Human minor and major gland saliva proteins and ability to mediate Actinomyces naeslundii adherence

Bacteria-binding components and the ability to mediate bacterial adhesion to the tooth surface have been thoroughly studied in major salivary gland secretions. Our knowledge on the bacteria binding activity in minor gland saliva is, however, limited. In this study, proteins were examined in parallel in minor (palatal, buccal and labial) and major (parotid and submandibular/sublingual) salivary gland secretions in one subject using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting. The adherence of early colonizing Actinomyces naeslundii to pellicles formed from the secretions on hydroxyapatite beads was also examined. Amylase, IgA, proline-rich proteins and the high-molecular-weight glycoproteins, agglutinins, were detected in all saliva tested. Carbohydrate-reactive antibodies recognized the low-molecular weight mucin, MUC 7 in submandibular/sublingual saliva only. A. naeslundii strain 12104 adhered to all pellicles and especially to the buccal gland saliva pellicles. Strain LY7 adhered in highest numbers to the submandibular/sublingual saliva pellicles. It also bound in considerable numbers to parotid and palatal saliva pellicles but not to the ones formed from buccal and labial gland saliva. Our findings indicate that several bacteria-binding components are secreted in both minor and major gland saliva. The adherence-promoting ability of the various gland secretions differs, however.     

放疗对小型猪腮腺颌下腺舌下腺微血管损伤影响的实验研究

目的:观察放疗对小型猪腮腺、颌下腺、舌下腺的微血管损伤状况。方法:将6只实验用小型猪分为2组。2组动物进行放疗,将双侧腮腺、颌下腺、舌下腺加入放射野中,放疗组20Gy/每侧,对照组0Gy/每侧。放疗结束后4 h处死两组动物,取两组动物腮腺、颌下腺、舌下腺标本行HE染色与CD31免疫组化染色,观察放疗早期3种腺体微血管密度变化。结果:两组小型猪腮腺、颌下腺、舌下腺CD31阳性染色颗粒数有显著差异(P＜0.05);3个腺体间统计结果有显著性差异(P＜0.05);腮腺与颌下腺及舌下腺有显著性差异(P＜0.05),颌下腺与舌下腺无显著性差异。结论:放疗可导致小型猪腮腺、颌下腺、舌下腺微血管密度明显减低,且各腺体间微血管密度减低有差异,腮腺的损伤程度大于颌下腺和舌下腺。     

140例第一、二鳃弓综合征患者腮腺发育状况分析

目的： 通过观察及评价第一、二鳃弓综合征（first and second branchial arch syndrome, FSBAS）患者头颅CT的腮腺影像,分析FSBAS患侧腮腺的发育状况。方法：回顾2013年1月—2018年11月在北京大学口腔医院口腔颌面外科接受治疗的140例第一、二鳃弓综合征病例,解读并整理放射科评价腮腺的CT报告结果,将其归纳为3类表现形式：第Ⅰ类—与对侧相比,腮腺大致对称;第Ⅱ类—患侧腮腺明显小于对侧（发育不良）;第Ⅲ类—患侧未见腮腺影像（缺如）。对3种类型的构成比进行分析。结果：140例FSBAS患者中,3类腮腺表现的构成比为第Ⅰ类32例,占22.9%;第Ⅱ类22例,占15.7%;第Ⅲ类86例,占61.4%。结论：第一、二鳃弓综合征的腮腺表型中,患侧腮腺缺如（或发育不良）占绝大多数。腮腺缺如或许可作为第一、二鳃弓综合征的主要表型之一。     

The effect of oral contraceptives on the concentration of some salivary substances in women.

Samples of stimulated whole saliva, as well as individual parotid and submandibular gland secretions, were collected repeatedly from twelve 23–26 years old women during one or two menstrual cycles before administration of oral contraceptives (Follinyl^®, Recip, Sweden; norgestrel 0.5 mg and ethinyloestradiole 0.05 mg) and for about 2 months after the start of the hormone administration.Although large individual variations in concentration of various substances were found in response to the hormone administration, some of the parameters showed systematic and significant changes. In stimulated whole saliva, protein, sialic acid, hexosamine, fucose, hydrogen ion concentration and total electrolyte concentration decreased. The secretion rates for both parotid and submandibular secretions increased. The sodium and hydrogen ion concentrations increased in parotid secretion and sodium in submandibular secretion. The differences in concentration could not be explained by differences in secretion rate.Variations in concentrations were for some parameters smaller during the hormone period than during the control period, indicating a stabilizing effect of the hormones.     

Alteration in salivary function in early HIV infection

The etiology of salivary gland hypofunction in HIV(+) patients is unclear. This study was designed to determine the effect of early-stage HIV(+) infection (CD4(+) > 200 cells/ micro L; n = 139) on salivary gland function and the relationship of this dysfunction to the taking of xerostomic medications. Salivary flow rates and the content of electrolytes and antimicrobial proteins in stimulated parotid and submandibular/sublingual saliva were determined. Compared with healthy controls (n = 50), the HIV(+) group showed significant reductions in flow rates of unstimulated whole (35%), stimulated parotid (47%), unstimulated submandibular/sublingual (23%), and stimulated submandibular/sublingual (39%) saliva. The flow rates for the HIV(+) patients taking xerostomic medications did not differ from those of patients who did not. Concentrations of some salivary gland components were altered in the HIV(+) group. Analysis of these data suggests that salivary gland function is adversely affected early in HIV infection and that these changes do not appear to be compounded by the taking of xerostomic medications.     

单一剂量单侧腮腺放射损伤对双侧腮腺结构和功能的影响

目的 研究单一大剂量射线照射单侧小型猪腮腺对双侧腮腺结构和功能影响。方法 14只小型猪一侧腮腺用直线加速分别给予15 Gy（7只）和20 Gy（7只）离子射线照射,4只做为空白对照。分别在放射前,放射后4周和16周观察腮腺唾液流率、腺体重量、腺泡面积和组织学变化。结果 4周时,15 Gy和20 Gy照射后放射侧腮腺重量下降达50%;15 Gy照射后放射侧腮腺唾液流率无明显下降,20 Gy照射后放射侧腮腺唾液流率减少约50％。16周时,15 Gy和20 Gy照射后放射侧腮腺重量下降达50%,组织学明显改变,照射后放射侧腮腺流率分别下降约60%及80%。非放射侧腮腺重量及形态均无明显变化,但20 Gy照射后16周时非放射侧腮腺唾液流率明显下降。结论 单一剂量照射后腮腺结构的改变相对唾液流率下降发生较早,唾液流率减少与腺泡面积的减少不完全成正相关。非照射侧腮腺形态变化不明显,但唾液流率明显下降。     

The effect of dietary consistency and water content on the parotid glands of submandibular and sublingual duct-ligated rats

The aim here was to estimate the significance of oral sensation and mastication on functional changes in the parotid glands of partially desalivated rats. Submandibular and sublingual duct-ligated and sham-operated control rats were fed three diets of similar chemical composition but different physical presentations. Two were solid, either pellets or powder, and one was liquid. Water and food intakes were similar for both the duct-ligated rats and sham-operated control rats when they ate the pelleted or powdered-diet, though more food was wasted by the duct-ligated rats in the powdered-diet group than in the pelleted-diet group. No food was wasted in the rats fed the liquid-diet. Parotid gland weight and amylase activity were greatest with the submandibular and sublingual duct-ligated rats fed the powdered-diet and smallest with the duct-ligated and sham-operated control rats fed the liquid-diet. The amount of food wasted correlated positively with the parotid gland weight and parotid amylase activity of the rats. These findings support the view that it is the contact of dry food with the oral mucosa rather than the jaw movements involved in mastication that increases parotid gland weight and amylase activity in partial desalivated rats.     

Lipopolysaccharide induced-in vivo increases in beta-defensins of the rat parotid gland

Antimicrobial beta-defensins are thought to protect epithelial surfaces. Their mobilization in response to inflammation was studied in the rat parotid gland using an ELISA assay. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), injected into the parotid duct on one side, induced a marked local inflammatory response in the parotid gland as judged by several fold increases in myeloperoxidase activity and, in histological sections, infiltration of neutrophils. Three hours after the injection, beta-defensin 1 and 3 were increased (by 41% and 15%, respectively, P<0.01) as compared to the contralateral gland. Though still elevated 6h after the injection, the percentage figures for beta-defensin 1 were, at this time, somewhat lower (30%) compared to the situation at 3h, while those for defensin 3 were significantly higher 65% (P<0.01); neither at the early nor at the late time of observation were any changes in the level of beta-defensin 2 observed. The beta-defensins under study were not detected in submandibular and sublingual glands, neither were they detected in the inflamed submandibular gland, showing also here several fold increases in myeloperoxidase activity and, in addition, the presence of inflammatory cells, following ductal injection of LPS towards the gland.     

Salivary gland involvement in HIV-1 infection.

After infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1, virus can be recovered from both whole saliva (the total fluid contents of the mouth) and individual major salivary gland secretions. The concentration of virus is low, and recovery is infrequent. Antibodies (primarily of the IgA class) to HIV-1 are found in saliva. Despite the presence of virus, the oral cavity does not appear to be a route of transmission for HIV-1. This may relate to protective properties of saliva. It has been reported that whole saliva and mixed submandibular/sublingual secretions inhibit the infectivity of the virus in vitro. HIV infection also induces alterations in salivary gland function. Both salivary output and composition may be affected.     

超声弹性成像在干燥综合征唾液腺病变中的应用价值

目的: 探讨超声弹性成像技术中应变率比值法（SR）和声辐射力脉冲成像法（ARFI）在干燥综合征（SS）唾液腺病变诊断中的应用价值。方法: 收集 2017年1月—2017年7月上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院口腔外科门诊确诊的干燥综合征患者36例,健康对照病例25例。对双侧腮腺及下颌下腺进行SR及ARFI检查,获得双侧腮腺及下颌下腺的SR和剪切波速度（SWV）。比较同一组内腮腺、下颌下腺左侧与右侧之间以及不同组间同侧腮腺、下颌下腺 SR和SWV 的差异。采用SPSS 22.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果: ①无论SS组还是健康对照组,左、右侧腮腺及下颌下腺之间SR值和SWV值差异均无显著性（P>0.05）;组间双侧腮腺、下颌下腺SR值差异均有显著性（P<0.05）;组间腮腺、下颌下腺SWV值差异均有显著性（P<0.05）。②以0.8962为截断值,采用SR检测腮腺、诊断SS的敏感度为77.8%,特异度为88.0%,曲线下面积达0.844;以0.8987为截断值,采用SR检测下颌下腺、诊断SS的敏感度为47.22%,特异度为84.0%,曲线下面积达0.652。③以1.6288为截断值,采用ARFI技术检测腮腺、诊断SS的敏感度为91.7%,特异度为88.0%,曲线下面积达0.943;以1.8788为截断值,采用ARFI技术检测下颌下腺、诊断SS的敏感度为44.4%,特异度为96.0%,曲线下面积0.614。结论: 超声弹性成像技术SR及ARFI可以提供腮腺及下颌下腺SR及SWV值,定量分析SS患者的腺体硬度,在临床诊断干燥综合征中有很好的应用价值。     

Parotid gland function and dentin apposition in rat molars

Previous studies have clearly established the down-regulating effect of a sucrose-rich diet on primary dentinogenesis in rat molars. Earlier observation of the negative effect of a high-sucrose diet on a parotid function involved in the control of intradentinal solute movement led us to hypothesize that parotid gland function(s) may have a role in regulating dentinogenesis. Dentin apposition in 1st and 2nd molars of young rats was measured by planimetry in sagittal sections. The following experimental variables were tested: standard and high-sucrose diets, removal of the parotid or the submandibular/sublingual glands, and diets in powder or pellet form. Removal of the submandibular/sublingual glands and changes in diet consistency did not significantly affect dentin apposition. Dentin apposition was significantly depressed by the high-sucrose diet or following parotidectomy. A further decrease followed the combination of the two treatments. Parotid glands appeared to exert a positive effect on dentin apposition in rat molars.     

保留腮腺导管切除腮腺良性肿瘤62例临床总结

目的:总结保留腮腺导管切除腮腺良性肿瘤及腮腺大部分浅叶或部分腮腺的优缺点。方法:对1995-02—2009-02期间收治的62例保留腮腺导管切除腮腺良性肿瘤的手术进行临床疗效分析。结果:腮腺肿瘤及腮腺大部分浅叶或部分腮腺切除后,残余腮腺仍有分泌功能,8例出现Frey综合征。结论:保留腮腺导管切除腮腺良性肿瘤及腮腺大部分浅叶或部分腮腺组织,术后残留腮腺有分泌功能,可作为腮腺良性肿瘤的手术方法。     

Nerve growth factor concentration in human saliva

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to measure the normal concentration of nerve growth factor (NGF) in healthy human saliva and to investigate the effects of age and gender differences on saliva NGF level. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Resting whole, stimulated parotid, and stimulated submandibular/sublingual saliva were collected from 127 healthy volunteers with ages ranging from 20 to 81 years. The saliva NGF concentration was measured by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The mean concentrations of NGF were 901.4 +/- 75.6 pg ml(-1) in resting whole saliva, 885.9 +/- 79.9 pg ml(-1) in stimulated parotid saliva, and 1066.1 +/- 88.1 pg ml(-1) in stimulated submandibular/sublingual saliva. The stimulated submandibular saliva showed lower NGF concentrations with increasing age (rho = -0.296, P = 0.001). The NGF concentrations of resting whole saliva (P = 0.025) and stimulated parotid saliva (P = 0.005) were significantly higher in women than men. The NGF concentration of stimulated submandibular saliva was significantly higher than stimulated parotid saliva (P = 0.005) and significantly correlated with stimulated parotid saliva NGF level (rho = -0.244, P = 0.008). We found measurable concentrations of NGF in all three sources of saliva; the concentration was affected by the source for the stimulated parotid and submandibular saliva, age for stimulated submandibular saliva, and gender difference for resting whole saliva and stimulated parotid saliva.     

The contribution of oral minor mucous gland secretions to the volume of whole saliva in man

To determine the contribution of minor mucous gland secretions to total saliva by a direct method, flow rates of both unstimulated and sour lemon drop (SLD)-stimulated saliva were initially determined in 15 subjects. The right and left lingual nerves were then anaesthetized to halt submandibular and sublingual secretion, and both parotid ducts were cannulated. The only remaining saliva in the mouth was that secreted by minor salivary glands. Unstimulated and SLD-stimulated minor mucous gland secretions were then collected and the median percentage contributions to whole saliva were calculated to be 8 and 7 per cent, respectively. Comparable results were obtained on 3 subjects using an indirect method similar to that of Schneyer (1956). With the left parotid duct cannulated, subjects maintained a constant, SLD-stimulated, left parotid flow rate of 1 ml/min and the remaining mixed saliva was collected to determine its flow rate. The right parotid and the submandibular and sublingual glands were then also cannulated and the flow rate from these glands determined whilst that from the left parotid was maintained at 1 ml/min. The contribution from minor mucous glands was the difference between the flow rate of mixed saliva and the combined flow rate from the right parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands.     

正常人泪液与唾液成份的比较

目的：比较正常人泪液、颌下腺及腮腺分泌液各种成份之间的差异，探讨用自身唾液代替泪液的可行性、可能发生的问题及解决方法。方法：常规生化检查方法测定30例正常人颌下腺分泌液、腮腺分泌液及泪液成份并进行比较。结果：正常人唾液和泪液成份比较显示，泪液中各项成份，唾液中均可检出，虽然颌下腺分泌液、腮腺分泌液及泪液某些成份上存在差异。但除钠含量及渗透压的值差异较大外，其余各项值的均值偏离不大。正常人泪液中也含有很高浓度的淀粉酶。结论：可以用自身颌下腺分泌的唾液代替泪液。     

电离辐射对大鼠颌下腺形态及功能的影响

目的：观察电离辐射对大鼠颌下腺形态及功能的影响。方法：一次性15Gy X射线局部照射大鼠唾液腺区，观察照射后30天内动物体重、颌下腺重量、毛果芸香碱的潜伏期（lag phase)、唾液流率、电解质、组织学等变化。结果：照射后大鼠体重及颌下腺重量减轻，唾液流率降低，Na^ 降低、K^ 升高，Ca^2 变化不显著、毛果芸香碱的潜伏期延长。早期主要是细胞形态结构的变化，晚期主要是唾液腺实质细胞萎缩，数量减少。结论：照射后大鼠颌吓腺发生了形态变化及不可逆性功能障碍。卷曲颗粒导管（CGT）细胞是靶细胞。     

15例腮腺淋巴腺瘤临床病理分析

目的：分析腮腺淋巴腺瘤的临床病理表现、治疗方法及预后。方法：回顾分析1993年1月—2017年7月上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院收治的15例腮腺淋巴腺瘤患者的临床资料,总结其临床病理特征、手术和预后情况。采用SAS 9.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果：15例患者中,男9例,女6例;发病年龄10~75岁,中位年龄50.5岁,60岁以上老年人多见（53.3%）。病程长短不一,最长达20余年,最短仅11 d;肿瘤好发于腮腺下极,直径均小于3 cm,无疼痛及面瘫症状,其中1例为多发肿瘤灶。14例为原发, 1例为外院腮腺肿瘤术后第二原发;皮脂型4例（1例癌变）,非皮脂型11例;免疫组织化学染色检测S-100、SMA、Vim、Des、Calp、Kp-1表达阴性,CK-p、CK8、CKH、CK19、EMA、P63表达阳性。13例患者均行保留面神经的腮腺浅叶或区域切除术,2例行保留面神经的腮腺全叶切除术。截止2019年6月,术后随访14例患者中,13例为良性肿瘤,1例为低度恶性肿瘤,均生存,无复发,面神经功能正常。随访最长时间159个月,最短49个月,中位时间111.5个月。结论：腮腺淋巴腺瘤是一种多发于老年人的良性肿瘤,病程长短不一,好发于腮腺下极,可呈多灶性,癌变少见,单纯手术切除预后佳。     

Radionuclide scan imaging of bilateral Warthin’s tumor and chronic inflammation in the submandibular glands of a patient with a history of heavy smoking

Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum, or Warthin’s tumor, is a benign tumor, primarily localized in the parotid glands. The tumor is more common in men than women, and it occurs usually in the fifth and sixth decades of life. Smoking seems to be one of the predisposing factors. The case of a 65-year-old man is described; he presented with a chief complaint of swelling in the bilateral parotid and submandibular glands. Imaging revealed a benign tumor in the right parotid gland, but only inflammation in both submandibular and the left parotid glands. A biopsy was carried out after rapidly increased swelling of the left parotid and left submandibular glands. Histopathological examinations revealed chronic sialadenitis. Superficial parotidectomies were performed 7 and 21 months after the initial visit on the right parotid and the left parotid glands, respectively. Histopathological examination revealed Warthin’s tumor in both parotid glands, with fibrogenesis and chronic sialadenitis in the submandibular glands.     

肌上皮细胞在腮腺再生过程中的变化

目的 研究腮腺再生过程中的肌上皮细胞（MEC）数量及分布的变化。方法 54只Wistar大鼠分为8个实验组和1个正常对照组,每组6只。实验组结扎大鼠右侧腮腺主导管,结扎后第14天使其再通,分别于再通后第0、1、3、5、7、10、14、21天获取腮腺组织标本,应用苏木精-伊红染色观察再生腺体的组织学变化,并采用免疫组织化学染色法定量分析MEC在腮腺再生不同时间点的数量及分布情况,并与正常对照组作比较。结果 腮腺组织于主导管结扎后第14天明显萎缩,多数腺泡细胞消失,导管样结构明显增多;而MEC数量明显增加,主要分布在导管样结构周围。导管再通后,从第3天开始,腺泡细胞明显增加,导管样结构明显减少,同时MEC数量减少,主要分布在新生腺泡及导管样结构周围,导管再通第3、5天时MEC数量下降最为明显;再通14 d后,腺体结构和MEC的数量及分布基本恢复正常,与正常对照组无明显差异。结论 MEC的数量和分布在腮腺萎缩后再生的第14天可基本恢复正常,腮腺的再生主要发生在主导管再通后的5 d内。