅音发音错误的特点,为制定语音训练方案提供依据.方法以42例成年功能性构音障碍患者为研究对象,借助计算机语音工作站对患者进行语音评估,对其辅音的发音错误类型及方式进行分析.结果42例成年功能性构音障碍患者主要的辅音发音错误类型为置换、扭曲,其次为脱落.按发音部位,错误辅音依次为舌尖后音(39例,92.86%)、舌尖前音(31例,73.81%)、舌面音(22例,52.38%)、舌根音(19例,45.24%)、舌尖中音(18例,42.86%)、唇齿音(6例,14.29%)及双唇音(6例,14.29%);辅音错误频率由高至低依次为/sh/、/zh/、/ch/、/r/、/z/、/c/、/s/、/q/、/x/、/j/、/g/、/k/、/h/、/t/、/l/、/d/、/f/、/p/.辅音错误方式有:舌前音化(22例,52.38%)、非送气化(12例,28.57%)、侧化构音(12例,28.57%)、辅音脱落(9例21.42%)、舌后音化(8例,19.05%)、舌面音化(4例,9.52%)、双唇音化(4例,9.52%)、唇齿音化(3例,7.14%).结论成年功能性构音障碍患者的辅音发音错误类型主要是置换和扭曲;错误辅音主要为舌尖后音、舌尖前音、舌面音、舌根音、舌尖中音;辅音发音错误方式主要为舌前音化、非送气化、侧化构音、辅音脱落.     

Temporal modulation transfer functions in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners

Modulation thresholds for sinusoidally amplitude-modulated broadband noise were obtained from normal-hearing and sensorineural hearing-impaired listeners as a function of modulation frequency. The resulting temporal modulation transfer functions (TMTFs) indicated that the impaired listeners were generally less sensitive than the normals to amplitude modulation and, unlike previously published data from normal-hearing listeners, TMTFs in the impaired listeners were level dependent: sensitivity to modulation, particularly for modulation frequencies greater than 100 Hz, decreased with decreases in level. TMTFs were also obtained with band-limited noise from the normal-hearing listeners: the noise was low-pass filtered at 1.6 kHz after modulation and was generally presented with a 1.6-kHz high-pass masker. The TMTFs in the low-pass condition were similar to the TMTFs obtained with broadband noise from the impaired listeners, suggesting that the impaired temporal processing in the hearing-impaired listeners is a result of a narrower effective, 'internal' bandwidth. Increment thresholds for continuous broadband and low-pass noise were obtained in conditions similar to those in which TMTFs were obtained. In general, a similar power-law relationship between modulation threshold and increment threshold was found to exist for both the normal-hearing and the hearing-impaired listeners.     

Intervention Planning for Children with Communication Disorders

Modulation thresholds for sinusoidally amplitude-modulated broadband noise were obtained from normal-hearing and sensorineural hearing-impaired listeners as a function of modulation frequency. The resulting temporal modulation transfer functions (TMTFs) indicated that the impaired listeners were generally less sensitive than the normals to amplitude modulation and, unlike previously published data from normal-hearing listeners, TMTFs in the impaired listeners were level dependent: sensitivity to modulation, particularly for modulation frequencies greater than 100 Hz, decreased with decreases in level. TMTFs were also obtained with band-limited noise from the normal-hearing listeners: the noise was low-pass filtered at 1.6 kHz after modulation and was generally presented with a 1.6-kHz high-pass masker. The TMTFs in the low-pass condition were similar to the TMTFs obtained with broadband noise from the impaired listeners, suggesting that the impaired temporal processing in the hearing-impaired listeners is a result of a narrower effective, ‘internal’ bandwidth. Increment thresholds for continuous broadband and low-pass noise were obtained in conditions similar to those in which TMTFs were obtained. In general, a similar power-law relationship between modulation threshold and increment threshold was found to exist for both the normal-hearing and the hearing-impaired listeners.     

Effects of feedback filtering on nasalization and self-perception of nasality

The effects of feedback filtering on nasality perception were investigated by having speakers produce sentences while hearing their voices unfiltered and low-pass filtered with cut-off frequencies of 1000, 500, and 300 Hz. As they spoke, speakers judged the nasality in their productions using a ratio scale. Measurements of nasalization were made with a miniature accelerometer attached to the side of the speaker's nose. Data obtained indicate that the speakers decreased their nasalization slightly when they heard their voices low-pass filtered at each cut-off frequency. However, they did not perceive consistent changes in their own nasality during the filtered conditions. These findings are interpreted as suggesting that nasalization is influenced by filtering air-conducted auditory information and that relationships between the acoustic correlates of nasalization and self-perception of nasality are complex.     

Burst and transition cues to voicing perception for spoken initial stops by impaired- and normal-hearing listeners

The use of cues to voicing perception of initial stop consonants in multiple spoken syllables was studied for moderately/severely hearing-impaired (n = 43) and normal-hearing listeners (n = 12). The test stimuli were ten utterances each of the syllables/baed, gaed, daed, paed, kaed, taed/. The utterances were analyzed acoustically to confirm the presence of certain cues to initial-stop voicing, namely, differences in voice onset time (VOT), aspiration, and vowel-onset values of the first formant and of fundamental frequency (fo). Test conditions were prepared in which different portions of the syllable onsets were either deleted or interchanged for voicing-cognate syllables. Also the fo contour was flattened for syllable pairs via analysis/synthesis using linear predictor code (LPC) processing. The results confirmed that VOT was a strong voicing cue for both the hearing-impaired and normal-hearing listeners. When the aspirations of the voiceless stops were inserted between the release and the vowel of the voiced-stop syllables, the normal-hearing listeners perceived voiceless stops predominantly. The transition portions of the vowel onsets in burstless /baed, gaed, daed/ contained strong cues for voicing perception of /b,g,d/. The hearing-impaired listeners seemed less sensitive than the normal-hearing listeners to the aspiration-presence and the vowel-onset cues. The fo difference at vowel onset appeared to have no cue value for either group of listeners.     

Weighting of Static and Transition Cues in Voiceless Fricatives and Stops in Children Wearing Cochlear Implants

Objectives

To determine how normal-hearing adults (NHA), normal-hearing children (NHC) and children wearing cochlear implants (CI) differ in the perceptual weight given cues for fricative consonants (having a comparatively long static cue and short transition cue) versus stop consonants (having a comparatively short static cue and long transition cue).

Methods

Ten NHA, eleven 5- to 8-year-old NHC and eight 5- to 8-year-old children wearing CI were participated. Fricative /su/-/∫u/ and stop /pu/-/tu/continua were constructed by varying the fricative/burst cue and the F2 onset transition cue. A quantitative method of analysis (analysis of variance model) was used to determine cue weighting and measure cue interaction within groups.

Results

For the fricative consonant, all groups gave more weight to the frication spectral cue than to the formant transition. For the voiceless stop consonant, all groups gave more weight to the transition cue than to the burst cue. The CI group showed similar cue weighting strategies to age-matched NHC, but integration of cues by the CI group was not significant.

Conclusion

All groups favored the longer-duration cue in both continua to make phonemic judgments. Additionally, developmental patterns across groups were evident. Results of the current study may be used to guide development of CI devices and in efforts to improve speech and language of children wearing CIs.     

Effects of low-pass noise masking on auditory event-related potentials to speech

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effects of decreased audibility in low-frequency spectral regions, produced by low-pass noise masking, on cortical event-related potentials (ERPs) to the speech sounds /ba/ and /da/. DESIGN: The speech sounds were presented to normal-hearing adults (N = 10) at 65- and 80-dB peak-to-peak equivalent SPL while they were engaged in an active condition (pressing a button to deviant sounds) and a passive condition (ignoring the stimuli and reading a book). Broadband masking noise was simultaneously presented at an intensity sufficient to mask the response to the 65-dB speech sounds and subsequently low-pass filtered. The conditions were quiet (no masking), low-pass noise cutoff frequencies of 250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz, and broadband noise. RESULTS: As the cutoff frequency of the low-pass noise masker was raised, ERP latencies increased and amplitudes decreased. The low-pass noise affected N1 differently than the other ERP or behavioral measures, particularly for responses to 80-dB speech stimuli. N1 showed a smaller decrease in amplitude and a smaller increase in latency compared with the other measures. Further, the cutoff frequency where changes first occurred was different for N1. For 80-dB stimuli, N1 amplitudes showed significant changes when the low-pass noise masker cutoff was raised to 4000 Hz. In contrast, d', MMN, N2, and P3 amplitudes did not change significantly until the low-pass noise masker was raised to 2000 Hz. N1 latencies showed significant changes when the low-pass noise masker was raised to 1000 Hz, whereas RT, MMN, N2, and P3 latencies did not change significantly until the low-pass noise masker was raised to 2000 Hz. No significant differences in response amplitudes were seen across the hemispheres (electrode sites C3M versus C4M) in quiet, or in masking noise. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that decreased audibility, resulting from the masking, affects N1 in a differential manner compared with MMN, N2, P3, and behavioral measures. N1 indexes the presence of audible stimulus energy, being present when speech sounds are audible, whether or not they are discriminable. MMN indexes stimulus discrimination at a pre-attentive level. It was present only when behavioral measures indicated the ability to differentiate the speech sounds. N2 and P3 also were present only when the speech sounds were behaviorally discriminated. N2 and P3 index stimulus discrimination at a conscious level. These cortical ERP in low-pass noise studies provide insight into the changes in brain processes and behavioral performance that occur when audibility is reduced, such as with low frequency hearing loss.