Transfusion and bleeding in coronary artery bypass grafting: an on-pump versus off-pump comparison

Blood transfusion rates in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are typically higher compared with off-pump CABG (OPCAB). However, few studies have specifically examined intraoperative hemodilution as a contributing factor. The aim of this retrospective review was to compare the effect of using CPB or OPCAB on red blood cell (RBC) transfusion and postoperative bleeding. The lowest intraoperative hematocrit (Hct) was used as marker of intraoperative hemodilution. We reviewed the perioperative data of all isolated CABG patients at a metropolitan hospital from January 2003 to June 2005. Stepwise regression analyses were performed to determine whether CPB was an independent predictor of RBC transfusion, reoperation for bleeding, or postoperative chest drainage. Of a total of 1043 patients, there were 433 CPB and 610 off-pump cases. CPB use was not significantly related to increased RBC transfusions (odds ratio [OR], 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63-1.52; p = .921) and was associated with a lower incidence of reoperations for bleeding (OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.8; p = .009). There was less chest drainage over the first 12 hours in patients undergoing CPB (p < .0001); however, total postoperative chest drainage was not significantly related to operative procedure (p = .122). The lowest documented intraoperative Hct was a significant factor in RBC transfusions (OR, 0.89; p < .0001), an increased reoperation rate for bleeding (OR, 0.9; p = .001) and more postoperative chest drainage (log10-transformed: at 12 hours, b = -0.009, p < .0001; total, b = -0.006, p < .0001). CPB is not an independent risk factor in the incidence of RBC transfusions and is not associated with increased postoperative bleeding for isolated CABG. However, intraoperative hemodilution is an independent risk factor, with a lower intraoperative Hct associated with more RBC transfusions, increased reoperations for bleeding, and increased postoperative chest drainage. Addressing intraoperative hemodilution is important in minimizing CPB-associated morbidities.     

体外循环和非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术围术期血小板数量和功能的变化研究

目的分析体外循环和非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术（CCABG和OPCAB）围术期血小板数量和功能的变化情况。方法随机选取接受CCABG和OPCAB的患者各30例,术后常规阿司匹林治疗（100mg,每天1次）,分别记录两组术前、术后当天、术后1d、5d和10d的血小板数量及二磷酸腺苷诱导的血小板聚集率（PAG）。描绘走行趋势图,分析术后血小板数量和PAG的变化规律。结果在术后常规阿司匹林治疗的情况下,CCABG组和OPCAB组患者术后早期血小板数量均短暂下降,然后显著上升并超过术前水平（P〈0．01）,这种变化在CCABG组更明显。两组的PAG术后均增高（P〈0．05）,于术后第10天,OPCAB组基本恢复正常,而CCABG组仍高于术前水平（P〈0．05）。结论无论是否应用体外循环,CABG术后均有血小板数量的增加和功能的提高,体外循环组的变化更明显。     

70岁以上病人非体外循环与常规冠状动脉旁路移植术比较

目的　探讨 70岁以上老年病人非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术 (OPCAB)的疗效。方法　比较 78例 70岁以上OPCAB和 32例 70岁以上常规体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术 (CCABG)的临床资料。结果　两组术后桥通畅率均为 10 0 % ,OPCAB和CCABG两组平均住院时间 (9 2 5± 4 0 3)d对(13 18± 7 5 4)d ,平均ICU时间 (2 4 0± 8 5 )h对 (38 5± 2 5 5 )h ,房颤发生率为 8%对 15 %。结论　老年病人有选择的施行OPCAB是一种合理和安全的术式 ,如果可能的话应尽量考虑采用此术式。     

近端优先序贯技术在老年非体外冠状动脉循环旁路移植术中的应用

目的 探讨老年非体外冠状动脉旁路移植手术(OPCABG)中应用近端优先序贯技术的可行性及优越性.方法 2008年1月至2012年10月期间,72例65岁以上老年患者接受OPCABG手术,回顾性对比分析各项临床资料.患者分2组,近端优先序贯吻合组(序贯组)和常规吻合技术组(对照组).结果 序贯组患者心肌缺血(90.48±2.43) min,对照组(105.83±4.64) min,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).与对照组患者比较,序贯组ICU停留时间短(P＜0.05),术后输注红细胞量少(P＜0.05).两组间肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)指标,术后24、72 h差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组间肌钙蛋白I(TnI)术后6、24及72 h差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 近端优先序贯技术较常规OPCABG技术对患者的心肌损伤小,是一种安全有效的手术方式.     

Midterm outcomes of off-pump and on-pump coronary artery revascularization in renal transplant recipients

Abstract Objectives: Renal transplant recipients have high mortality from cardiac causes and are frequently in need of coronary interventions. Surgical coronary revascularization is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in this patient population. This study was undertaken to evaluate outcomes of on‐pump versus off‐pump revascularization in renal transplant recipients. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 43 renal transplant recipients who underwent surgical coronary revascularization with functioning allografts. Revascularization was performed on‐pump [coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)] in 21 patients and off‐pump [off‐pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB)] in 22 patients. Results: Preoperative characteristics did not differ between the two groups except for age and incidence of prior sternotomy. Total operative time and transfusion requirements were similar. The on‐pump group received a higher number of bypass grafts (p = 0.03). Overall 30‐day, one‐year, five‐year, and eight‐year survival was 90%, 76%, 61%, and 32% for CABG group, and 95%, 86%, 62%, and 48% for OPCAB group (p = 0.53). The postoperative peak creatinine was higher in the CABG patients than in OPCAB patients (p = 0.04). At discharge, there was no difference in mean creatinine between the two groups. The rate of return to permanent dialysis after revascularization was similar (28% for CABG and 22% for OPCAB, p = 0.73). There was no difference in dialysis‐free survival up to eight‐years postrevascularization (p = 0.63). Conclusions: Despite higher mortality risk, surgical coronary revascularization can be performed safely in renal transplant recipients. OPCAB resulted in no improvement in patient survival or renal allograft function compared to on‐pump revascularization. (J Card Surg 2011;26:591‐595)     

体外循环和非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后心肌梗死发生率的Meta分析

目的 使用Meta分析比较常规体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(CCABG)和非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)术后心肌梗死发生率的差异.方法 在 Medline、SCI、Cochrane图书馆临床对照试验注册库(CENTRAL)和中国生物医学文献光盘数据库(CBMdisc)检索中文和英文的相天随机对照临床试验,并检索相关文献的参考文献,检索时间截止至2009年1月.根据严格的纳入和排除标准,两名评价员独立地筛选文献,并按照Cochrane系统评价员手册5.0.0版所建议的评价方法 对纳入临床试验进行质量评价,最后将提取的资料用RevMan 5软件进行数据处理和分析.结果 共纳入22个试验进行Meta分析,OPCAB组共纳入1494例病人,心肌梗死总发生率为2.81%;CCABG组共1512例,心肌梗死总发生率为3.57%.Meta分析结果 显示OPCAB和CCABG术后心肌梗死发生率的差异尤统计学意义(OR=0.80,95%CI=0.54～1.20,P=0.28).结论 依据现有的随机对照试验进行Meta分析结果 显示,OPCAB和CCABG术后心肌梗死发生率的差异无统计学意义.     

体外循环与非体外循环下冠脉搭桥术患者术中血液动力学的比较

目的比较体外循环(CPB)与非CPB下冠脉搭桥术患者术中血液动力学的变化。方法同期行CPB下冠状动脉搭桥术(CABG)与非CPB下冠状动脉搭桥术(OPCAB)患者各70例,分别为CABG组和OPCAB组,分别在麻醉诱导后手术开始前(术前)和术毕用Swan-Ganz导管监测血液动力学指标。结果与术前比较,两组术毕心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、肺动脉平均压(PAMP)、肺毛细血管嵌压(PAWP)、中心静脉压(CVP)及左室作功指数(LVSWI)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),心输出量(CO)、心脏指数(CI)均升高;OPCAB组术毕心搏指数(SVI)升高,体循环阻力指数(SVRI)、肺循环阻力指数(PVRI)降低(P<0.05),CABG组术毕SVI、SVRI、PVRI差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与CABG组比较,OPCAB组术毕SVRI、PVRI降低(P<0.05)。结论两组患者术后心功能均得到了改善,OPCAB 组在改善心功能、降低体、肺循环阻力方面,优于CABG组。     

Heparin anticoagulation in patients undergoing off-pump and on-pump coronary bypass surgery

Purpose The authors analyzed the coagulation data of patients who underwent on-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) or off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB) in a randomized prospective trial. Methods CABG and OPCAB patients received heparin anticoagulation at 400 U·kg⁻¹, and 180 U·kg⁻¹ plus 3000 U every 30 min, respectively. In addition, OPCAB patients received a rectal aspirin, 650 mg, during the procedure. Perioperative coagulation test results (platelet count, fibrinogen, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time [PTT], activated clotting time [ACT], and thromboelastography [TEG; Haemoscope] were collected from CABG (n = 99) and OPCAB (n = 98) patients. Residual heparin activity after protamine was measured, using an anti-activated factor X (Xa) assay, in 10 patients from each group. Results Our study showed that the current anticoagulation regimen in the OPCAB patients achieved a peak ACT of 445 ± 73 s, and it preserved platelet counts and fibrinogen levels. A residual heparin effect was detected, with residual anti-Xa heparin activity of 0.2 U·ml⁻¹ up to 2 h after surgery in the OPCAB group. Despite the residual anticoagulation, the OPCAB group had a similar TEG index of native blood, postoperative chest tube drainage, and non-erythrocyte transfusion rate as compared with the CABG group. Conclusion We have shown that the heparin anticoagulation regimen in OPCAB patients does not lead to an immediate hypercoagulable state. Total doses of heparin and protamine were lower in the OPCAB group compared with the CABG group, and there was a residual heparin effect on TEG and PTT in the early postoperative period in the OPCAB group.     

Assessment of myocardial injury by troponin T in off-pump coronary artery grafting and conventional coronary artery graft surgery

Purpose : The present study was undertaken to assess the degree of myocardial injury, using troponin T (TnT), in off‐pump coronary artery surgery (OPCAB) and in a comparable patient group undergoing conventional coronary artery graft surgery (CABG). Methods : Twenty‐seven OPCAB and 27 CABG patients were investigated. Blood samples for TnT were taken at intubation and at 12, 24 and 72 h. Nine patients (five OPCAB, four CABG) underwent 2 h sampling for 12 h for the assessment of the TnT release profile. All patients had an electrocardiogram performed preoperatively and on the mornings of days 1 and 5 postoperatively. Results : The OPCAB group had significantly greater Canadian Heart Classification 3 patients (P = 0.003); however, other demographic data were similar between the two groups. All patients had normal TnT at initial sampling. The mean number of grafts in each group was 1.8 ± 0.6 for OPCAB and 1.9 ± 0.3 for CABG (P = NS). There were two new Q wave myocardial infarctions in the CABG group and none in the OPCAB group. These cases were excluded from biochemical analyses. Troponin T release was significantly less in the OPCAB group at 12 and 24 h (P < 0.001 and P = 0.03, respectively). Peak TnT release occurred at 6–8 h in both groups. Troponin T release was significantly lower in the OPCAB group at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h (P = 0.01, P = 0.03, P = 0.02, P = 0.02, P = 0.03 and P = 0.04, respectively). Postoperatively, the OPCAB group required less blood transfusion (P = 0.02). Conclusions : The OPCAB group demonstrated a significantly reduced TnT release profile compared with the CABG group.     

Coronary artery spasm after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery spasm (CAS) in the immediate postoperative period has been recognized as a possible cause for perioperative myocardial ischaemia after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). It varies in severity and can be associated with circulatory collapse and death. The purpose of this study was to present our experiences on CAS after off-pump CABG and detail its management. METHODS: The case reports of three patients with similar clinical presentations of ischaemic heart disease who underwent CABG using an off-pump technique are reviewed. Severe manifestations of CAS in the immediate postoperative period with documented angiographic findings are presented. RESULTS: Three patients (two men and one woman) with angina pectoris were diagnosed with coronary artery disease using coronary angiography. The elective off-pump CABG was uneventful; however, severe manifestation of myocardial ischaemia with abrupt onset developed at the intensive care unit. All three patients underwent immediate coronary angiography to verify the diagnosis of CAS. Apart from intracoronary nitroglycerine infusion and medical support with inotropic agents, extracorporeal membranous oxygenation was carried out because of severe haemodynamic deterioration in one case, while support was required with intraaortic balloon pumping in another. All three patients made a full recovery. CONCLUSION: Coronary artery spasm can severely complicate the postoperative course for patients undergoing off-pump CABG, leading to myocardial ischaemia or infarction, life-threatening arrhythmias, persistent hypotension and even cardiac arrest. Early awareness and diagnosis of CAS with the establishment of appropriate management strategies may prevent its potentially lethal consequences.     

体外循环和非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后心肌梗死发生率的Meta分析

目的 使用Meta分析比较常规体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(CCABG)和非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)术后心肌梗死发生率的差异.方法 在 Medline、SCI、Cochrane图书馆临床对照试验注册库(CENTRAL)和中国生物医学文献光盘数据库(CBMdisc)检索中文和英文的相天随机对照临床试验,并检索相关文献的参考文献,检索时间截止至2009年1月.根据严格的纳入和排除标准,两名评价员独立地筛选文献,并按照Cochrane系统评价员手册5.0.0版所建议的评价方法 对纳入临床试验进行质量评价,最后将提取的资料用RevMan 5软件进行数据处理和分析.结果 共纳入22个试验进行Meta分析,OPCAB组共纳入1494例病人,心肌梗死总发生率为2.81%;CCABG组共1512例,心肌梗死总发生率为3.57%.Meta分析结果 显示OPCAB和CCABG术后心肌梗死发生率的差异尤统计学意义(OR=0.80,95%CI=0.54～1.20,P=0.28).结论 依据现有的随机对照试验进行Meta分析结果 显示,OPCAB和CCABG术后心肌梗死发生率的差异无统计学意义.     

体外循环和非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后心肌梗死发生率的Meta分析

目的 使用Meta分析比较常规体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(CCABG)和非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)术后心肌梗死发生率的差异.方法 在 Medline、SCI、Cochrane图书馆临床对照试验注册库(CENTRAL)和中国生物医学文献光盘数据库(CBMdisc)检索中文和英文的相天随机对照临床试验,并检索相关文献的参考文献,检索时间截止至2009年1月.根据严格的纳入和排除标准,两名评价员独立地筛选文献,并按照Cochrane系统评价员手册5.0.0版所建议的评价方法 对纳入临床试验进行质量评价,最后将提取的资料用RevMan 5软件进行数据处理和分析.结果 共纳入22个试验进行Meta分析,OPCAB组共纳入1494例病人,心肌梗死总发生率为2.81%;CCABG组共1512例,心肌梗死总发生率为3.57%.Meta分析结果 显示OPCAB和CCABG术后心肌梗死发生率的差异尤统计学意义(OR=0.80,95%CI=0.54～1.20,P=0.28).结论 依据现有的随机对照试验进行Meta分析结果 显示,OPCAB和CCABG术后心肌梗死发生率的差异无统计学意义.     

Coronary revascularization in transition from on-pump to off-pump: the effect of the off-pump coronary artery bypass on medium-term outcome

AIM: We previously reported that early patient outcome, chiefly ischaemic injury, was reduced in patients allocated to off pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery. This report concerns the medium-term outcome for this cohort of patients. METHODS: A prospective observational study was carried out in a single cardiothoracic specialty hospital. Forty-four patients scheduled for elective multivessel coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery using either off pump (OPCAB) (n=21) or on pump (cardiopulmonary bypass, CPB) (n=23) were included in the study. Data on the symptoms, quality of life, need for cardiovascular therapy, and occurrence of cardiovascular events or death among patients at 6- and 12-months after surgery were collected by a patient questionnaire and reviewing the medical charts. RESULTS: Compared with patients who underwent CPB surgery, OPCAB patients required a smaller increase in cardiovascular medication (5.6% versus 47.1%; P=0.007) at the 6-month follow-up and demonstrated a trend toward improved symptoms (dyspnea at 6 months, 0, range 0-4 versus 1, range 0-4; P=0.03) and quality of life (Duke Activity Status Index at 6 months, 20.8+5.6 versus 19+6.8; P=0.13). No differences in the incidence of cardiologic intervention or mortality were observed between groups. CONCLUSIONS:The trend toward improved medium-term outcome variables among patients treated with OPCAB may have owed to the reduced cardiac ischemic injury associated with OPCAB compared with CPB.