髌骨骨折不同改良方式张力带钢丝固定的生物力学研究及临床应用

【摘要】目的 为临床选择有效的骸骨骨折内固定方式提供实验依据。方法 取4具外伤截肢后下肢,保留股四头肌健、骸骨、骸韧带及关节囊,将股骨、腔骨固定在材料试验机上,维持腔股关节屈曲36”位,通过牵拉肌腥产生张力,用线性运动传感器测定骨折移位,移位3rum为固定失效,测AO张力带钢丝、昏氏张力带钢丝、“8”字张力带钢丝和Magnt,&x)tl钢丝4种固定法。结果“8”字张力带钢丝和肯氏张力带钢丝固定效果最好,AO张力带钢丝次之,三者均能承受294N以上牵张力,允许术后早期活动,M哪——钢丝不能承受294N以上牵张力,固定欠可靠。临床应用“8”字张力带钢丝固定治疗骸骨骨折42例,其中横断骨折36例,粉碎性骨折6例,随访6~26个月,优良率达95.2%。结论 克氏针“8”字张力带钢丝固定是治疗骸骨骨折首选方法,其固定效果可靠,疗效高。     

Netzwerkpartner Arbeitstherapeut im Rehabilitationsmanagement

Due to the functional importance of the patella, accurate reduction and rigid fixation of patellar fractures are required. Tension band wiring has long been the standard treatment of these fractures, but there are several problems associated with this technique, e.g. loosening of the wires, fracture dislocation and poor outcome. Another possibility in the treatment of transverse patellar fractures is screw fixation. Although this technique ensures stable osteosynthesis, anatomical reduction is often problematic, especially in comminuted fractures. A good option in the treatment of (comminuted) patellar fractures is the newly designed locking patella plate, which combines anatomical reduction and stable osteosynthesis. In biomechanical tests the plate provided a more stable fixation of the patellar fracture and showed higher mechanical strength compared to classic tension band wiring. The first clinical applications achieved optimal fracture reduction. No complications have occurred to date following the use of the plate. Thus the patella plate represents a good option in the treatment of patellar fractures.     

Pyrford钢丝环扎张力带内固定治疗髌骨骨折的生物力学分析及临床研究

[目的] 测试Pvrford钢丝环扎加张力带内固定治疗髌骨骨折的生物力学特性，为临床治疗提供理论依据。[方法] 采集新鲜牛尸体膝关节标本，制成髌骨骨折模型，用Pyrford钢丝环扎加张力带固定，并与克氏针张力带、单纯钢丝环扎进行对照比较。[结果]Pyrford钢丝环扎加张力带内固定其强度和刚度相当于传统的8字形克氏针张力带，而且髌骨的应变、位移很小。临床应用Pyrford钢丝环扎加张力带内固定治疗髌骨骨折105例，随访6～23个月，优良率达98％。[结论]Pyrford钢丝环扎加张力带固定完全符合髌骨的生物力学性能，且能达到解剖复位，操作简便，固定牢固，适应早期功能锻炼的目的。     

内固定法治疗肘关节骨折

目的探讨采用内固定方法治疗肘关节新鲜和陈旧骨折的疗效。方法对治疗的 10例肘关节内骨折的病例进行回顾性分析,其中男 9例,女 1例;新鲜骨折 6例,陈旧骨折 4例;开放性骨折 4例,闭合性骨折 6例。开放性骨折中有 3例常规清创后采用内固定术或内固定术＋推进皮瓣术, 1例待伤口愈合按闭合性骨折处理。全部病例分别采用张力带、张力带＋螺钉内固定、螺钉内固定。结果平均随访 8个月,伤口均一期愈合,骨愈合时间为 3～ 4个月,新鲜骨折康复后的平均总活动度为伸屈- 4.2°～ 144.2° ,陈旧骨折平均总活动度为伸屈- 31.3°～ 115°,前臂旋转无受限。结论肘关节内骨折应早期手术同时做到解剖复位、坚强内固定,并行早期功能锻炼。     

国产可吸收螺钉在尺骨鹰嘴骨折中的临床应用

目的 探讨国产聚-DL-乳酸可吸收螺钉治疗尺骨鹰嘴骨折的效果. 方法 1999年12月至2006年12月,对54例尺骨鹰嘴骨折分别采用国产聚-DL-乳酸可吸收螺钉(22例)和张力带钢丝(32例)同定,对两组的疗效进行对比.结果 所有患者均一期愈合,随访7～49个月(平均24.8个月).按照Weseley标准评定肘关节功能:螺钉组优良率为90.9%(20/22).无肘后疼痛及局部隆起,螺钉致上尺桡关节固定1例,术后5个月时旋转功能完全恢复.1例伴尺桡骨中段骨折者于术后2周复查X线片时发现鹰嘴骨折部内固定失效,骨折块分离移位,改行张力带钢丝固定,术后12个月复查,肘关节功能为良.张力带组优良率为93.8%(30/32),无内固定失效,肘后隆起伴活动时刺痛9例(28.1%),X线片显示克氏针退针3例(9.4%).所有患者均在手术后8～15个月内行第二次手术,取出内固定物.经非参数检验(Wilcoxon检验),两组优良率差异无统计学意义(W=845.0,P=0.485). 结论 国产聚-DL-乳酸可吸收螺钉完全能用于治疗尺骨鹰嘴横形、斜形及骨块较大且相对完整的粉碎性骨折,且效果满意.由于可吸收螺钉能完全降解,避免二次手术,在减少患者治疗时间和费用、更快恢复原有工作方面具有明显的优势.     

Modified tension band wiring fixation for avulsion fractures of the calcaneus in osteoporotic bone: a review of three patients

Calcaneal avulsion fractures are not uncommon, and they are probably more likely in patients with osteoporosis. Closed manipulation for this type of fracture often fails to achieve acceptable reduction, and open reduction and internal fixation are usually required. However, open reduction and internal fixation with either a lag screw or Steinmann pins do not provide satisfactory fixation in patients with diabetes and elderly patients because of the presence of porotic bone. Levi described a tension band fixation system used to treat a calcaneal avulsion fracture using a simple technique performed with a transverse Kirschner wire through the os calcaneus, securing a figure-of-8 metal tension band wiring to the fragment. We report the successful treatment of 3 patients with calcaneal avulsion fractures using a modified tension band wiring technique, resulting in satisfactory recovery. Re-displacement of the fragment during the initial follow-up period was not reported, and bony union was achieved in all patients. We believe this technique is a useful surgical option for the treatment of calcaneal avulsion fractures.     

Abrissfraktur der Basis des Os metatarsale V

Objective Anatomic reduction and stable internal fixation of fifth metatarsal base avulsion fractures. Indications Fifth metatarsal base avulsion fractures displaced by > 2 mm. Secondary displacement of undisplaced fractures. Symptomatic nonunion. Contraindications Poor soft tissue conditions. Undisplaced fractures or fractures with a displacement of < 2 mm. Surgical Technique Exposure of the fracture through a dorsolateral approach avoiding an injury to the dorsolateral cutaneus nerve. Reduction and tension band wiring or screw fixation. Results Between May 1995 and July 1999, eleven internal fixations were performed in eleven patients (six men, five women, average age 43 years). A tension band wiring was done ten times and a screw fixation once. Average length of hospital stay 9.3 days. One infection occurred requiring revision. Ten patients were followed up after an average of 29 (24–36) months. All patients were symptom-free. No nonunion. Hypoesthesia of the scar was found in five patients.     

Fifth Metatarsal Base Avulsion Fractures

Objective Anatomic reduction and stable internal fixation of fifth metatarsal base avulsion fractures. Indications Fifth metatarsal base avulsion fractures displaced by > 2mm. Secondary displacement of undisplaced fractures. Symptomatic nonunion. Contraindications Poor soft tissue conditions. Undisplaced fractures or fractures with a displacement of < 2 mm. Surgical Technique Exposure of the fracture through a dorsolateral approach avoiding an injury to the dorsolateral cutaneus nerve. Reduction and tension band wiring or screw fixation. Results Between May 1995 and July 1999, eleven internal fixations were performed in eleven patients (six men, five women, average age 43 years). A tension band wiring was done ten times and a screw fixation once. Average length of hospital stay 9.3 days. One infection occurred requiring revision. Ten patients were followed up after an average of 29 (24-36) months. All patients were symptom-free. No nonunion. Hypoesthesia of the scar was found in five patients.     

克氏针和空心钉张力带内固定治疗横断型髌骨骨折生物力学研究

目的比较空心拉力钉张力带系统和克氏针张力带系统内固定治疗横断型髌骨骨折的生物力学特性。方法对6具新鲜尸体12个下肢标本,开放截骨造成横断型髌骨骨折模型,随机采用空心拉力钉张力带和克氏针张力带固定,在膝关节伸直位加载使髌骨关节面移位达3 mm或最大加载负荷达300 N、周期性牵拉股四头肌腱使膝关节在伸直和屈曲90°之间运动10个周期记录骨折的最大位移以及膝关节固定在屈曲位45°使骨折移位达6 mm的最大载荷进行生物力学测定。结果空心拉力钉张力带组在膝关节伸直位、周期性牵拉股四头肌使膝关节在伸直和屈曲90°之间运动以及屈曲45°时都较克氏针张力带组具有更好的生物力学稳定性。结论空心拉力钉张力带系统较克氏针张力带系统能够提供更稳定的固定效果,为横断型髌骨骨折的一期愈合及患者早期进行功能锻炼以更好地恢复关节功能提供可能。     

切开复位克氏针张力带与闭合复位经皮空心钉内固定治疗髌骨骨折的疗效比较

目的比较切开复位克氏针张力带与闭合复位经皮双头加压空心钉内固定治疗髌骨骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析自2013-01—2016-01诊治的65例横形髌骨骨折,采用闭合复位经皮双头加压空心钉内固定治疗30例(空心钉组),采用切开复位克氏针张力带内固定治疗35例(张力带组)。比较2组术后0.5、3、6个月的VAS评分及膝关节功能Lysholm评分。结果 65例均获得随访6~12个月,平均8个月。张力带组2例出现克氏针松动退出刺激皮肤,取出内固定后缓解。空心钉组无内固定松动断裂及皮肤刺激等并发症。空心钉组术后0.5、3、6个月VAS评分均低于张力带组,空心钉组术后0.5、3、6个月膝关节功能Lysholm评分高于张力带组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论闭合复位经皮空心钉内固定治疗髌骨骨折可取得满意的临床效果,术后患者可以获得良好的膝关节功能,且疼痛轻,并发症少。     

锚钉结合张力带钢丝治疗髌骨下极骨折

目的研究锚钉结合张力带钢丝治疗髌骨下极骨折的疗效。方法我院于2008年3月至2009年9月采用锚钉结合张力带钢丝方法治疗髌骨下极骨折34例。术中以锚钉固定修补髌骨下极骨折块及髌韧带,并辅以胫骨结节至髌骨中上部的张力带钢丝。结果 34例患者均获12～25个月,平均17个月随访,所有骨折均愈合,2例术后出现局部浅表感染,经换药及相应抗炎治疗后愈合。陆裕朴膝关节功能评定标准评价显示,优27例,良6例,可1例,优良率为97.1%。结论锚钉结合张力带钢丝治疗髌骨下极骨折固定牢靠,并发症少,效果确切。     

Cyclic loading of olecranon fracture fixation constructs

BACKGROUND: Despite the good results that are usually reported after fixation at the sites of olecranon fractures and osteotomies, problems such as loss of fixation, nonunion, and the need for revision surgery are still encountered. Various types of fixation have been recommended, but few have been evaluated with use of clinically relevant cyclic load testing at appropriate levels of stress. The purpose of the present study was to test multiple olecranon fixation techniques under physiologic cyclic loads. METHODS: We studied ten cadaveric elbows with use of cyclic loading that simulated (1) active range of motion and (2) pushing up from a chair. Each specimen underwent fixation of a simulated 50% transverse olecranon fracture with use of intramedullary and cortically fixed tension band constructs (in randomized order) followed by fixation with a 7.3-mm-diameter cancellous screw with and without a tension band. Displacement transducers were placed posteriorly on the tension side and anteriorly near the articular surface. RESULTS: Both configurations involving the 7.3-mm-diameter cancellous screw provided the most stable fixation-nearly five times better than that provided by the Kirschner-wire techniques. Use of the tension band in conjunction with the intramedullary screw improved the stability of fixation. In none of the constructs did the AO tension band result in compression across the osteotomy gap. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of a 7.3-mm screw in conjunction with a tension band provided better fixation of simulated displaced transverse fractures than did the use of Kirschner wires in conjunction with a tension band or the use of a screw only. The AO principle of converting posterior tensile forces to articular compressive forces was not demonstrated in this study. We therefore question the validity of the tension band concept in olecranon fracture fixation and recommend passive rather than active range of motion in the immediate postoperative period to limit fracture distraction.     

微创与切开复位张力带固定治疗横断型髌骨骨折的生物力学比较

目的评价微创张力带固定法治疗横断型髌骨骨折的生物力学稳定性及牢固性。方法保留胫骨、股骨及完整膝关节新鲜成人尸体膝关节标本。制作髌骨横断骨折模型,采用微创或开放手术的张力带固定。膝关节屈曲36°位固定胫骨及股骨端将标本安装在MTS实验机上,通过牵拉股四头肌来拉伸和疲劳循环载荷来测试固定的稳定性。用线性传感器测量骨折分离距离,大于1mm为固定失败。结果所有固定在500N外加拉力作用下骨折分离距离均小于1mm,大于固定后即可活动所需最小294N的限度。微创和开放手术在即时和疲劳后的生物力学差异无统计学意义(p>0.05)。空心钉张力带的稳定性最好(P<0.05)。结论根据生物力学原则,微创张力带固定法治疗髌骨骨折能够满足骨折愈合所需的稳定性,允许骨折固定后即可活动和功能锻炼。     

间接复位、经皮股骨髁万向锁定板倒置治疗股骨转子间及转子下骨折

目的探讨间接复位、经皮股骨髁万向锁定板倒置治疗股骨转子间及转子下骨折治疗效果。方法对28例股骨转子间及转子下骨折患者,均采用牵引床间接复位、穿皮股骨髁万向锁定板倒置固定。结果 28例均获得随访,时间5-11个月。骨折愈合时间为3-6个月。无肢体短缩、髋内翻等并发症。结论对外侧壁粉碎或反斜行骨折、髓腔过细不适合髓内固定、假体周围骨折等股骨转子间及转子下骨折,采用间接复位、股骨髁万向锁定板倒置固定效果良好。     

The role of cancellous screw with tension band fixation in the treatment of displaced olecranon fractures,a comparative study

Introduction  Fractures of the olecranon are among the most common injuries involving the upper extremity and require operative intervention if displaced. The most commonly used method of fixation for this type of fracture is the AO tension band wiring, although the results of this technique have been generally good, still problems have occurred, including loss of fixation, nonunion, and high re-operation rate for hardware removal. Aim of the study  To compare the results of treatment of displaced fractures of the olecranon using AO tension band wiring versus intramedullary screw with tension band. Materials and methods  In a prospective study, 30 patients with transverse or oblique olecranon fractures, were randomly divided into two equal groups, one group treated using AO tension band wiring the other group using an intramedullary cancellous screw plus tension band. Results  In the screw plus tension band group, 11 (73.3%) patients had excellent results, four (26.7%) had good results and none had fair or poor results, only one(6.6%) patient required second operation for removal of prominent hardware. In the AO tension band group, six (40%) patients had excellent results, five (33.3%) had good, three (20%) had fair and one (6.7%) patient had poor result, and eight patients (53.3%) required second operation for removal of prominent hardware. Conclusion  Using an intramedullary screw combined with tension band in treatment of displaced transverse and oblique olecranon fractures gives better clinical results and has much less re-operation rate for removal of hardware when compared to AO tension band wire fixation, avoiding costs, work time loss and possible complications from hardware removal.     

可吸收张力带在骨折中的临床应用

目的探讨可吸收张力带固定的生物力学性能及其在骨折治疗的临床应用效果。方法72例髌骨和20例尺骨鹰嘴骨折采用可吸收张力带治疗。结果患者全部获得随访,骨折得到愈合,未发生骨折断端再移位。结论可吸收张力带在临床应用治疗骨折具有较好的生物力学性能和效果,能避免金属内固定物可能产生的诸多并发症,且无需二次取出。     

可吸收张力带内固定在髌骨骨折治疗中的应用

目的探讨可吸收钉和可吸收线组成的可吸收张力带内固定治疗髌骨骨折的临床疗效。方法应用可吸收张力带治疗髌骨骨折37例,术后伸直位石膏固定4～6周,拆除石膏后,功能锻炼。结果37例均获随访,时间3～36个月,骨折愈合时间2～3个月。根据Lysholm＆Gillquist膝关节评分标准：优27例,良7例,可3例,优良率92%。结论可吸收张力带内固定治疗髌骨骨折固定可靠,减少了二次手术的再损伤,最大限度恢复了关节功能。     

空心螺钉钢丝张力带治疗髌骨骨折

目的 探讨空心螺钉钢丝张力带治疗髌骨骨折的临床效果. 方法 2006年1月至2007年4月,运用空心螺钉钢丝张力带技术治疗髌骨骨折36例.根据AO分型:A型6例,C型30例.其中女23例,男13例,年龄45～86岁,平均58岁.所有患者均为闭合性损伤,直接暴力12例,间接暴力24例.切开复位后屈曲膝关节,二根1mm导针经髌骨上极或下极平行钻入,然后选择4.0mm半螺纹自攻空心螺钉沿导针拧入,最后经空心钉以"8"字的方式穿入钢丝并拧紧完成张力带结构. 结果 36例患者均获平均8个月的随访,平均愈合时间6周.所有患者无伤口感染、内固定松动、软组织激惹等并发症.采用Bostman髌骨骨折疗效评分标准于术后6周进行功能评定:优32例,良4例,优良率100%. 结论 空心拉力螺钉结合钢丝张力带技术治疗髌骨骨折固定可靠,软组织激惹和复位丢失率低,是一种值得推荐的治疗手段.     

Comparison of the clinical efficacy of different fixation systems for the treatment of transverse patellar fractures

Purpose: This study was designed to compare the clinical efficacy of “8” and “0” wire fixation systems combined with double-head cannulated compression screws or Kirschner wires for the treatment of transverse patellar fractures. Methods: From September 2011 to September 2018, patients with closed transverse patellar fractures treated with a double-head compression screw or Kirschner wire were included and analyzed retrospectively. Patients with patellar fractures combined with distal femoral fractures, tibial plateau fracture or preoperative lower limb dysfunction were excluded. The patients treated with the “8” tension band wire fixation system and Kirschner wire were taken as Group A; those treated with the “0” fixation system and Kirschner wire were taken as Group B; those treated with the “8” fixation system and double-head cannulated compression screw were taken as group C; and those treated with the “0” fixation system and double-head cannulated compression screw were taken as group D. Six weeks and one year after the operation and every month from the third month after the operation until the fractures healed, an X-ray examination was performed to identify fracture healing. The time of fracture healing and postoperative complications of the four groups were compared. One year after the operation, knee function was evaluated by Bostman’s score. Results: During the study period, 168 patients with patellar fractures were treated by operations, and 88 patients were excluded because the fracture type did not meet the requirements or because there were combined fractures of the distal femur or tibial plateau. As a result, 80 patients were included in this study, 20 in each group. All the patients were followed up for an average period of 12.2 months. Compared with Group A, patients in Group D presented less postoperative discomfort in the prepatellar region, quicker fracture healing, less fixation failure and better postoperative knee function scores (all p < 0.05). The incidence of internal fixation failure in Group (B+D) was lower than that in Group (A+C) (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The “0” wire fixation system combined with a double-head cannulated compression screw seems to be more beneficial than the other three fixation systems for the treatment of transverse patellar fractures.     

Biomechanical comparison of interfragmentary compression in transverse fractures of the olecranon

Compression and absolute stability are important in the management of intra-articular fractures. We compared tension band wiring with plate fixation for the treatment of fractures of the olecranon by measuring compression within the fracture. Identical transverse fractures were created in models of the ulna. Tension band wires were applied to ten fractures and ten were fixed with Acumed plates. Compression was measured using a Tekscan force transducer within the fracture gap. Dynamic testing was carried out by reproducing cyclical contraction of the triceps of 20 N and of the brachialis of 10 N. Both methods were tested on each sample. Paired t-tests compared overall compression and compression at the articular side of the fracture. The mean compression for plating was 819 N (sd 602, 95% confidence interval (CI)) and for tension band wiring was 77 N (sd 19, 95% CI) (p = 0.039). The mean compression on the articular side of the fracture for plating was 343 N (sd 276, 95% CI) and for tension band wiring was 1 N (sd 2, 95% CI) (p = 0.038). During simulated movements, the mean compression was reduced in both groups, with tension band wiring at -14 N (sd 7) and for plating -173 N (sd 32). No increase in compression on the articular side was detected in the tension band wiring group. Pre-contoured plates provide significantly greater compression than tension bands in the treatment of transverse fractures of the olecranon, both over the whole fracture and specifically at the articular side of the fracture. In tension band wiring the overall compression was reduced and articular compression remained negligible during simulated contraction of the triceps, challenging the tension band principle.