改进型“瑞士卷”法在小鼠肠道组织切片中的应用

目的为提高小鼠肠管组织石蜡切片的整体质量, 探讨一种改进型"瑞士卷"法在肠道组织病理切片中的应用。方法分别采用常规"瑞士卷"制作方法和改进型"瑞士卷"法脱水包埋小鼠回肠、结直肠组织样本, 制成组织切片。HE染色用于评估组织切片整体形态质量、组织器械性损伤及黏膜下层与肌层分离的情况;免疫组织化学染色LYVE-1标记淋巴管、染色CD31标记血管, 分析黏膜下层结构完整性;采用免疫荧光染色对小鼠回肠潘氏细胞(溶菌酶阳性)及结直肠杯状细胞(MUC2阳性)予以标记。结果 HE染色显示改进型"瑞士卷"组小鼠肠管组织切片整体形态及外观更加规整, 组织未发生器械性损伤, 且极少见黏膜下层与肌层分离的现象;免疫组织化学结果显示, 改进型"瑞士卷"组小鼠肠管组织切片黏膜下层多见完整的淋巴管和血管结构, 计数其黏膜下层完整淋巴管和血管的数量分别为(701.0±46.7)条和(881.6±58.7)条, 显著高于常规方法组(149.5±23.6)条和(122.9±20.2)条(P<0.05);免疫荧光发现, 改进型"瑞士卷"组小鼠回肠潘氏细胞及结直肠杯状细胞定位准确, 极少见细胞结构缺失的情况。结论改进...     

前列腺增生组织中间质细胞增殖和表型转化与雌激素受体α表达的关系

目的 比较人正常前列腺(NP)和前列腺增生(BPH)中间质细胞标记蛋白、增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)和雌激素受体α(ERα)的表达差异,并检测BPH组织间质细胞标记蛋白与PCNA或ERα同时呈阳性染色的细胞.方法 对4例NP和8例BPH连续切片应用免疫组织化学方法,观察波形蛋白(vimentin)、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)、肌球蛋白(myosin)、PCNA和ERa的表达定位.结果 与NP相比在BPH中,α-SMA阳性染色细胞显著增加;波形蛋白在间质中阳性染色细胞有所增加,在腺泡基底层及临近腺泡外层间质中阳性染色细胞明显增加;在临近腺泡外的数层间质细胞中肌球蛋白和ERα由部分阳性变为完全阴性染色,而在远离腺泡的间质中其阳性染色细胞由散在斑块状分布变为簇状密集排列;PCNA在间质中阳性染色细胞有所增加,在基底细胞层中阳性染色细胞显著增加.连续切片免疫组织化学染色显示,在腺泡上皮基底层存在PCNA与波形蛋白、ERα共定位的细胞;在间质中存在肌球蛋白与ERα共定位的细胞.结论 与NP相比,BPH间质细胞表型发生明显变化,且其增殖和表型转化与ERα表达定位的改变密切相关.     

抗原修复在免疫组化染色中的应用

免疫组织化学染色是利用抗原抗体特异性反应,对组织或细胞内的抗原物质进行定性和定位的标记方法。它对某些抗原物质的定位检测及某些疾病的临床病理诊断具有重要的指导作用。免疫组化染色对已知抗原的检测,其阳性程度不仅取决于抗体的效价及抗体的生物学活性,还取决于组织细胞中抗原决定簇的暴露程度及其稳定性。抗原决定簇是相应的抗体特异性结合的抗原部分。在临床病理诊断中常采用福尔马林固定、石蜡包埋的组织切片标本,因固定液中所含的甲醛在固定过程中逐渐形成醛键或形成羟甲基,这些化学键可使蛋白与蛋白之间发生交联,从而封闭了抗原…     

塑料包埋结合四环素荧光标记制作不脱钙骨组织切片的实验研究

目的探讨塑料包埋技术结合四环素荧光标记制作不脱钙骨组织切片的关键步骤及应用。方法选取四环素荧光标记的兔股骨进行塑料包埋,Leica SP 1600切片机切片,荧光显微镜观察后用苦味酸品红染色,并与常规石蜡包埋切片相比较。结果四环素荧光标记不脱钙骨组织经塑料包埋技术处理后,可清楚地观察类骨质形成、植入体及周围骨组织的整合程度,与常规石蜡包埋相比,染色层次分明,组织移位形变小。结论应用塑料包埋技术制作四环素荧光标记不脱钙骨组织切片,有利于行骨形态计量分析以及植入体与骨整合的研究。     

Research on plastic embedding combined with tetracycline fluorescence labeling in undecalcified bone tissue

目的 探讨塑料包埋技术结合四环素荧光标记制作不脱钙骨组织切片的关键步骤及应用.方法 选取四环素荧光标记的兔股骨进行塑料包埋,Leica SP 1600切片机切片,荧光显微镜观察后用苦味酸品红染色,并与常规石蜡包埋切片相比较.结果 四环素荧光标记不脱钙骨组织经塑料包埋技术处理后,可清楚地观察类骨质形成、植入体及周围骨组织的整合程度,与常规石蜡包埋相比,染色层次分明,组织移位形变小.结论 应用塑料包埋技术制作四环素荧光标记不脱钙骨组织切片,有利于行骨形态计量分析以及植入体与骨整合的研究.     

塑料包埋技术在骨组织研究中的应用

目的 研究塑料包埋技术制作的不脱钙硬组织切片,确定制作的关键步骤及用于骨组织研究的优点.方法 选取狗胫骨节段或带有金属种植体的骨材料塑料包埋,LeicaSP1600切片机(德国)切片,用苦味酸品红染色观察,并与常规石蜡包埋相比较.结果 不脱钙骨组织经塑料包埋技术处理后,可清楚地观察类骨质形成、多孔材料及种植体周围骨组织的整合程度.与常规石蜡包埋相比,染色层次分明,组织移位形变小.结论 应用规范塑料包埋技术制作不脱钙硬组织切片,更有利于行骨形态计量分析以及材料与骨整合的研究.     

免疫组织化学展望

尽管免疫组织化学技术发明于20世纪40年代,但用于甲醛固定石蜡包埋组织切片的历史仅有30余年.一系列的技术发明,包括在酶标记抗体的基础上开发各种高敏感性检测系统(如PAP,ABc等),单克隆抗体的问世以及蛋白酶消化修复部分抗原等,为免疫组织化学技术用于石蜡切片提供了有利条件.     

酶联SPA过氧化物酶染色诊断血吸虫病的初步报告

<正> 酶标记金黄色葡萄球菌A蛋白(HRP-SPA)代替第二抗体作ELISA,已有较好的效果,而用于血吸虫病免疫酶组化法方面尚未见报道。作者等在神谷晴夫应用日本血吸虫卵肉芽肿肝组织,经福尔马林石蜡包埋切片仍能保持良好抗原性的基础上,用HRP-SPA作间接免疫过氧化物酶染色试验     

用于小鼠及兔源IgG的通用型二抗PA/G-HRP融合蛋白的真核表达及活性检测

目的 制备可与小鼠及兔来源IgG结合的通用型二抗,并用于多种免疫检测实验.方法 全基因合成金黄色葡萄球菌蛋白A(SPA)、链球菌蛋白G(SPG)与辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)融合基因片段,定向克隆至真核表达载体pcDNATM3.1骨架中,瞬时转染入人胚肾HEK293F细胞进行表达.通过SDS-PAGE、Western bl...     

塑料包埋技术在骨组织研究中的应用

目的研究塑料包埋技术制作的不脱钙硬组织切片,确定制作的关键步骤及用于骨组织研究的优点。方法选取狗胫骨节段或带有金属种植体的骨材料塑料包埋,LeicaSP1600切片机（德国）切片,用苦味酸品红染色观察,并与常规石蜡包埋相比较。结果不脱钙骨组织经塑料包埋技术处理后,可清楚地观察类骨质形成、多孔材料及种植体周围骨组织的整合程度。与常规石蜡包埋相比,染色层次分明,组织移位形变小。结论应用规范塑料包埋技术制作不脱钙硬组织切片,更有利于行骨形态计量分析以及材料与骨整合的研究。     

链球菌蛋白G应用于ELISA的实验研究

对酶标记链球菌蛋白Ｇ（ＳＰＧ）在ＥＬＩＳＡ的应用条件进行了研究并与ＳＰＡ作了系统比较。ＳＰＧ与ＩｇＧ结合受温度影响，３７℃结合活性高于室温和４℃；反应时间定为２ｈ反应溶液ｐＨ值升高，ＳＰＧ的结合力亦增强。在同等条件下与酶标记ＳＰＡ进行比较，结果表明ＳＰＧ对小鼠单克隆抗体、羊抗人、兔抗ＩＦＮ－γ和驴抗兔Ｉｇｇ以及牛、大鼠和人ＩｇＧ的结合力均明显高于ＳＰＡ。ＳＰＧ用于大鼠血清抗ＩＦＮ－γ抗体的检测，其阳性率和抗体滴度均大大高于ＳＰＡ。因此，ＳＰＧ作为一种广谱的、高亲和力的ＩｇＧ结合物，是应用于ＥＬＩＳＡ的理想的替代二抗。     

Differential binding characteristics of protein G and protein A for Fc fragments of papain-digested mouse IgG

It has been previously reported that staphylococcal protein A (SPA) bound only to the Fc region of mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) and streptococcal protein G (SPG) bound to both Fab and Fc regions of mouse IgG and the binding sites for SPG and SPA on Fc were overlapped. In this study the binding characteristics of SPG and SPA for papain-digested mouse IgG were analysed. Papain digestion of mouse IgG purified from CAy-IFNg99C hybridoma (secreting IgG1 monoclonal antibody specific for human interferon gamma)-induced ascites resulted in Fab and two major Fc fragments referred to as the high molecular weight (HMW) and the low molecular weight (LMW) Fc fragments. SPG bound to Fab and the LMW Fc fragments of the papain-digested IgG. However SPG did not bind to the HMW Fc fragment. SPA showed practically no reactivity with the Fab and the LMW Fc fragments of the papain-digested mouse IgG but only to the HMW Fc fragment. SPG and SPA binding assays showed that papain digestion discriminated the SPG and SPA binding sites in the Fc fragment of mouse IgG. These results demonstrated a clear evidence for the presence of two independent SPG and SPA binding sites in the Fc fragment of mouse IgG.     

Structural and functional analysis of the human IgG-Fab receptor activity of streptococcal protein G

Streptococcal protein G (SPG) shows specific binding activity to IgGs and serum albumins from various species. In order to investigate the structural domains of SPG responsible for the specific interaction with human IgG-Fab, the binding characteristics of a collection of recombinant receptors were analysed. The study includes receptors comprising different parts of the SPG molecule as well as chimeric receptors containing IgG-binding domains of staphylococcal protein A (SPA) fused to the N-terminal AB-region of SPG, which has been claimed to interact with human IgG-Fab. Purified defined gene products were allowed to compete for the binding to human IgG, human IgG-F(ab')2 fragments and human serum albumin (HSA) in several sets of competitive binding experiments. The results demonstrate that the C-terminal C domains have both IgG-Fc- and IgG-Fab-binding capacities, whereas the N-terminal AB region is responsible for the HSA-binding only. These results, which are in conflict with previous work, demonstrate that the binding to both the IgG-Fc and the IgG-Fab region is mediated by the same structurally distinct receptor region of SPG.     

金黄葡萄球菌蛋白A与SUMO标签的融合表达及应用研究

目的 从金黄葡萄球菌菌株(ATCC6538)中克隆得到蛋白A的全长基因并对其结构及应用进行研究.方法 从该菌株的基因组DNA中克隆得到全长的葡萄球菌蛋白A基因,对其基因结构分析之后,将该基因的成熟区全长片段和抗体结合功能区片段重组到pHisSUMO原核分泌表达载体上与SUMO标签融合表达,通过ELISA的方法来鉴定融合蛋白的抗体结合活性及其稳定性,并将抗体结合功能区片段耦联到CNBr活化的琼脂糖凝胶上进行抗体的纯化.结果 首次获得了此株菌的全长蛋白A基因并发布于GenBank中,登录号为EU695225.蛋白A全长蛋白和功能区蛋白在pHisSUMO载体上得到正确高效表达,通过ELISA鉴定SUMO标签的存在,没有影响全长蛋白和功能区蛋白的抗体结合活性并有效提高了功能区蛋白的稳定性.在抗体纯化实验中,应用表达的蛋白A能够得到浓度和纯度较高的抗体并具有较好的效价.结论 克隆得到一个新的葡萄球菌蛋白A全长基因.蛋白A功能区蛋白与SUMO标签融合表达,在保持抗体结合活性的基础上提高了稳定性,并成功应用于抗体的纯化.     

Genotype-phenotype correlation in inherited brain myelination defects due to proteolipid protein gene mutations. Clinical European Network on Brain Dysmyelinating Disease

Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) and spastic paraplegia type 2 (SPG2) are X-linked developmental defects of myelin formation affecting the central nervous system (CNS). They differ clinically in the onset and severity of the motor disability but both are allelic to the proteolipid protein gene (PLP), which encodes the principal protein components of CNS myelin, PLP and its spliced isoform, DM20. We investigated 52 PMD and 28 SPG families without large PLP duplications or deletions by genomic PCR amplification and sequencing of the PLP gene. We identified 29 and 4 abnormalities respectively. Patients with PLP mutations presented a large range of disease severity, with a continuum between severe forms of PMD, without motor development, to pure forms of SPG. Clinical severity was found to be correlated with the nature of the mutation, suggesting a distinct strategy for detection of PLP point mutations between severe PMD, mild PMD and SPG. Single amino-acid changes in highly conserved regions of the DM20 protein caused the most severe forms of PMD. Substitutions of less conserved amino acids, truncations, absence of the protein and PLP-specific mutations caused the milder forms of PMD and SPG. Therefore, the interactions and stability of the mutated proteins has a major effect on the severity of PLP-related diseases.     

Brazilian family with pure autosomal dominant spastic paraplegia maps to 8q: analysis of muscle beta 1 syntrophin

The autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegias (AD-HSP) are a heterogeneous group of degenerative disorders of the central motor system, characterized by progressive spasticity of the lower limbs. Five loci for pure AD-HSP have been identified to date: SPG3 at 14q, SPG4 at 2p, SPG6 at 15q, SPG8 at 8q, and more recently SPG10 at 12q. We have analyzed a Brazilian family with 16 affected individuals by pure AD-HSP who developed progressive gait disturbance with onset at age 18-26 years. Linkage analysis performed with 13 relatives (6 affected and 7 normal) excluded SPG3, SPG4, and SPG6 as candidate regions. However, positive LOD scores were obtained with markers flanking the candidate region for the SPG8 locus [maximum two point Lod score (Zmax) = 3.3 at theta = 0 for D8S1804]. In this region lies the syntrophin beta 1 gene (SNT2B1), a widely expressed dystrophin-associated protein and therefore a good positional and functional candidate for this disease. Immunohistochemical and Western Blot (WB) studies showed that the distribution, expression, and apparent molecular weight of the beta 1 syntrophin protein were comparable to those of normal control individuals. Therefore, it is unlikely that defects in this protein are related to SPG8, at least in the present family.     

The relationship between fertility potential measurements on cryobanked semen and fecundity of sperm donors

Sperm penetration assay (SPA) scores obtained from cryobanked semen were correlated with therapeutic insemination (TI) fecundity in a group of established sperm donors, thereby evaluating the efficacy of the SPA in screening donors for sperm banking. While the SPA has been used to separate fertile from infertile males, we altered assay conditions to use frozen semen and to distinguish performance among fertile donors. Three frozen ejaculates from 11 pregnancy-proven donors were analysed. Of 905 TI cycles, 275 recipients achieved 95 pregnancies. There were no significant relationships between fecundity and donor semen, washed sperm parameters, sperm recoveries or recipient age. A significant relationship was revealed between mean SPA scores (range 8.7-66.6 penetrations/ovum) and donor fecundity (range 0.04-0.16, P < 0.03). Sperm concentration was varied in an effort to establish the most sensitive test condition. Using 0.25x10(6) motile spermatozoa/ml, a highly significant relationship was observed (P < 0.002). The four donors with the lowest SPA scores achieved the four lowest fecundities. It is concluded that a modified SPA can be used on frozen donor semen to estimate donor fertility potential. If applied routinely in donor semen banking, poor quality applicants could be excluded, thereby increasing pregnancy rates while decreasing donor screening costs.     

Identification and characterization of epitopes on the 120-kilodalton surface protein antigen of Rickettsia prowazekii with synthetic peptides.

The 120-kDa surface protein antigens (SPAs) of typhus rickettsiae are highly immunogenic and have been shown to be responsible for the species-specific serological reactions of the typhus group rickettsiae. To study the immunochemistry of these proteins, overlapping decapeptides encompassing the whole protein were synthesized on derivatized polyethylene pins. A modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to identify epitopes recognized by rabbit hyperimmune antisera to Rickettsia prowazekii SPA. Eight distinct epitopes were mapped by this method in three regions. Four of the epitopes, which were located in the carboxyterminus of mature processed SPA, were strongly competitively inhibited by native folded SPA but not by intact rickettsiae, suggesting that they were on the SPA surface but not exposed on the rickettsial surface. Three of these epitopes were present on both R. prowazekii and Rickettsia typhi SPAs. The immunoreactivities of five epitopes were further characterized by synthesizing modified peptides. Glycine substitution experiments determined the critical residues in the epitopes. The dependence of binding of the peptide epitopes to the polyclonal antisera was mapped to single residues. The limited number and weak reactivity of linear peptide epitopes observed with human and rabbit sera, possibly due to a lack of the methylated amino acids which are present in rickettsia-derived SPA, suggest that the present approach will not provide useful synthetic antigens for diagnosis of typhus infections.     

A multi-exonic SPG4 duplication underlies sex-dependent penetrance of hereditary spastic paraplegia in a large Brazilian pedigree

SPG4 mutations are the most frequent cause of autosomal-dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). SPG4 HSP is characterized by large inter- and intrafamilial variability in age at onset (AAO) and disease severity. The broad spectrum of SPG4 mutations has recently been further extended by the finding of large genomic deletions in SPG4-linked pedigrees negative for 'small' mutations. We had previously reported a very large pedigree, linked to the SPG4 locus with many affected members, which showed gender difference in clinical manifestation. Screening for copy number aberrations revealed the first case of a multi-exonic duplication (exon10_12dup) in the SPG4 gene. The mutation leads to a premature stop codon, suggesting that the protein product is not functional. The analysis of 30 individuals who carry the mutation showed that males have on average an earlier AAO and are more severely affected. The present family suggests that this HSP pathogenesis may be modulated by factors related to individual background and gender as observed for other autosomal dominant conditions, such as facio-scapulohumeral muscular dystrophy or amyloidosis. Understanding why some individuals, particularly women, are 'partially protected' from the effects of this and other pathogenic mutations is of utmost importance.     

A sensitive screening method of detecting anti-granulocyte antibodies employing radiolabeled staphylococcal protein A

We describe an improved method of detecting anti-granulocyte antibodies utilizing radiolabeled staphylococcal protein A (SPA). The results of this SPA assay were compared to data obtained with leukoagglutination tests and granulocyte indirect immunofluorescence techniques. We have shown that the SPA assay is highly sensitive and reproducible. In addition, absorption studies confirmed that the assay is specific for granulocytes. The SPA assay is performed in microtiter plates, and requires significantly fewer granulocytes and less test sera than previously described techniques. Also, we have shown that granulocytes prepared for this assay can be separated and stored for up to 48 h. Therefore, the SPA assay described herein is particularly useful for screening of sera and is one of the most sensitive assays available for detecting anti-granulocyte antibodies.