首发与复发抑郁症患者的认知功能特征比较

目的 探讨首发与复发抑郁症患者的认知功能特征及两者间的差异,以及与疾病严重程度的相关性.方法 招募符合DSM-Ⅳ中抑郁症诊断标准的首发抑郁症患者共31例为首发组,复发性抑郁症患者30例为复发组,健康志愿者31名为对照组,对3组进行韦氏数字广度(DS)测验、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)和爱荷华赌博任务(IGT)测验,比较3组被试在各测量指标上的差异,同时用HAMD-24评估患者组的抑郁程度,并分析其与认知功能各指标的相关性.结果 (1)3组患者DS评分的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中复发组低于对照组(P<0.05),首发组与复发组及首发组与对照组差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).(2)3组患者WCST评分的差异有统计学意义,其中复发组与对照组及复发组与首发组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),首发组和对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).(3)3组患者IGT评分的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中复发组除第二模块外,其余各项指标均高于对照组(P<0.05),复发组的总分、第三模块和第五模块评分均高于首发组(P<0.05).(4)患者组(首发组+复发组)的HAMD总分与DS评分、WCST分类数呈负相关(r=-0.373,P=0.003;r=-0.299,P=0.019),与WCST的错误应答数、持续性错误应答数、非持续错误应答数和IG T的总分、第三模块评分、第五模块评分呈正相关(r=0.265~0.461,P<0.05),与IG T第一模块、第二模块和第四模块无相关性(P>0.05).结论 首发抑郁症患者无明显短时记忆和执行功能损害,在情感决策方面,其倾向于低收益,低风险决策;而复发抑郁症患者的短时记忆、执行功能均有明显损害,且在情感决策上比首发患者对损失更为敏感;抑郁症患者的抑郁程度与认知损害呈正相关.疾病复发和病情加重都会对抑郁症患者的认知损害造成不良影响.     

首、复发抑郁症患者额颞叶神经纤维偏侧化与疾病严重程度的相关研究

目的:探讨首、复发抑郁症患者额颞叶神经纤维是否存在偏侧化改变,以及与认知、疾病严重程度的相关性。方法:入组首发抑郁症患者25例、复发抑郁症患者27例及健康对照者24名,入组者均进行弥散张量成像扫描(DTI)及威斯康辛卡片分类测试(WCST);抑郁患者同时进行汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分。结果:首、复发抑郁组,在右额中回、右额下回、右颞下回的各向异性(FA)值较左侧显著性降低(P0.05),复发抑郁组右侧海马回FA值较左侧显著性升高(P0.01),健康对照组未发现左右脑FA值差异有统计学意义(P0.05);对照组左额叶中回、左额下回FA值与持续错误数正相关,右额下回FA值与完成第一分类所需应答数正相关,首发抑郁组的左额叶中回FA值与持续错误数相关,右额下回FA值与完成第一分类所需应答数相关(P均0.05);复发抑郁组右额下回FA值与HAMD评分呈负相关(P0.05)。结论:首、复发抑郁症患者均存在右侧颞叶、额叶的偏侧化,且与认知功能的改变存在一定的相关性,反复发作、病程迁延的复发患者偏侧化程度进一步加重,且右侧额叶下回的纤维完整性与疾病严重程度呈负相关。     

血清S100B蛋白水平与首发抑郁症关系的研究

目的 探讨首发抑郁症患者的血清S100B蛋白水平与抑郁症及其认知功能的关系.方法 纳入符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第四版(DSM-Ⅳ)抑郁症诊断标准的首发抑郁症患者30例和正常对照30名,检测血清S100B蛋白水平,同时应用17项版本汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)评定患者的病情和认知功能.并进行两组间比较.结果 患者组血清S100B蛋白水平明显高于对照组[(0.109±0.032)μg/L与(0.033±0.014)μg/L,P<0.01].患者组WCST的完成分类数得分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),而错误应答数、完成第一个分类所需应答数、持续性错误数、持续性应答和持续性错误百分数均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01).患者组血清S100B蛋白水平与HAMD的总分、阻滞因子分及睡眠障碍因子分呈正相关(r为0.46、0.41和0.37,P均小于0.05),与WCST中的持续性错误数、持续性应答及持续性错误百分数呈正相关(r为0.39、0.37和0.37,P均小于0.05).结论 首发抑郁症患者血清S100B蛋白水平升高,其升高程度与抑郁症的严重程度和认知损害程度正相关.     

老年抑郁症首次发病与复发患者脑结构的磁共振研究

目的:基于磁共振探讨首发与复发老年抑郁症患者脑结构特点。方法:对首发与复发老年抑郁症患者30例(首发组20例,复发组10例)和正常人30名(正常对照组)进行脑磁共振成像检查并运用弥散张量成像(DTI)扫描,比较首发与复发抑郁症患者与正常对照组的异常脑区以及首发与复发患者脑白质、灰质容量及白质各向异性分数(FA)值的差异。结果:与正常对照组比较,患者组双侧额叶、右顶叶、左楔叶、左海马回灰质以及左颞上回白质T1信号强度减低;右扣带回灰质T1信号及白质T1信号强度升高(P0.01,像素集合30)。首发组和复发组患者脑白质容量未发现显著差异脑区,但复发组右海马区灰质容量较首发组明显减小(P0.01,像素集合30)。与首发组比较,复发组右额中回、左颞中回白质FA值减低(P均0.01,像素集合30)。结论:首发与复发老年抑郁症患者可能存在前额叶及右扣带回功能缺陷;双侧海马区灰质容量可能与临床症状有关。     

抑郁症患者的认知功能、事件相关电位P300和MR扩散张量成像研究

目的 联合应用事件相关电位P300和MR扩散张量成像(DTI)研究抑郁症患者的认知功能损害,探讨抑郁症合并认知损害的机制. 方法 选取深圳市第二人民医院心理门诊自2008年5月至2009年9月接收的30例首发抑郁症患者作为抑郁症组,同期与抑郁症患者年龄、教育程度相匹配的健康志愿者30名做为对照组.应用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、P300检查和DTI扫描分别检测WCST各亚项得分、P3潜伏期和P3波幅、脑不同解剖部位的各向异性(FA)值.并对三者进行相关性分析. 结果 抑郁症组患者WCST各亚项得分、P3潜伏期和P3波幅与对照组相比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与对照组相比,抑郁症组患者双侧额叶、扣带回前部、扣带回压部、胼胝体膝部和压部FA值下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);抑郁症组患者P3潜伏期与持续性错误数呈正相关关系(r=0.677,P=0.009),P3波幅与持续性错误数、不能维持完整分类数数均呈负相关关系(r=0.765,P=0.001;r=0.654,P=0.012),抑郁症组患者左、右侧额叶白质FA值分别与持续性错误数、不能维持完整分类数呈负相关关系(P<0.05). 结论 神经心理学和事件相关电位P300检查反映了抑郁症患者存在认知功能损害,P3潜伏期和P3波幅可作为认知功能的参考指标,DTI结果 揭示了抑郁症患者存在白质区域神经纤维的异常,这可能是抑郁症合并认知损害的神经病理学基础之一.     

抑郁症脑灰质结构和神经认知性别差异

目的:探讨抑郁症脑灰质体积和认知功能的性别差异。方法:38例抑郁症患者(男19例,女19例)及29名健康对照(男13名,女16名)均经常规及结构磁共振(MRI)扫描,同时联合反映脑区执行及记忆功能的神经心理学测量,t检验对性别组间数据进行统计分析。结果:①健康男性在右额上回皮质灰质体积较健康女性减小;女性抑郁症患者在右颞叶梭状回及右海马回皮质的灰质体积较男性患者减小(P<0.005,像素>10);②在字色干扰总时间上,健康男性成绩差于健康女性;而抑郁症女性瞬时记忆(数字倒背)项目分数低于男性(P<0.05);③字色干扰总时间的性别差异与右额上回皮质体积性别差异在健康受试中存在相关性(r=0.503,F=4.412,P=0.022);数字倒背的性别差异与右颞叶梭状回及右海马回皮质性别差异在抑郁症患者中未发现显著统计意义的相关(r=0.567,F=2.028,P=0.084)。结论:健康者及抑郁症患者在灰质体积及神经认知上均存在一定的性别差异。     

首次发病与复发抑郁症患者执行功能的对照研究

目的:探讨首发和复发抑郁症患者执行功能损害情况。方法:采用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、Stroop测验、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)对100例抑郁症患者进行评定,其中首次发病(首发组)患者41例,复发(复发组)患者59例;同时以50名正常人作为对照组进行测评并分析比较。结果:在WSCT的总错误数、分类完成数、持续性错误数及持续性应答数、以及Stroop色词测验的彩色文字阅读(Stroop-c)时间和彩色文字的色彩阅读(Stroop-cw)正确数上,首发组、复发组与对照组之间差异均有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01);Stroop-c正确数上首发组和复发组之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:无论首发还是复发抑郁症患者均存在明显的执行功能损害,复发者更为显著。     

发作期抑郁症患者脑动脉血流速度与注意力、执行功能关系

目的探讨发作期抑郁症患者脑动脉血流速度及其与注意力、执行功能的关系。方法 70例发作期抑郁症患者及65名健康对照纳入研究。采用24项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(24 items Hamilton depression scale,HAMD-24)评估抑郁症患者抑郁情绪,划销测验(cancellation test,CT)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(Wisconsin card sorting test,WCST)评估的认知功能,采用经颅多普勒超声(transcranial Doppler,TCD)检测脑动脉血流速度。结果与对照组比较,发作期抑郁症患者基底动脉、左侧大脑中动脉、右侧大脑中动脉、左大脑前动脉与右大脑前动脉平均血流速度均减慢,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。患者组CT各阶段净分及总净分低于对照组,而WCST总应答数、错误应答数、持续性错误数、完成第一个分类所需应答数均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.01)。发作期抑郁症患者大脑基底动脉(r=0.25)、左中动脉(r=0.46)、右中动脉(r=0.25)、右后动脉(r=0.26)平均血流速度与CT总净分呈正相关(P0.05),各大脑动脉平均血流速度与WCST总应答数、持续性错误数呈负相关(P0.05),基底动脉、左右后动脉与错误应答数、完成第一个分类所需应答数呈负相关(P0.05)。结论发作期抑郁症患者大脑动脉平均血流速度普遍降低,注意力与执行功能受损。认知功能受损可能与脑动脉平均血流速度的改变有关。     

女性首发精神分裂症患者的性腺激素水平与认知功能的关系研究

目的研究女性首发精神分裂症患者的性腺激素分泌水平及其与认知功能之间的关系。方法采用放射免疫法测定30例女性首发精神分裂症患者(患者组)与20名正常女性(对照组)的血清性腺激素水平;以韦氏记忆量表(WMS-R)和事件相关电位P300评定患者认知功能。结果①患者组雌二醇(E2)水平低于对照组,催乳素(PRL)、睾丸酮(T)水平高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②与正常对照组比较,患者组在长时记忆(1-100、100-1、积累),短时记忆(图片、再生、联想、理解)及记忆商数(MQ)受损较为明显(P<0.05),P300靶潜伏期延迟(P<0.001)。③患者组E2与短时记忆的图片(r=0.53,P=0.002)、再生(r=0.37,P=0.04)、联想(r=0.44,P=0.02)、理解(r=0.42,P=0.02)4个分测验的评分,P(孕激素)、睾丸酮(T)分别与图片(r=0.41,P=0.03;r=0.47,P=0.008),联想(r=0.42,P=0.02;r=0.52,P=0.05)2个分测验的评分均呈正相关。而患者组P300潜伏期分别与E2、P水平呈负相关(r=-0.43,P=0.02;r=-0.46,P=0.01)。结论女性首发精神分裂症患者存在性激素分泌紊乱及注意力、记忆力缺陷和认知加工缓慢等认知障碍,性激素水平与认知功能显著相关。     

首发抑郁症患者血清胶质纤维酸性蛋白浓度与认知功能的关系

目的:探讨首发抑郁症患者血清胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)浓度与认知功能的关系。方法:以酶联免疫吸附技术测定首发抑郁症患者(患者组)45例和正常人(对照组)45名血清GFAP浓度,使用威斯康星卡片分类测验检测两组的认知功能,分析血清GFAP浓度和认知功能损害的关系。结果:患者组血清GFAP浓度较对照组显著升高(t=12.72,P0.05);患者组血清GFAP浓度与HAMD总分及各因子分相关无统计学意义,与HAMA因子躯体化焦虑呈负相关(r=0.312,P0.05);患者组正确数、完成分类数较对照组少(t=-3.349,t=-3.349;P均0.05);持续错误数,随机错误数较对照组多(t=4.333,P0.05);患者组血清GFAP浓度与正确数、完成分类数呈负相关(r=0.527,r=0.527;P均0.01),与持续错误数呈正相关(r=0.450,P0.01);患者组血清GFAP浓度和病程之间相关无统计学意义(r=0.129,P0.05)。结论:首发抑郁症患者存在血清GFAP浓度升高,认知功能损害,血清GFAP浓度越高,认知功能损害越严重。     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

The organization of the connections between the cortex and the claustrum in the monkey

The distribution of labelled cells and of extracellular granules in the claustrum has been studied after injections of horseradish peroxidase in several areas of the neocortex. The frontal and parietal lobes are related to the anterior and posterior halves respectively of the claustrum, and the occipital and temporal cortex to the posterior and inferior margins. Parts of the claustrum related to areas of the cortex in the frontal lobe overlap considerably in the antero-posterior dimension with parts related to widely separated but interconnected areas of the parieto-temporal cortex. Areas of cortex within one lobe which are interconnected are related to parts of the claustrum which overlap in the dorsoventral dimension.     

Experimental study of the projections of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius and the area postrema in the cat

Projections from the area postrema and adjacent parts of the medial solitary nucleus are demonstrated with the Nauta method following lesions limited exclusively to these structures. Experiments are controlled with lesions involving adjacent bulbar regions, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Ascending pathways in the dorsal and lateral columns of the spinal cord project ipsilaterally to the area postrema and bilaterally to a para-alar nucleus in the ventral periphery of the nucleus gracilis. Neurons in the area postrema project mainly inspilaterally to the dorsal and medial regions of the medial solitary nucleus. Neurons in the posterior half of the medical solitary nucleus project ipsilaterally to the lateral solitary nucleus, dorsal vagal nucleus, ambigus, retrofacial nucleus, and dorsal and lateral bulbar reticular formation. Projections to nuclei intercalatus and prepositus hypoglossi, bilaterally, and to the ipsilateral dorsal tegmental nucleus by way of the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus are also shown. No direct projections to the diencephalon are demonstrated. Control lesions in the dorsal column nuclei reveal projections to the contralateral inferior olive and thalamic reticular and ventrobasal nuclei, but not to the projection sites of the solitary nucleus. Evidence is given to support the hypothesis that ascening visceral pathways are interruped in the bulbar reticular formation and dorsal tegmental nucleus before reaching the diencephalon. Correlations are suggested with functional aspects of the central autonomic and reticular activating systems.