近红外光谱法快速测定红参提取物中的总糖含量

目的建立近红外光谱分析技术测量红参提取物中总糖含量的定量模型。方法积分球漫反射方式采集50批样品的原始光谱,经一阶导数和多元散射校正技术预处理,选取7 499～11 993 cm-1波段,用偏最小二乘回归法对40批样品的近红外光谱和硫酸-苯酚紫外光谱法测定的总糖含量进行了模型拟合。结果 校正模型的R2为88.71,RM-SECV为1.03,最佳回归因子为7。用建立的模型对10批样品的总糖含量进行预测,RMSEP为1.25。结论本研究建立的近红外模型能快速测定红参提取物中总糖含量,方法简便快速。     

Effects of Korean red ginseng extract on acute renal failure induced by gentamicin and pharmacokinetic changes by metformin in rats

Aim of the studyKorean red ginseng is one of the best selling dietary supplements and its individual constituents enhance renal function. Acute renal failure (ARF) is a predisposing complication of diabetes mellitus as a result of combination drug therapy. The combination of antibiotic–antidiabetic drugs can entail toxicities and drug interactions because of the antibiotic resistance in patients with severe bacterial infection. Currently, gentamicin–metformin combination therapy is commonly prescribed for treating bacterial infections and diabetes, even though both drugs are mainly excreted via the kidney. Thus, this study was designed to investigate whether a Korean red ginseng extract (KRG) prevents renal impairment and pharmacokinetic changes by metformin in rats with renal failure induced by gentamicin.Materials and methodsThe in vivo pharmacokinetics and in vitro hepatic/intestinal metabolism of metformin were assessed using control (CON), control with Korean red ginseng extract (KRG-CON), acute renal failure induced by gentamicin (ARF), and ARF with Korean red ginseng (KRG-ARF) rats.Results and conclusionsPharmacokinetic changes of metformin did not occur in KRG-ARF rats because KRG reduce the renal accumulation of gentamicin compared to ARF rats. Thus, KRG seemed to prevent acute renal failure induced by gentamicin treatment.     

Enhancement of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions of red ginseng extract by fermentation

Objectives This work aimed to compare some pharmacological properties of red ginseng extract (RG) and fermented red ginseng extract (FRG). Methods Antinociceptive activity was analysed using the acetic acid‐induced abdominal constriction response. Anti‐inflammatory activity was evaluated using acetic acid‐induced vascular permeability and carrageenan‐induced inflammation in the air pouch, and analysed through the measurement of nitrite content in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated macrophage cells. Anti‐angiogenic activity was determined using the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. Key findings In‐vivo anti‐inflammatory activity of FRG was stronger than that of RG in two animal models, vascular permeability and air‐pouch models. In the vascular permeability model, the doses of RG and FRG required for half‐maximal inhibition (IC50) were 181 and 59 mg/kg, respectively. FRG exhibited significantly stronger antinociceptive activity than RG. In the acetic acid‐induced abdominal constriction response, the IC50 values of RG and FRG were 153 and 27 mg/kg, respectively. Although both RG and FRG were able to suppress production of nitric oxide in the LPS‐stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells, the suppressive activity of FRG appeared to be stronger than that of RG. However, RG and FRG showed similar anti‐angiogenic activity. Conclusions FRG possesses enhanced anti‐inflammatory and antinociceptive activity but similar anti‐angiogenic activity than RG.     

Panax ginseng extract modulates sleep in unrestrained rats

The amount of wakefulness and slow wave sleep (SWS) during the 12-h light period slightly but significantly decreased and increased, respectively, in freely behaving rats after continued 1-week intake of Panax ginseng extract through drinking water (15 mg/day). Paradoxical sleep was little affected. No sleep parameters were modulated by the treatment during the dark period. The diurnal SWS enhancement disappeared and recovered to the baseline level after 2 weeks of continued treatment. It is speculated that the well known health-improving effect of the ginseng may be, at least in part, related to an enhancement of sleep.     

Antithrombotic and antiplatelet activities of Korean red ginseng extract

The antithrombotic and antiplatelet activities of Korean red ginseng extract (KRGE) were examined on rat carotid artery thrombosis in vivo and platelet aggregation in vitro and ex vivo. The KRGE significantly prevented rat carotid arterial thrombosis in vivo in a dose-dependent manner. Administration of the KRGE to rats significantly inhibited adenosine diphosphate (ADP)- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation ex vivo, although it failed to prolong coagulation times such as activated partial thromboplastin and prothrombin time indicating that the antithrombotic effect of the red ginseng may be due to its antiplatelet aggregation rather than anticoagulation effect. In line with the above observations, the red ginseng inhibited the U46619-, arachidonic acid-, collagen- and thrombin-induced rabbit platelet aggregations in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner, with IC(50) values of 390 +/- 15, 485 +/- 19, 387 +/- 11 and 335 +/- 15 microg/ml, respectively. Consistently, serotonin secretion was also inhibited by ginseng in the same pattern. These results suggest that the red ginseng has a potent antithrombotic effect in vivo, which may be due to the antiplatelet rather than the anticoagulation activity, and the red ginseng intake may be beneficial for individuals with high risks of thrombotic and cardiovascular diseases.     

Herbal extract prevents bone loss in ovariectomized rats

This research aims to test a new drug candidate based on a traditional medicinal herb, F1, an herbal extract obtained from Astragalus membranaceus and its main ingredient, 1-monolinolein that may have fewer side effects and less uterine hypertrophy. In vitro experiments, human osteoblast-like cell lines, MG-63 and Saos-2, were analyzed by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assays. Mouse osteoclasts were induced through a calcium-deficient diet and inhibition effects were measured. In vivo experiments were done using ovariectomized (OVX) rats for 9 weeks. At necropsy, uterus weights were measured, trabecular bone area (TBA) of tibia and lumbar vertebra were measured bone histomorphology. In results, cell proliferation and ALP activity in Saos-2 by ether F1 or 1-monolinolein did not increased significantly compared to the control. The F1 inhibited osteoclast development (IC25 = 3.37 x 10(-5) mg/mL) less than 17beta-estradiol. The OVX rats administered F1 (2 mg/kg/day and 10 mg/kg/day) showed an increase in TBA of the tibia significantly (136.3 +/- 4.2% and 138.5 +/- 10.3% of control). In conclusions, the herbal extract, F1 inhibited tibia and lumbar bone loss and did not cause uterine hypertrophy. However, 1-monolinolein, the main ingredient of the herbal extract, did not inhibit bone loss.     

Effects of diphenyl diselenide on lipid profile and hepatic oxidative stress parameters in ovariectomized female rats

Objectives Ovarian hormone decline after menopause is linked to many pathophysiological reactions. Female rats submitted to ovariectomy are employed as a model of post‐menopausal condition. This study investigated the effects of diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)₂ on body weight gain, intra‐abdominal fat deposition, plasma lipid profile and hepatic oxidative stress in ovariectomized rats. Methods Female adult Wistar rats were ovariectomized (OVX rats) or sham‐operated and divided into four groups: (i) sham‐operated, (ii) (PhSe)₂, (iii) OVX and (iv) OVX + (PhSe)₂. (PhSe)₂ (5 mg/kg; 5 ml/kg, p.o.) was administered once a day for 30 days to groups (ii) and (iv). After that, rats were anaesthetized for blood sample gathering and submitted to euthanasia. Key findings (PhSe)₂ (5 mg/kg) was effective in preventing the rise in body weight gain and intra‐abdominal fat deposition induced in OVX rats. Although (PhSe)₂ was not effective in avoiding the increase in plasma total cholesterol and non‐HDL levels induced in OVX rats, (PhSe)₂ reduced plasma triglycerides and augmented HDL levels in OVX rats. (PhSe)₂ also increased hepatic ascorbic acid levels, reduced glutathione content, glutathione S‐transferase activity and restored catalase activity in liver of OVX rats. Conclusions These findings suggest that (PhSe)₂ could be a promising alternative to minimize menopause related symptoms.     

Reproduction study in rats of ginseng extract G115

The effect of ginseng extract G115 on reproductive performance was studied in two generations of Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals of both sexes were fed either control diet or diet supplemented with ginseng extract G115 at dose levels of 1.5, 5 or 15 mg/kg body weight/day. Parameters of reproduction and lactation in the treated groups were comparable to those of the controls for two generations of dams and pups. For F1 males and females, no treatment-related effects were seen in weekly body weights and food consumption, haematological and clinical chemical data, and ophthalmic, gross and histopathological examinations. The gross autopsies of F0 and F2 animals also revealed no significant treatment-related findings.     

Effects of Panax ginseng extract on lipid metabolism in humans.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Panax ginseng extract (PGE) on lipid metabolism in humans by measuring cholesterol, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and plasma MDA levels were decreased by administration of PGE for 8 weeks (6g per day), however, high density lipoprotein (HDL) was increased. Those results suggest that hypolipidemic effect of PGE is associated with a decrease in TC, TG, LDL, MDA levels and an increase in HDL. These findings support scientific claims that ginseng has the hypolipidemic potential. Administration of PGE increased SOD and CAT activities while decreased MDA level indicating that antioxidant potential of PGE might induce hypolipidemic effect as one of action mechanism.     

玛咖醇提取物对去卵巢大鼠内分泌激素及血脂水平的影响

目的:研究南美植物玛咖的醇提取物对去卵巢大鼠内分泌激素以及血脂水平的影响.方法:采用双侧卵巢切除术制备去卵巢大鼠模型,造模2周后大鼠灌胃给予玛咖醇提取物,剂量以干粉计分别为1.25和0.5 g·kg-1,qd,连续给药7个月.同时设假手术组、去卵巢模型组(均给予等体积的0.1%聚山梨酯'80)和阳性对照组(给予己烯雌酚0.05 mg·kg-1,隔日一次,连续灌胃7个月).给药3和7个月末测定大鼠血清内分泌激素雌二醇(E2)、睾丸酮(T)和卵泡刺激素(FSH)以及血脂水平.结果:与模型组比较,给药7个月后玛咖醇提取物高、低剂量组的血清FSH均显著降低(P<0.01),低剂量组的大鼠血清E2水平显著升高(P<0.01),但血清T值无显著改变.玛咖醇提取物对血清胆固醇水平具有一定的降低作用,血清三酰甘油在治疗中期呈现上升趋势,而在治疗末期又恢复正常.结论:玛咖醇提取物对去卵巢大鼠内分泌失调具有一定的改善作用.     

Antigenicity studies of the aqueous extract of red ginseng in guinea pigs

The antigenicity of the aqueous extract of red ginseng (ARG) was evaluated using the following assay procedures: 1. active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) in guinea pigs, 2. active cutaneous anaphylaxis (ACA) in guinea pigs, 3. passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in guinea pigs with serum from guinea pigs sensitized with ARG and 4. passive hemagglutination (PHA) with serum from guinea pigs sensitized with ARG.

1. ASA: No anaphylaxis reaction was observed in any of the senstized guinea pigs by elicitation with ARG.
2. ACA: No skin reaction was observed in sensitized guinea pigs after intradermal injection of ARG.
3. PCA in guinea pigs: PCA titer of sera from all the sensitized animals was less than 10 in elicitation with ARG.
4. PHA reaction: When erythrocytes coated with challenge antigen were added to sensitized sera, the hemagglutination titer was less than 1.

These results suggest that ARG has no antigenicity under the conditions used. And the dose levels of ARG employed in the present experiment were confirmed not to suppress immune reactions.     

Effects of Korean red ginseng extract on cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting

Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, is well known as a tonic medicine for restoring and enhancing human health. In traditional medicine, ginseng is utilized for the alleviation of emesis, which includes nausea and vomiting. However, it has not yet been demonstrated whether ginseng exhibits in vivo anti-nausea and anti-vomiting properties. In this study, we examined the anti-emetic effect of Korean red ginseng total extract (KRGE) on cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting using ferrets. Intraperitoneal administration (i.p.) of cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg) induced both nausea and vomiting with one-hour latency. The episodes of nausea and vomiting reached a peak after 1.5 h and persisted for 3 h. Treatment with KRGE via oral route significantly reduced the cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting in a dose-dependent manner. The anti-emetic effect was 12.7 +/- 8.6, 31.8 +/- 6.9, and 67.6 +/- 4.0% with doses of 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 g/kg of KRGE, respectively. Pretreatment with KRGE via oral route 1 and 2 h before cisplatin administration also significantly attenuated the cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting. However this did not occur with a pretreatment 4 h before cisplatin administration. These results are supportive of KRGE being utilized as an anti-emetic agent against nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy (i.e. cisplatin).     

Effect of Korean red ginseng extract in a steroid-induced polycystic ovary murine model

Experimental induction of polycystic ovary (PCO) in rodent resembling some aspects of human PCO syndrome was produced using the long-acting compound estradiol valerate (EV). Our previous study on the role of Korean red ginseng total saponins in a steroid-induced PCO rat model demonstrated that electro-acupuncture modulates nerve growth factor (NGF) concentration in the ovaries. In fact, the involvement of a neurogenic component in the pathology of PCO-related ovarian dysfunction is preceded by an increase in sympathetic outflow to the ovaries. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that Korean red ginseng extract (KRGE) administration modulates sympathetic nerve activity in PCO-induced rats. This was done by analyzing NGF protein and NGF mRNA expression involved in the pathophysiological process underlying steroid-induced PCO. EV injection resulted in significantly higher ovarian NGF protein and NGF mRNA expression in PCO-induced rats compared to control rats, and PCO ovaries were counteracted by KRGE administration with significantly lower expression of NGF protein and NGF mRNA compared to EV treated ovaries. These results indicate that EV modulates the neurotrophic state of the ovaries, which may be a component of the pathological process by which EV induces cyst formation and anovulation in rodents. The first two authors contributed equally to this work.     

Effect of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf extract on lipid profile and antioxidant status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf water extract on lipid profile and antioxidant status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.METHODS Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin(STZ,50mg·kg-1)intraperitoneally.Diabetic rats were divided into 5groups,consisting of 6rats.GroupⅠ,reserved as diabetic control,was administered distilled water and groupⅡ,reserved as positive control,was administered glibenclamide(10mg·kg-1·d-1)throughout the duration of the experiment.Those in groupⅢ,ⅣandⅤ were administered 250,500 and 1000mg·kg-1·d-1 of the extract,respectively for 28 d.RESULTS Treatment with 500 and 1000mg·kg-1·d-1 of the extract resulted in reduction of serum AST,ALT,serum cholesterol,triglycerides and LDL,whereas HDL was found to be increased compared with diabetic control rats(P<0.05).Moreover,increased serum activities of superoxide dismutases and catalase were found in diabetic rats treated with the extract whereas serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substance was decreased,in comparison with diabetic control rat(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Cymbopogon citratus Stapf water extract provides a benefit effect on serum lipid and antioxidant effect in diabetic rats.Thus,the extract may lower cardiovascular disease risk and others complications related to hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress in diabetic patients.     

Effect ofPanax ginseng extract on passive avoidance retention in old rats

Female rats of two groups (6 and 27 months) were tested in the passive avoidance test to investigate the age-dependency of the learning ability. The results showed a significantly better avoidance behavior in the young adult animals compared to the older ones. The influence of a 13-day treatment with Panax ginseng (30 mg/kg/d, oral) on 27 month old rats caused a considerably prolonging of the latency time in comparison to the untreated control group of the same age. In the open field the treated rats exhibited neither an altered locomotion nor exploration nor a changed emotional reactivity which could explain the improved avoidance reaction.     

Biochemical study on the protective potential of Nardostachys jatamansi extract on lipid profile and lipid metabolizing enzymes in doxorubicin intoxicated rats

Nardostachys jatamansi is a medicinally important herb of Indian origin used for centuries in Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine for the treatment of various ailments. The aim of the present work is to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of Nardostachys jatamansi rhizomes on doxorubicin induced myocardial injury with respect to lipid metabolism in serum and heart of Wistar albino rats. Altered lipid metabolism alters the cardiac function which is mainly due to changes in the property of the cardiac cell membrane. Doxorubicin exhibits cardiotoxicity by inhibition of fatty acid oxidation in the heart. The rats treated with a single dose of doxorubicin (15 mg/kg) intraperitoneally showed an increase in serum and cardiac lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids and phospholipids), along with a significant rise in serum low density lipoproteins (LDL), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and drop in high density lipoproteins (HDL) levels, resulting in alteration of serum and cardiac lipid metabolizing enzymes. Pretreatment with a extract of Nardostachys jatamansi (500 mg/kg) orally for seven days to doxorubicin induced rats showed a significant prevention in the lipid status with the activities of the lipid metabolizing enzymes. Histopathological observations were also in correlation with the biochemical parameters. These findings suggest that the protective and hypolipidemic effect of Nardostachys jatamansi against doxorubicin induced myocardial injury in rats could possibly be mediated through its anti lipid peroxidative properties.     

Beneficial effects of aloe vera leaf gel extract on lipid profile status in rats with streptozotocin diabetes

The effect of diabetes mellitus on lipid metabolism is well established. The association of hyperglycaemia with an alteration of lipid parameters presents a major risk for cardiovascular complications in diabetes. Many secondary plant metabolites have been reported to possess lipid-lowering properties. The present study was designed to examine the potential anti-hyperlipidaemic efficacy of the ethanolic extract from Aloe vera leaf gel in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. 2. Oral administration of Aloe vera gel extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg bodyweight per day to STZ-induced diabetic rats for a period of 21 days resulted in a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose, hepatic transaminases (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase), plasma and tissue (liver and kidney) cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids and phospholipids and a significant improvement in plasma insulin. 3. In addition, the decreased plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and increased plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein-and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in diabetic rats were restored to near normal levels following treatment with the extract. 4. The fatty acid composition of the liver and kidney was analysed by gas chromatography. The altered fatty acid composition in the liver and kidney of diabetic rats was restored following treatment with the extract. 5. Thus, the results of the present study provide a scientific rationale for the use of Aloe vera as an antidiabetic agent.     

魅力口服液对去卵巢大鼠脂代谢影响

目的:研究中药复方制剂"魅力口服液"对去卵巢大鼠脂代谢的影响.方法:SD成年雌性大鼠行双侧卵巢切除术一周后灌胃魅力口服液,连续给药8周后测定大鼠体质量、血清雌激素及脂质水平.结果:去卵巢后大鼠体质量明显增加,血清TC、LDL-C水平升高,TG、E2水平及HDL-C/LDL-C、HDL-C/TC比值明显降低,给药各组均表现出不同程度的抑制体质量增加、降低血清TC、LDL-C水平和升高TG、E2水平及HDL-C/LDL-C、HDL-C/TC比值的作用,魅力口服液高剂量组与雌激素组水平相当.结论:魅力口服液具有雌激素样作用,可有效改善大鼠因切除卵巢引起的血脂改变.     

Korean red ginseng extract enhances paclitaxel distribution to mammary tumors and its oral bioavailability by P-glycoprotein inhibition

1.?Drug efflux by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a common resistance mechanism of breast cancer cells to paclitaxel, the primary chemotherapy in breast cancer. As a means of overcoming the drug resistance-mediated failure of paclitaxel chemotherapy, the potential of Korean red ginseng extract (KRG) as an adjuvant chemotherapy has been reported only in in vitro. Therefore, we assessed whether KRG alters P-gp mediated paclitaxel efflux, and therefore paclitaxel efficacy in in vitro and vivo models.

2.?KRG inhibited P-gp protein expression and transcellular efflux of paclitaxel in MDCK-mdr1 cells, but KRG was not a substrate of P-gp ATPase. In female rats with mammary tumor, the combination of paclitaxel with KRG showed the greater reduction of tumor volumes, lower P-gp protein expression and higher paclitaxel distribution in tumors, and greater oral bioavailability of paclitaxel than paclitaxel alone.

3.?From these results, KRG increased systemic circulation of oral paclitaxel and its distribution to tumors via P-gp inhibition in rats and under the current study conditions.