非粘附性液体栓塞剂Onyx栓塞脑动静脉畸形

目的 探讨非粘附性液体栓塞剂Onyx栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形的可行性和安全性。方法 采用Onyx液体栓塞剂栓塞24例脑动静脉畸形，并对血管内治疗效果和手术的注意事项进行分析。结果 24例患者经过26次Onyx栓塞操作。畸形血管团完全栓塞5例，70％以上栓塞11例，70％以下栓塞8例。并发症情况：术后出血1例，未能撤出微导管而留置体内2例。其余病例无严重并发症。结论 Onyx栓塞脑动静脉畸形允许术者长时间缓慢注射，在掌握一定的推注技巧和控制返流技术后，可以显著提高脑动静脉畸形血管内治疗的效果。     

Onyx液态栓塞剂在脑动静脉畸形治疗中的应用及栓塞后处理的探讨

目的 总结探讨Onyx胶在脑动静脉畸形(AVM)栓塞治疗中的应用及栓寨后治疗.方法 共21例DSA确诊的脑AVM患者,采用Onyx胶治疗;根据栓塞程度行栓塞后处理(随访、立体定向放射治疗、显微手术等).结果 影像学完全栓塞8例(38%),其中术后少最蛛网膜下腔出血1例;次全栓塞4例(19%),1例术后重度脑水肿去骨瓣后因颅内感染自动出院失访,随访观察1例,伽玛刀治疗2例;部分栓塞9例(43%),其中5例手术完全切除,2例伽玛刀治疗,另2例随访观察,其中1例术后3个月出现脑室内出血.结论 Onyx液态栓塞剂有较好的弥散性和可控性,能有效改善脑AVM的栓塞效果,对次全栓塞者可选择随访观察或伽玛刀治疗,部分栓塞者应首先考虑手术切除.     

应用Onyx液态栓塞剂治疗脑动静脉畸形的探讨

目的 探讨应用Onyx液态栓塞剂栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形及其综合治疗。方法 采用Onyx对19例脑动静脉畸形进行血管内栓塞治疗，1例因有高流量的脑动静脉畸形而先应用可脱性弹簧圈将血流减速再应用Onyx液态栓塞剂栓塞，平均注胶时间30min。结果 95％栓塞2例；70％以上8例；30％～70％9例。并发症术后出血2例，微导管留置体内1例。结论 Onyx栓塞脑动静脉畸形好的弥散性和注胶可控性强，结合放疗有助于提高脑动静脉畸形的治疗效果。     

Onyx胶栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形29例临床分析

目的总结探讨Onyx胶栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形(AVM)的方法、临床效果和安全性。方法 2006年7月至2009年12月,对29例经过DSA确诊的脑AVM患者采用Onyx胶栓塞治疗,根据栓塞程度选择分期再次栓塞、显微手术切除或伽玛刀治疗并随访。结果 1次栓塞手术后完全栓塞9例(31.0%),2次栓塞手术后完全栓塞8例(27.6%),次全栓塞7例(24.1%),部分栓塞5例(17.2%),2例残余畸形血管团行伽玛刀治疗,1例栓塞术后出现脑内血肿,显微手术清除血肿及残余畸形血管团,手术后无明显神经功能障碍,2例观察随访,无死亡病例。所有患者栓塞术后均未出现原有神经功能障碍加重的情况。结论 Onyx胶作为新型的液态栓塞剂,具有良好的弥散性和可控性,是目前较理想的治疗脑AVM的栓塞材料,能够有效地栓塞脑AVM,但要求术者具有熟练的操作技巧。     

Onyx胶栓塞脑动静脉畸形31例

摘要 背景：在脑动静脉畸形的血管内栓塞治疗中,栓塞材料的选用在很大程度上决定血管内栓塞治疗的效果。Onyx胶是近年研制的一种新型液体栓塞剂,具有不粘管、弥散均匀及可控性好等优点。 目的：总结新型液态栓塞剂Onyx胶栓塞脑动静脉畸形31例的技术要点和临床疗效。 方法：应用Onyx胶栓塞脑动静脉畸形31例,均采用Seldinger技术在股动脉内置入6F动脉鞘,6F导引导管插入颈内动脉或椎动脉,Marathon微导管超选择进入畸形血管团内,采用“注胶-返流-停止-再注胶”技术长时间缓慢注射Onyx胶栓塞脑动静脉畸形。 结果与结论：栓塞后脑动静脉畸形闭塞40%~60% 8例,60%~90% 7例,90%以上(完全栓塞)16例。未能完全栓塞的15例中,4例接受手术治疗,其中3例痊愈,1例单侧肢体乏力,肌力Ⅳ级;6例患者术后辅以伽玛刀治疗,其中2例1年以后复查DSA显示脑动静脉畸形完全闭塞。提示Onyx可提高脑动静脉畸形的栓塞效果,但应正确采用栓塞技术和注意预防并发症。 关键词：动静脉畸形;Onyx胶;血管内栓塞治疗;并发症;生物材料 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.12.024     

Onyx胶栓塞治疗基底节区脑动静脉畸形体会

目的探讨Onyx胶栓塞治疗基底节区脑动静脉畸形安全性及临床效果。方法 2007-06-2012-05我们对6例基底节区脑AVM患者采用Onyx胶栓塞治疗。结果完全栓塞3例(50.0%),次全栓塞2例(33.3%),部分栓塞1例(16.7%),3例残余畸形行伽玛刀治疗,无死亡病例。所有患者栓塞术后均未出现原有神经功能障碍加重的情况。结论 On-yx胶作为新型的液态栓塞剂,具有良好的弥散性和可控性,对基底节区脑AVM的治疗安全有效,但栓塞率和供血动脉多少、粗细有一定关系。     

Onyx胶栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形的临床应用

目的总结新型液态栓塞剂Onyx栓塞脑动静脉畸形21例的技术要点和临床疗效。方法Onyx栓塞脑动静脉畸形21例，均采用Seldinger技术在股动脉内置入6F鞘，6F导引导管进入颈内动脉或椎动脉，Ultraflow、Marathon或Rebar微导管超选择进入畸形血管团内，采用“注胶-返流-停止-再注胶”技术长时间缓慢注射Onyx栓塞脑动静脉畸形。结果栓塞前后脑动静脉畸形闭塞30%～50%7例，50%～80%8例，80%以上6例。10例患者术后辅以伽玛刀治疗，其中2例一年以后复查DSA显示AVM完全闭塞。结论Onyx可提高脑动静脉畸形的栓塞效果，但应正确采用栓塞技术和注意预防并发症，长期疗效需要进一步随访。     

Onyx栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形并发症的预防护理

目的 探讨Onyx栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形并发症的预防护理.方法 采用Onyx栓塞治疗18例脑动静脉畸形.结果 18例栓塞治疗后,畸形血管团完全或近全栓塞12例,部分栓塞6例(其中5例明显缩小达到可行伽玛刀治疗程度),术中1例出现少量出血,无1例死亡和粘管.结论 并发症的预防护理是脑动静脉畸形栓塞治疗取得理想疗效的关键,加强术中、术后护理,可有效减少并发症的发生.     

脑动静脉畸形的血管构筑特征与使用Onyx栓塞治疗的体会

目的 探讨脑动静脉畸形的血管构筑特征与使用Onyx进行血管内栓塞治疗的技巧. 方法 选择自2005年3月至2006年12月广州医学院附属第二医院神经外科收治的26例脑动静脉畸形患者,根据脑血管造影和超选择造影后脑动静脉畸形的血管构筑特征,使用Onyx进行血管内栓塞治疗. 结果 脑动静脉畸形栓塞治疗前需分析房隔结构.引流静脉数量,引流是否通畅,供血方式及混合伴有动脉瘤或静脉结构等.粗大、危险性小的供血动脉及伴发动脉瘤的脑动静脉畸形应优先栓塞,对于多支供血的脑动静脉畸形需保护引流静脉.本组栓塞治疗后畸形血管团完全消失7例,消失90%以上10例,消失70%～90%的7例.消失70%以下2例. 结论 全面的脑血管造影可正确指导使用Onyx栓塞治疗脑动静脉畸形,掌握一定的推注技巧可以显著提高脑动静脉畸形血管内治疗的效果.     

Onyx胶治疗脑动静脉畸形相关动脉瘤二例及文献复习

目的 探讨Onyx胶治疗动静脉畸形(AVM)相关的供血动脉蒂动脉瘤中的应用价值.方法 结合文献复习,回顾性分析2例大脑后动脉远端AVM相关的大型供血动脉蒂动脉瘤病例资料.结果 根据病变血管构筑特征及临床特点,对1例病人采用Onyx胶结合弹簧圈的方法进行栓塞,而对另1例病人则采用单纯利用Onyx胶进行栓塞.结果 提示Onyx胶结合弹簧圈的方法能降低术中动脉瘤破裂的风险,并能达到致密栓塞.结论 Onyx胶结合弹簧圈的方法有助于治疗动静脉畸形(AVM)相关的大型供血动脉蒂动脉瘤.     

立体定向伽玛刀治疗脑动静脉畸型研究

目的评估伽玛刀(γ-刀)立体定向放射手术治疗脑动静脉畸形(AVM)的疗效;探讨脑AVM的γ-刀治疗定位方法。方法用立体定向Leksellγ-刀放射外科治疗系统对216例脑AVM进行γ-刀立体定向放射手术,并随访17～31个月。男性患者162例,女性54例,年龄1.5～83岁(Md=26),Spetzler Martin分级:I级42例,Ⅱ级68例,Ⅲ级95例,Ⅳ级7例及Ⅴ级4例。AVM体积0.3～43.9cm3(Md=7.1),放射手术周边剂量12～30Gy,平均(21.2±6.4)Gy。用1.5Tesla磁共振行磁共振血管造影(MRA)定位156例,数字减影血管造影(DSA)定位22例,MRA与DSA联合定位38例。结果γ-刀治疗后的AVM闭塞情况和并发症的发生与其体积、分级、定位方法、周边剂量、剂量规划及质量控制等因素有关。对体积≤5.0cm3或Spetzler Martin分级<Ⅲ级及周边剂量≥20Gy者,其2年闭塞率超过78.5%。本组有4例γ-刀放射手术后出血,9例并发有明显症状的放射性脑水肿。结论γ-刀高科技手术是治疗脑AVM的一种安全、有效的方法,特别是Spetzler MartinI-Ⅱ级或体积≤5.0cm3的AVM及周边剂量≥20Gy者疗效较好;DSA结合MRA联合定位对提高AVM的闭塞率、降低并发症有帮助。     

复合手术在脑动静脉畸形治疗中的应用

目的 总结一站式复合手术在治疗脑动静脉畸形中的临床经验。方法 回顾性分析2014年4月至2017年11月采取复合手术治疗的24例脑动静脉畸形的临床资料,术前Spetzler-Martin分级Ⅲ级8 例,Ⅳ级14例,V级2例。14例术中先做治疗性供血动脉栓塞再进行手术切除,另10例直接行手术切除;全部病人均在切除病灶后行术中造影以评估切除程度。结果 24例畸形血管团全切除。20例术后恢复良好,4例术前昏迷病人术后意识障碍改善。没有死亡病人,未发生与介入相关的并发症。24例术后随访6个月至2年,16例行DSA、8例CTA检查;除1例存在部分病灶残留外,其余23例均无病灶残留或复发;日常生活能力分级Ⅰ级16例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级4例。结论 复合手术为脑动静脉畸形提供了一个新的外科治疗方案;该技术可简化多次介入以及显微手术的治疗过程,并且能够实时地对切除情况进行精准地评估,是一项安全有效的治疗方式。     

Treatment of arteriovenous malformation of the brain – preliminary experience

With the availability of new techniques, such as intravascular embolisation and radiosurgery, the therapeutic approach to arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the brain has recently been modified. The present study reports the authors, experiences in treating AVMs over the past 13 years. Spetzler-Martin grading of AVMs was I and II in 19 cases, III in 12, IV in 5 and V in 1 case. Four therapeutic regimens were utilised: surgical resection alone, embolisation and resection, and radiosurgery alone or after surgical resection. Generally, for low-grade AVMs (Spetzler-Martin grades I, II and III), the therapeutic choice was surgical resection in 27 cases, in combination with pre-operative embolisation in two of these patients. Two cases received radiotherapy only and one case received radiosurgery after embolisation, while one case was treated conservatively. Of the five cases of grade IV, four required surgical treatment, whereas the fifth case was treated conservatively. Favourable results (good recovery and moderate disability) were obtained in 96% of the low-grade AVMs as compared with the high-grade AVMs (66%) that had a poor outcome (due to primary brain damage resulting from haemorrhage at the onset in three cases and due to postoperative re-bleeding in one case). This report summarises preliminary experience in treating intracranial AVMs by surgical resection, intravascular embolisation and radiotherapy. Good therapeutic results can be expected by combining these therapeutic modalities.     

脑动静脉畸形的临床治疗

目的探讨脑动静脉畸形（AVM）的临床治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2010年2月至2013年10月收治的123例脑AVM患者的临床资料。显微手术治疗70例,血管内治疗53例。结果手术治疗70例中,病灶完全切除61例;小部分残留患者9例,其中7例行伽玛刀治疗;术后随访3个月至2年,按GOS评分：恢复良好59例,中残6例,重残3例,植物生存1例,死亡1例。栓塞治疗53例中,一次完全栓塞21例;分次完全栓塞25例;小部分残留7例,行伽玛刀治疗;术后随访3个月-2年,按GOS评分：恢复良好48例,中残3例,植物生存1例,死亡1例。结论显微手术是脑AVM最主要的治疗方法;血管内栓塞既可以单独用于治疗,又可以作为显微手术重要辅助手段;病灶体积较大、位置在功能区或结构复杂的脑AVM常需要联合治疗。     

Surgical results in pediatric Spetzler-Martin grades I-III intracranial arteriovenous malformations.

OBJECTS: The goal of cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) therapy in pediatric patients should be complete resection or obliteration of the AVM to eliminate subsequent hemorrhage, because of high mortality and morbidity rates related to hemorrhage in addition to the longer life expectation. Despite advances in Gamma knife radiosurgery and in endovascular embolization, surgical resection is still the gold standard for treating cerebral AVMs. METHODS: Between 1986 and 2003, 20 children were surgically treated for cerebral AVMs. The AVMs were graded I, II, and III using the Spetzler-Martin (S-M) Grading Scale. Good recovery was achieved in 18 out of 20 patients (90%) and only 1 patient was moderately disabled (5%). There was one mortality (5%) related to the preoperative deep comatose state of the patient. The total obliteration rate was 89% (17 out of 19). CONCLUSION: For S-M grade I-III AVMs, surgical resection is the treatment of choice, considering its high cure rate and low morbidity and mortality rates.     

27例儿童脑动静脉畸形的临床症状学特点及显微外科治疗

目的总结分析儿童脑动静脉畸形（AVM）的临床特点及其显微外科治疗效果。方法回顾性分析27例显微手术治疗的儿童脑AVM患者的临床资料。结果本组儿童脑AVM患者平均年龄11．3岁；男女比例为1．5：1；27例中伴脑出血的高达22例（81．5％）；按Spetzler—Martin分级，Ⅰ级10例，Ⅱ级5例，Ⅲ级8例，Ⅳ级4例，术前行脑血管检查阴性2例：显微手术疗效优17例，良6例，差1例，死亡3例。结论儿童脑AVM患者较成人更易出血及复发，显微手术治疗Spetzler—MartinⅠ-Ⅱ级AVM效果显著，Ⅲ-Ⅳ级AVM采取先栓塞再手术的方法也可取得良好的效果。     

Pediatric arteriovenous malformations: a 15-year experience with an emphasis on residual and recurrent lesions

OBJECT: Pediatric arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are generally treated with microsurgical resection to achieve complete obliteration. We review our experience treating AVMs in children, particularly those with residual or recurrent lesions. METHODS: The records of 39 patients with AVMs (25 girls: 14 boys; average age 10.3 years) treated during a 15-year period were reviewed (mean follow-up 30 months). Three primary outcomes were analyzed: AVM obliteration by last follow-up, residual on postoperative angiograms and recurrence after angiographic "cure." RESULTS: Most children (57%) presented with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, the average nidus size was 3.4 cm, and the modal Spetzler-Martin grade was 2. AVMs were classified as compact (82%) or diffuse (18%). Most patients (90%) underwent surgery as their primary treatment. The immediate obliteration rate was 76% and the overall, long-term obliteration rate was 89%. Nine (23%) patients had residual nidus after initial treatment; five of these underwent further treatment that obliterated their lesion. Five (13%) patients developed recurrence within 6 years, including one patient with two recurrences. Three were successfully treated with a repeat resection. Patients with diffuse-type AVMs were at greater risk of having a persistent lesion (40%), residual lesion (44%), or recurrence (80%) at last follow-up. CONCLUSION: Most pediatric AVMs can be successfully treated with microsurgical resection. Endovascular treatment is reserved primarily as a preoperative adjunct and stereotactic radiosurgery for inoperable AVMs. Patients may develop recurrences years after their original treatment. Patients with diffuse-type AVMs were less likely to be cured and more likely to have a residual or a recurrence.     

显微外科手术治疗大型脑动静脉畸形

目的对显微外科手术治疗的13例大型脑动静脉畸形的手术治疗效果进行分析,探讨大型脑动静脉畸形的治疗策略和手术要点。方法共手术治疗13例大型动静脉畸形。外院曾行血肿外引流2例,血肿清除去骨瓣减压1例。全部位于功能区。Spetzler-Martin分级:Ⅳ级7例,Ⅴ级6例。4例行术前栓塞治疗。在我院均行动静脉畸形切除术。结果 6例无明显并发症。余7例主要并发症是偏盲、轻度失语、肌力下降及癫痫等,多数均逐渐恢复。10例动静脉畸形获全切,3例少量残留。残余动静脉畸形行伽玛刀治疗。结论动静脉畸形的最大危害是颅内出血,严重者可导致患者死亡。显微外科手术全切除是最有效的治疗方法。术前充分准备,采用正确的手术方法,术中术后控制血压,高级别大型动静脉畸形可以获得良好的治疗效果。     

Microsurgical resection versus stereotactic radiosurgery for low-grade intracranial arteriovenous malformations: A 27-year institutional experience

The role of microsurgery and radiosurgery in the management of low-grade (Spetzler-Martin grade 1 and 2) arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) remains controversial. We aimed to compare outcomes of low-grade AVMs following microsurgery and radiosurgery using a database of AVM patients presenting between 1990 and 2017. Procedure-related complications, obliteration, and functional status at last follow-up were compared between groups. Hemorrhage-free survival was compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis with subgroup analyses by rupture status on presentation. The study involved 233 patients, of which 113 and 120 were treated with microsurgery and radiosurgery, respectively. The complication rates were statistically comparable between both treatment modalities. Mean follow-up time was 5.1 ± 5.2 years. In the complete cohort, there was no significant difference in hemorrhage-free survival between microsurgery and radiosurgery (log-rank p = 0.676, Breslow p = 0.493). When excluding procedure-related hemorrhage and partial resection, hemorrhage-free survival was significantly higher in the surgically treated cohort (log-rank = 0.094, Breslow p = 0.034). The obliteration rate was significantly higher in the surgical cohort (96% vs. 57%, p < 0.001), while functional status was similar. Microsurgery may offer superior hemorrhage-free survival in the early post-treatment period and demonstrates equivalent long-term hemorrhage control and functional outcome at 5 years compared to radiosurgery with nearly complete obliteration rates. Persistent neurologic deficits following microsurgery and symptomatic cerebral edema represent important treatment risks despite low SM grading. Appropriate patient selection even when dealing with low-grade AVMs is advised, as judicious patient selection and emphasis on technical success can minimize procedure-related hemorrhage and the incidence of subtotal resection.