鼻腔鼻窦横纹肌肉瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的探讨鼻腔鼻窦横纹肌肉瘤的CT和MRI表现，提高其诊断准确性。方法回顾性分析经组织学证实的18例鼻腔鼻窦横纹肌肉瘤患者的影像学资料。结果15例病变中心位于蝶筛区，3例位于上颌窦。CT表现：病变形态均不规则，边界不清楚，密度与邻近肌肉相近，相对比较均匀，邻近骨质呈溶骨性骨质破坏；增强后病变不均匀强化。MRI表现：与脑实质比较，病变T1WI呈略低信号7例，呈等信号3例；T2WI呈略高信号8例，呈等信号2例。病变信号欠均匀，7例病变内部可见小条状或小片状长T1长T2信号影，4例可见短T1长T2信号影。增强扫描，病变均呈中度不均匀强化。15例病变广泛侵犯周围结构，MRI可清楚显示病变侵犯的范围，其中眼眶受累8例，颅内受累8例，海绵窦受累5例，翼腭窝受累6例，鼻咽部受累3例。结论横纹肌肉瘤典型的MRI表现为稍长T1稍长T2信号，增强后中度强化。CT可以较好地显示骨质破坏，MRI能更清楚地显示病变的侵犯范围，两者结合可为该病诊断和临床治疗提供更全面的影像信息。     

腹盆部孤立性纤维瘤的影像学表现

目的探讨腹盆部孤立性纤维瘤(SFT)的CT及MRI特点,提高对该病的认识。方法回顾性分析14例经手术病理证实的腹盆部SFT的CT及MRI平扫及增强表现,并与病理对照。结果 14例SFT中,肝脏2例,胰腺1例,腹壁2例,腹腔内4例,盆腔5例。肿物边界清楚10例,不清4例。11例行CT扫描,9例密度不均匀,2例密度均匀,8例多期增强扫描均于门脉期强化达峰值并持续性强化或缓慢下降。3例MRI检查均信号不均匀,T_1WI等信号1例,稍低信号2例,T_2WI稍高信号2例,稍低信号1例,增强扫描均见持续强化。SFT的相对特征性表现为腹部及盆腔孤立性肿块,边界清楚,见明显坏死囊变,T_2 WI上病灶内见低信号影,增强扫描实性部分明显强化,呈持续性或延迟强化。结论腹盆部SFT影像学表现多种多样,具有一定的特征性,确诊仍需病理学及免疫组织化学检查。     

男性生殖道感染睾丸异常改变的MR表现及临床意义

目的分析男性生殖道感染者的睾丸小线圈MR表现,并探讨其临床意义。方法收集2018年1月～2021年3月精道感染患者42例,所有患者均行精浆酶学检测确诊为生殖道感染,一周内完成MR小线圈平扫及增强扫描。由两位医生进行独立阅片,观察睾丸信号改变,并分析总结男性生殖道感染睾丸的MRI表现特点。结果 42例患者中小线圈MR发现有睾丸异常改变者31例(73.8%,单侧10例,双侧21例)。所有患者均有不同程度的睾丸白膜增厚,其中22例睾丸变形。按照睾丸内病变的形态、信号及累及范围,分为轻、中、重度三类。(1)轻度15例(单侧3例,双侧12例),小线圈MRI显示睾丸实质内少许小斑片状异常信号影,相对睾丸实质T_1WI等或稍低信号,T_2WI稍低信号,增强后强化程度较正常睾丸实质低;少量睾丸小叶(不超过2个)受累,散在分布。(2)中度9例(单侧3例,双侧6例),小线圈MRI示睾丸实质多发条片状异常信号影,相对睾丸实质T_1WI等或低信号,T_2WI稍低信号,边界更清楚,强化程度较正常睾丸实质低,对比更明显;累及范围超过3个睾丸小叶,病变按小叶分布。(3)重度7例(单侧4例,双侧3例),小线圈MRI显示睾丸实质片状异常信号影,相对睾丸实质T_1WI及T_2WI呈低信号,T_2WI病变信号明显减低,增强后强化明显低于睾丸实质,病变累及4个以上睾丸小叶或整个睾丸,异常信号填充睾丸小叶。结论男性生殖道感染者除输精管道病变之外,睾丸常有不同程度的信号改变,小线圈MRI可以判断睾丸异常的程度,可作为病情评估的参考。     

舌根异位甲状腺的CT和MRI表现

目的 探讨舌根异位甲状腺的CT和MRI表现. 方法 回顾性分析8例经核素扫描或手术证实的舌根异位甲状腺患者的CT或MRI资料,其中6例接受颈部CT检查,2例接受颈部MR检查. 结果 8例病灶均位于舌根中线区,6例呈类圆形,2例呈分叶状,边界清楚,最大径16～36 mm,平均24 mm.与舌根肌肉比较,2例CT平扫呈高密度,其中1例密度不均匀;5例增强后明显强化,其中2例病灶内有散在的小囊状低密度区;3例病变密度不均匀,结合其他检查考虑伴发结节状甲状腺肿,其中1例经病理证实.2例MR T1WI、T2WI均呈较高信号,增强后明显强化,病变信号较均匀.颈部均未发现正常位置的甲状腺. 结论 舌根中线区高密度或高信号并明显强化的结节是舌根异位甲状腺的特征性影像学表现,密度或信号不均匀常提示其发生病变;结合颈部无正常位置甲状腺,比较容易作出诊断.     

睾丸精原细胞瘤的MRI表现

目的探讨睾丸精原细胞瘤的MRI表现。方法回顾性分析3例腹内型隐睾合并精原细胞瘤和6例阴囊内睾丸精原细胞瘤MRI表现。结果隐睾合并的精原细胞瘤MRI表现为类圆形较大的等-长T1长T2信号,内部有坏死及囊性变,线状纤维血管间隔T1WI、T2WI显示清楚;增强后肿瘤缓慢轻度强化,纤维血管间隔早期线样强化。阴囊内睾丸精原细胞瘤平扫MRI表现为小结节状,T2WI呈低信号,内见较厚的低信号纤维血管分隔,增强后边缘及内部纤维血管间隔早期呈蚓状强化,肿瘤实质成分缓慢轻度强化。结论腹内型隐睾合并精原细胞瘤与阴囊内精原细胞瘤的纤维血管间隔早期显著强化是精原细胞瘤的共同特征,但二者大小、形态、边缘表现不同,增强后边缘及内部纤维血管间隔强化形态不同。     

睾丸扭转的MSCT、MRI征象分析（附4例报道）

目的 分析睾丸扭转的 MSCT 和 MRI 表现,探讨 MSCT 或 MRI 诊断睾丸扭转的临床价值.方法 收集 4 例经手术、病理证实的睾丸扭转的影像学资料,MSCT 及 MRI 平扫各 1 例,MSCT 及 MRI 平扫＋增强检查各1例.分析其临床及影像学表现,复习睾丸扭转的 CT 和 MRI 表现的相关文献.结果 3 例睾丸肿大,1例睾九萎缩.4 例睾丸边界均较清楚.CT平扫睾丸密度不均匀增高,1 例增强扫描为环形强化;MRI T1WI序列睾丸内见片状T1WI高信号,T2WI低信号区,精索信号不均,1例增强扫描未见明显强化.结论 睾丸扭转在 MSCT 或 MRI 上有一定特征性,结合临床表现及超声多普勒,能够提高术前诊断率.     

外周良性神经纤维瘤与神经鞘瘤的MRI表现及鉴别诊断

目的探讨外周良性神经纤维瘤与神经鞘瘤的MRI表现并分析两者的鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析18例经手术病理证实的外周良性神经源性肿瘤的MRI特点,其中神经纤维瘤7例,神经鞘瘤11例。结果 18例肿瘤均为单发,位于四肢、腹壁、锁骨上肌间隙或肌肉内以及颈动脉鞘周围,肿瘤呈梭形或类圆形,肿块长轴与神经干走行一致。全部肿瘤中出现靶征4例,表现为肿瘤边缘部分呈环形T_1WI等信号、T_2WI高信号,中央呈T_1WI与T_2WI等或低信号,增强后中央部分明显不均匀强化;8例肿瘤呈T_1WI等信号,T_2WI高信号,夹杂散在斑点片状T_1WI、T_2WI低信号,增强后明显不均匀强化;囊实性3例,表现为肿瘤内见多发T_1WI低信号、T_2WI高信号囊变区,增强扫描可见囊壁及分隔强化。3例肿瘤信号均匀,T_1WI呈等或低信号,T_2WI呈稍高信号,增强后均匀强化。7例神经纤维瘤均无包膜,病灶与周围组织界限不清,而11例神经鞘瘤均可见完整或部分包膜,病灶与周围组织界限清晰,并可见脂肪包绕。结论 MRI能准确显示外周良陛神经纤维瘤与神经鞘瘤发生部位、形态、边缘及信号特点。神经纤维瘤无包膜,位置表浅,位于神经中央;神经鞘瘤有完整或部分包膜,位于深部或四肢屈侧较大的神经干周围,易出现坏死、囊变等改变,根据以上特点可以在术前对两者做出鉴别诊断。     

颅骨海绵状血管瘤一例影像表现

目的探讨颅骨海绵状血管瘤的临床特征和影像表现。方法对左侧顶骨海绵状血管瘤1例的临床资料进行回顾性分析,重点讨论影像表现。结果本例因发现头部肿物10余年,近1周出现间断性头痛入院。行颅骨X线检查见自肿瘤中心向四周边缘放射状分布的骨针;颅骨CT检查示板障呈边界清楚的膨胀性骨破坏区,内有放射状骨嵴骨性间隔,放射状骨针与颅板垂直;颅骨MRI检查表现为T1WI和T2WI高信号,其内可见放射针状低信号间隔,增强后呈非均匀强化。综合影像检查结果诊断为左侧顶骨良性骨肿瘤,考虑血管瘤可能性大,行手术治疗,术后病理诊断为左侧顶骨海绵状血管瘤。患者痊愈出院。结论颅骨血管瘤临床少见,综合分析影像学资料对术前诊断具有重要的临床价值。     

MR及动态增强对复发性鼻咽纤维血管瘤的诊断价值

目的评价复发性鼻咽纤维血管瘤的常规MR及动态增强表现,分析其累及的解剖结构,初步探讨复发原因。方法回顾性分析18例经手术病理证实的复发性鼻咽纤维血管瘤的MRI及动态增强表现。18例均行常规MRI平扫检查,15例同时行普通MR增强扫描,7例同时行MR动态增强扫描并后处理得到时间-信号强度变化(TIC)曲线。结果分期及部位:18例术前Ⅱb期4例,Ⅱc期9例,Ⅲa期4例,Ⅲb期1例,均累及翼腭窝和腭动脉供血区,13例累及颈内动脉分支供血区;复发后Ⅱa期5例,Ⅱb期4例,Ⅱc期9例,均累及翼腭窝。MR平扫示术前肿瘤横轴长度大于纵轴,形态不规则、边界模糊,T_1WI、T_2WI信号混杂;复发后瘤体形态较规整,呈圆形或卵圆形,边界清楚,信号混杂程度较术前轻。MR普通及动态增强示术前肿瘤明显欠均匀强化,复发后亦呈明显强化,但较术前均匀,7例TIC曲线整体呈速升-缓降型。结论MR及动态增强对复发性鼻咽纤维血管瘤的定位和定性诊断具有重要价值。     

骨良性纤维组织细胞瘤的临床及影像学表现

目的探讨骨良性纤维组织细胞瘤的影像学特征,提高对该病的影像学诊断水平及鉴别诊断能力。方法收集5例骨良性纤维组织细胞瘤患者的临床及影像学资料,结合相关文献复习进行回顾性分析。结果 4例为单发病变,1例上下相邻两个病灶。X线平片表现为类圆形骨质破坏区,呈"皂泡状"或"蜂房状",边界清楚;CT表现为病灶周边环状硬化边,其内软组织密度,未见完整骨性分隔;磁共振成像(MRI)平扫T2WI低信号为主,T1WI及质子密度加脂肪抑制见病灶中央低信号,中间呈花环状T1WI稍低信号、质子密度加脂肪抑制高信号,外周带均呈环状低信号;增强扫描病变中间花环状强化呈高信号,病变中央及外周带未见强化。结论骨良性纤维组织细胞瘤影像学表现具有一定特征性,认识其表现有助于对该病的诊断和鉴别诊断。     

Role of Doppler sonography in the diagnosis of cystic lymphangioma of the scrotum

Cystic lymphangioma is a congenital lymphatic malformation that is a rare cause of extratesticular scrotal masses in children; it is frequently misdiagnosed preoperatively. Complete excision is curative, but recurrence may result from incomplete excision. We report a case of cystic lymphangioma of the scrotum in a 3-year-old boy, which had been previously diagnosed as a hydrocele. Gray-scale sonography showed a multicystic extratesticular lesion; color Doppler sonography further characterized the lesion by showing blood flow within the septa. CT scanning ruled out extrascrotal involvement. The cystic mass was surgically resected. The appearance of the lesion both macroscopically and microscopically was consistent with a diagnosis of cystic lymphangioma. The child recovered uneventfully and was discharged on the third day after surgery; no evidence of recurrence was found in 6 months of follow-up. In such cases of scrotal masses in children, gray-scale and color Doppler sonography, followed by CT or MRI, are useful in diagnosing cystic lymphangioma, differentiating it from other lesions, and defining its extent, thus allowing proper surgical planning.     

Sonographic findings in a case of scrotal lymphangioma in a 68‐year‐old male

Lymphangiomas are benign tumors resulting from a congenital lymphatic malformation in infant and children. Most common sites are head, neck and axilla, and scrotal lymphangioma is very rare. Lymphangiomas are classified as capillary, cavernous, and cystic type and cystic type is most common. Complete surgical excision is definitive treatment and incomplete excision leads to local recurrence. We report a case of scrotal lymphangioma in 68‐year‐old male patient. Gray‐scale sonography revealed multiseptated, hypoechoic mass abutting the upper pole of the normal right testis. Color Doppler sonography showed no remarkable blood flow in the mass. MRI demonstrated multispetated extratesticular and extraepididymal mass in the right scrotum. Surgical excision was performed and the histopathologic diagnosis was a cystic lymphangioma. In conclusion when multiseptated cystic scrotal mass was discovered in an elderly patient, scrotal lymphangioma should be included in differential diagnosis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2009     

Ultrasound of the scrotum

Ultrasound plays an important role in the diagnostic workup of scrotal diseases. It can differentiate a testicular mass from an extratesticular mass and determine whether the mass is cystic, solid, or complex. Using this information a likely diagnosis can be ascertained. In the acute scrotum, acute epididymitis/epididymo-orchitis can in most cases be distinguished from testicular torsion. Following scrotal trauma, surgery is needed to salvage the testis if there is testicular disruption and ultrasound can help with this diagnostic dilemma. When a large hydrocele is present, ultrasound allows evaluation of the underlying testis and epididymis and it can detect varicoceles, especially in the infertile male. In patients at risk for a testicular tumor (cryptorchid testis, testicular microlithiasis), ultrasound is the best imaging modality for follow-up. CT, MRI, and nuclear medicine scanning may be necessary for further evaluation of scrotal diseases and this will be briefly addressed.     

Characteristics of primary giant cell tumor in soft tissue on magnetic resonance imaging: A case report

BACKGROUNDPrimary soft tissue giant cell tumor (GCT-ST) is rare and has relatively low malignant potential. Most reports are pathological and clinical studies, while imaging studies have only been reported in cases of adjacent bone or with atypical cystic degeneration. With regard to the findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasonography, superficial masses can be further identified based on facial edema, skin thickening, skin contact, internal hemorrhage or necrosis and lobulation of the mass. Unlike deep-seated masses, MRI features do not always provide an accurate diagnosis for benign and malignant patients with superficial soft-tissue lesions. Thus, the application of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) to evaluate superficial soft tissue tumors is necessary.CASE SUMMARYA 36-year-old woman who had a suspected malignant tumor in the upper limb on ultrasound and computed tomography is reported. The signal intensity of the suspected tumor was heterogeneous on plain MRI; nodular and heterogeneous enhancement was observed in the tumor with irregular shapes and blurred margins on dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. The lesion on DWI was hyperintense with a higher mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value. Finally, a GCT-ST was confirmed by pathology. This case suggests that GCT-ST should be distinguished as a benign soft tissue mass from giant cell-rich soft tissue neoplasms or malignant tumors.CONCLUSIONThe MRI features of the superficial GCT-ST in the upper limb included heterogeneous signal intensity within the lesion on T2-weighted image (T2WI) and T1-weighted fat-saturation spoiled gradient recalled echo (T1 FSPGR), nodular enhancement with blurred margins, irregular shapes, and a slow-increased enhancement. DWI could be used to differentiate a benign soft tissue mass from a malignant mass by the mean ADC value and provide more radiologic-pathologic information for the diagnosis of GCT-ST. Comprehensive imaging of primary GCT-ST could help complete tumor resection, and in turn likely prolong survival after surgery.     

髓外造血的影象学诊断分析及研究

目的:分析髓外造血的影象学诊断的临床意义。方法:选取住院接受治疗的髓外造血患者22例,选取时间为2008年5月-2018年10月,所有患者在治疗前均接受MRI和CT(胸腔、肝、脾、肠管)影像学检查,对MRI和CT影像学资料进行分析(病灶的部位、病变的情况、病灶周围的组织变化),总结该病的影像学的特点和表现。结果:在对患者实施CT平扫时发现,患者的软组织肿块的密度均匀,增强后中度强化。MR表现为T1WI低信号以及T2WI高信号,增强后可见肝脾造血时可见肝脾增大,但缺乏特异性。结论:对髓外造血的CT或MRI表现具有明显的特征性,可以结合典型的影像学特点对患者的疾病做出准确的诊断。     

Epididymal melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy: A rare cause of scrotal mass in an infant

Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy (MNTI) is a rare, benign neoplasm of neural crest origin more commonly seen in the craniofacial region. We report a case of MNTI of the epididymis in a 6-month-old male child with emphasis on the sonographic appearance which has not been previously described. In this case, the mass was inseparable from the testicle and therefore the differential diagnosis considered both extratesticular and intratesticular masses. MNTI should be added to the differential diagnosis of scrotal masses, particularly if they present in a child younger than 12 months of age.     

炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤的多层螺旋CT表现

目的探讨炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤(IMT)的多层螺旋CT表现,以提高对该病影像表现的认识。方法回顾性分析2005年3月—2008年2月经手术病理证实的IMT共18例,病变位于肺部6例,肝脏1例,脾脏2例,胆总管1例,腹膜后1例,盆腔1例,上颌窦2例,浅表软组织4例。4例患者行CT平扫,14例平扫后行单期或多期增强扫描。结果肺内病变2例为中央型,CT表现为边界清楚的实性肿物;4例为周围型,其中3例表现为边界不清、形态不规则的肿物,1例表现为边界光整的小结节。肺外病变CT表现为不同部位的实性肿物或结节。增强扫描肿瘤呈均匀或不均匀中度到明显强化。病理示瘤组织由梭形纤维细胞及炎细胞组成,免疫组化染色肌源性蛋白阳性表达。结论IMT是一种少见的肿瘤,多层螺旋CT检查能为其提供准确的解剖部位等信息,在定性诊断方面尤其对肺内病变有一定价值,最后确诊有赖于组织病理学及免疫组化检查。     

外周性原始神经外胚层肿瘤的影像学表现与病理对照分析

目的 探讨外周性原始神经外胚层肿瘤（pPNET）的影像学表现,以提高对本病的认识和诊断的准确性.方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的9例pPNET患者的临床及影像学资料.患者年龄11～67岁,男7例,女2例.9例全部行CT平扫加增强扫描,其中4例行MR平扫加增强扫描,3例行X线平片检杳.结果 9例病灶中1例位于鼻腔,3例位于胸壁,3例位于腹腔,1例位于子宫,1例位于锁骨.8例软组织pPNET CT表现为多数较大且呈浸润性生长的软组织肿块,伴或不伴邻近骨质的溶骨性破坏,肿块内密度不均匀伴坏死囊变,不伴钙化,增强后呈中等程度以上不均匀强化.1例骨pPNET表现为较大的溶骨性骨质破坏伴软组织肿块,增强后病灶明显不均匀强化.MRI示病灶T1WI呈等信号1例,等、低混杂信号2例,中等稍高信号1例;T2WI均呈不规则中、高信号,部分病例可见假包膜或分隔样改变;4例钆喷酸葡胺（Gd-DTPA）增强后均表现为不均匀强化.病理形态上Homer-Wright 菊彤团为其特异性表现,免疫组织化学显示肿瘤均表达CD99和NSE,并不同程度表达波形蛋向（Vim）、上皮细胞膜抗原（EMA）、突触素（Syn）、胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）等,但不表达白细胞共同抗原（LCA）等.结论 CT、MRI能较好地显示肿瘤的内部结构、明确肿瘤的范围,具有较大的诊断价值.     

韧带样纤维瘤病的CT及MRI特征及病理对照

目的回顾性分析韧带样纤维瘤的CT及MRI特征表现及病理基础。方法收集经手术病理证实的韧带样纤维瘤共27例影像学及病理资料,CT检查12例,MRI检查14例,另1例行CT及MRI检查;全部病例均行增强扫描。结果27例共30个病灶,16个病灶发生于腹壁,14个病灶发生于腹壁外。形态：全部病灶均沿肌纤维长轴生长,20个呈梭形或类圆形,10个不规则形;7个边界较清,23个边界不清。与肌肉密度、信号相比：CT上10个病灶呈稍低密度,3个呈等密度,9个渐进性中度强化,4个不均匀性强化;T1WI上9个病灶呈等信号,9个病灶呈稍低信号;T2WI上15个呈高或稍高信号,3个呈混杂信号;STIR上均呈较高信号,15个内部见条片状低信号;增强扫描所有病灶不均匀性渐进性中度强化,其中12个内部条状斑片状的低信号未见明显强化。病理上肿瘤多呈浸润性生长,由纤维母细胞和肌纤维母细胞组成,内部见致密纤维组织及胶原组织,部分见黏液沉积。结论韧带样纤维瘤的CT、MRI表现有一定特征,肿瘤多呈浸润生长,瘤内出现特征性稍低密度或条带状低信号,无液化坏死区,渐进性中度强化。     

腮腺恶性肿瘤临床与影像学分析

目的：探讨腮腺恶性肿瘤的临床及影像表现。方法回顾性分析经临床病理证实的50例腮腺恶性肿瘤的临床资料,并对其中有影像资料的18例患者（3例超声,3例CT,3例MRI,6例行CT及超声,2例行MRI及超声,1例行CT和MRI）肿瘤位置、形态、大小、边界、内部结构、强化或血流情况等特征进行分析。结果18例腮腺恶性肿瘤表现为腮腺区结节或肿块,无痛性肿块16例,疼痛2例。肿块类圆形或椭圆形13例,肿块为实性16例,囊实性2例。部分不规则,边界清楚10例、不清晰8例。肿块可跨深浅叶（8例）,可位于浅叶（10例）。单发17例,1例淋巴瘤多发。肿块多强化明显或血流丰富（15例）。肿块大小范围较大。肿块多有分叶征（15例）。转移瘤多发、常囊变坏死、边界不清。恶性淋巴瘤常多发、均质、边界清。结论腮腺恶性肿瘤有一定影像特征,但同良性肿瘤特征有重叠;合并淋巴结转移、肿瘤分叶且边界不清或侵犯周围结构、明显强化且不均匀或伴明显坏死等对腮腺恶性肿瘤的诊断有重要价值。