美颜护肤粉剂质量标准的研究

目的建立美颜护肤粉剂的质量标准。方法采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对美颜护肤粉剂中关黄柏、大黄进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定美颜护肤粉剂中的大黄素及大黄酚含量。结果 TLC斑点清晰,阴性对照无干扰;大黄含量测定大黄素及大黄酚,大黄素平均加样回收率为98.8%,RSD为2.0%;大黄酚平均加样回收率为99.0%,RSD为0.8%。结论方法简便、可靠、专属性强,可用于美颜护肤粉剂的质量控制。     

明黄膏质量标准的研究

目的:研究明黄膏质量标准.方法:采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对明黄膏中的主要成分大黄、黄连、苦参进行定性鉴别;高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定明黄膏中大黄酚的含量.结果:TLC色谱中均能明显地检出大黄、黄连、苦参;HPLC法测得本品中大黄酚的含量为0.267～0.308 mg·g-1;在10.02～100.16 mg·L-1的范围内,溶液的浓度与峰面积呈良好线性关系,r=0.999 9;加样平均回收率为98.48%(n=6),RSD为1.20%.结论:本品定性、定量方法简便、准确,专属性强,质量标准能够控制该制荆的内在质量.     

肾衰康胶囊质量标准研究

目的建立肾衰康胶囊的质量标准。方法采用TLC法对处方中大黄、黄芪、丹参、当归定性鉴别,并用HPLC法对制剂中的大黄进行含量测定。结果薄层色谱特征明显,阴性无干扰。大黄素在0.009 14～0.182 8μg,大黄酚在0.037 04～0.740 8μg范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率分别为98.0%和96.0%,RSD分别为0.7%和1.6%(n=6)。结论该方法具有简便易行、重现性好,结果可靠、专属性强等特点,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

素颜粉剂质量标准的研究

目的 建立素颜粉荆的质量标准.方法 采用薄层色谱鉴别法对方中黄柏进行定性鉴别;采用HPLC法测定方中大黄所含大黄素及大黄酚的含量.结果 薄层斑点清晰、重现性好;含量测定大黄素及大黄酚重现性良好,平均加样回收率为99.2%及99.6%,RSD分别为2.5%和1.6%.结论 方法简便、准确、可用于本品的质量控制.     

利胆片中药材的鉴别及大黄的含量测定

目的:提高利胆片的质量标准.方法:采用薄层色谱(TLC)法鉴别金银花、黄芩、知母及白芍,用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定方中大黄的含量.结果:TLC鉴别斑点明显.含量测定大黄素0.01064～0.3192 μg、大黄酚0.02586～0.7758 μg,进样量与峰面积线性关系良好.平均加样回收率大黄素为99.80%,RSD=0.78%(n=6);大黄酚为99.72%,RSD=1.18%(n=6).结论:建立的TLC鉴别和HPLC含量测定方法专属性强、重复性好,可用于利胆片的质量控制.     

复方山芪参胶囊的质量标准

目的:建立复方山芪参胶囊的质量标准。方法:采用TLC法对复方山芪参胶囊中山楂、黄连、黄芪及丹参进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定其中大黄素及大黄酚的总量。结果:薄层色谱法可明显鉴别出该制剂中的山楂、黄连、黄芪及丹参;大黄素在1.0～30.1μg·ml~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),平均回收率为100.1%,RSD为1.8%,n=5;大黄酚在1.03～31.02μg·ml~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为97.5%,RSD为1.5%,n=5。结论:该方法简便、准确、重复性好,可有效控制复方山芪参胶囊的质量。     

肾八味胶囊中大黄的测定

目的对肾八味胶囊中的大黄进行鉴别和含量测定.方法采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对处方中的大黄进行鉴别,并采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定其含量.结果TLC鉴别大黄素、大黄酚斑点清晰.HPLC定量分析中,大黄素的线性范围为1.1～22.0 mg·L-1,r=0.999 2;平均回收率为96.7%,RSD为2.0%(n=5).大黄酚的线性范围1.2～24.0 mg·L-1,r=0.999 7;平均回收率为101.6%,RSD为1.9%(n=5).结论薄层鉴别大黄素、大黄酚,方法专属、斑点清晰;HPLC法测定其含量,方法准确,重复性好.     

肾复康胶囊的质量标准研究

摘 要 目的： 建立肾复康胶囊的质量标准。方法: 采用显微鉴别法对肾复康胶囊中大黄、当归和全蝎进行定性鉴别;采用TLC法对肾复康胶囊中的大黄、何首乌、山茱萸、丹参、川牛膝、黄芪进行定性鉴别;采用HPLC法对制剂中大黄酚的含量。结果: 大黄、何首乌、山茱萸、丹参、川牛膝、黄芪薄层色谱斑点清晰、重现性好、专属性强、阴性对照无干扰。含量测定中大黄酚在1.712~17.120  μg·ml^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为101.2%,RSD=0.34%（n=6）。结论:所建立的定性、定量方法简便易行,重复性好,为肾复康胶囊提供了质量控制方法。     

痔疮胶囊质量标准的建立

目的：建立痔疮胶囊的质量标准。方法：采用TLC法对处方中的大黄、功劳木、白芷、冰片进行定性鉴别;采用HPLC法对痔疮胶囊大黄中的大黄素、大黄酚进行含量测定。结果：定性鉴别易于判别,专属性强;含量测定中大黄素进样量在25.8~516.0 ng的范围内线性关系良好（r =0.9999）,平均回收率为97.31%（RSD =0.69%,n =6）,大黄酚进样量在51.1~1022.0 ng的范围内线性关系良好（r=1.0000）,平均回收率为97.63%（RSD=0.72%,n=6）。结论：所建立的方法能准确可靠地进行定性、定量检测,重复性好,可作为痔疮胶囊的质量控制标准。     

大黄排毒胶囊的制备及质量标准研究

目的:制备大黄排毒胶囊并建立其质量控制标准。方法:采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法对大黄的主要成分芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚进行定性、定量分析;采用薄层色谱法(TLC)用土大黄苷对照品进行大黄的真伪检查。结果:TLC中样品在土大黄苷对照品斑点相应位置无持久的亮紫色斑点;HPLC法测定制剂中芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚4种成分的含量,4种成分与其他成分分离良好;芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚浓度分别在1.07~21.36μg/m L、3.93~78.50μg/m L、0.85~16.92μg/m L、6.95~69.50μg/m L浓度范围内与峰面积有良好的线性关系,平均回收率分别为102.73%、100.86%、98.16%、100.07%,RSD分别为0.16%、0.14%、0.13%、0.64%。大黄排毒胶囊的质量稳定,其性状、水分、装量差异、崩解时限及芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚4种成分的总量等检验指标符合质量标准。结论:本制备工艺简单可行,所建立的质量标准可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.