Laparoscopic radical trachelectomy or parametrectomy and pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy for cervical or vaginal stump carcinoma: report of six cases

The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic radical parametrectomy and pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy after previous supracervical or extrafascial hysterectomy. This is a prospective study of six patients with vaginal or cervical stump carcinoma after previous supracervical or extrafascial hysterectomy. The technique of radical parametrectomy with pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy as used for open surgical cases for years was performed laparoscopically. The average operating time was 180 min, the estimated average blood loss was 220 mL, and the duration of hospitalization was 11.8 days. There was no intraoperative or postoperative complication. Laparoscopic radical parametrectomy with pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy for cervical or vaginal stump carcinoma can be successfully and safely accomplished.     

How to avoid suboptimal management of cervical carcinoma by simple hysterectomy

OBJECTIVE: To determine the reasons leading to an inappropriate simple hysterectomy in the presence of carcinoma of the cervix and to evaluate factors related to survival. METHODS: All preoperative information was abstracted from 63 cervical cancer patients cleared by simple hysterectomy from 1980-1993. Cervical cancer screening history as well as the indication for hysterectomy were analyzed. The 5-year survival was calculated and correlated with the tumour histological subtype and presumed stage of disease. RESULTS: The most common preoperative symptom was abnormal uterine bleeding (73%). The absence of preoperative cytology, an inadequately evaluated abnormal Pap smear and the failure to differentiate from endometrial carcinoma were the main causes leading to an inappropriate simple hysterectomy. The cumulative 5-year survival was 63.5% and was correlated with the presumed stage of disease and the histological subtype. CONCLUSION: Only with close adherence to the cervical cancer screening guidelines and appropriate evaluation of presenting symptoms can we avoid inappropriate management of cervical carcinoma with simple hysterectomy.     

Sexual Functioning and Vaginal Changes after Radical Vaginal Trachelectomy in Early Stage Cervical Cancer Patients: A Longitudinal Study

IntroductionRadical vaginal trachelectomy (RVT) offers low complication rate, good survival, and possibility for future childbearing for young women with early stage cervical cancer. However, the literature on quality of life (QOL) and sexual functioning in patients undergoing RVT is scarce.AimThe aims of this study were to prospectively assess sexual function after RVT and to compare scores of sexual function in patients operated by RVT and radical abdominal hysterectomy (RAH) with those of age‐matched control women from the general population.MethodsEighteen patients with early stage cervical cancer operated with RVT were prospectively included and assessed preoperatively, and 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively using validated questionnaires. RAH patients were included consecutively and assessed once at 12 months postsurgery, while an age‐matched control group of 30 healthy women was assessed once.Main Outcome MeasureSexual dysfunction total score as measured by the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) was the main outcome measure.ResultsDuring the 12 months posttreatment, RVT patients tended to have persistent sexual dysfunction as measured by FSFI (mean overall score <26.55 at each assessment) and Female Sexual Distress Scale (mean overall score > 11). Sexual worry (P < 0.001) and lack of sexual desire (P = 0.038) were more frequently reported among patients in both treatment groups compared with control women. Sexual activity increased significantly during the observation time for the RVT group (P = 0.023) and reached that of healthy women. Global Health Status score improved over time for the RVT group but never reached that of healthy control women (P = 0.029).ConclusionsOur data suggest that patients treated with RVT for early stage cervical cancer experience persistent sexual dysfunction up to one year post surgery influencing negatively on their QOL. Froeding LP, Ottosen C, Rung‐Hansen H, Svane D, Mosgaard BJ, and Jensen PT. Sexual functioning and vaginal changes after radical vaginal trachelectomy in early stage cervical cancer patients: A longitudinal study. J Sex Med 2014;11:595‐604.     

Laparoskopische suprazervikale Hysterektomie (LASH)

Laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy (LASH) is a minimally invasive procedure that was developed during the 1990s as a novel treatment option for patients with uterine bleeding disorders. To date, prospective randomized trials comparing LASH with either vaginal or abdominal hysterectomy do not exist. A randomized controlled trial that compared LASH with hysteroscopic endometrial resection found that LASH resulted in better patient satisfaction. A retrospective study compared LASH with laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy and demonstrated reduced operating time, blood loss, hospitalisation and a quicker return to normal activity for patients who underwent LASH. The potential risk of cervical carcinoma in patients with a cervical stump is often controversially discussed. However, results of follow-up studies do not indicate a higher incidence of cervical cancer after LASH compared to the risk of vaginal cuff carcinoma after total hysterectomy.     

Recurrent cervical carcinoma after radical hysterectomy: an analysis of clinical aspects and prognosis

Samlal RAK, van der Velden J, van Eerden T, Schilthuis MS, Gonzalez Gonzalez D, Lammes FB. Recurrent cervical carcinoma after radical hysterectomy: an analysis of clinical aspects and prognosis. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1998; 8: 78–84.
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the clinical aspects and prognosis of patients with tumor recurrence in surgically treated stage IB and IIA cervical carcinoma patients. Two hundred and seventy-one stage IB and IIA cervical carcinoma patients underwent a Wertheim Okabayashi radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy. The median follow-up time was 60 months. Recurrence occurred in 27 patients (10%): 14 had a pelvic recurrence and 13, and extrapelvic recurrence. The site of recurrence was influenced by various pathological factors as well as by the primary treatment mode. 77% of recurrences were detected within three years after primary treatment. The median recurrence-free interval in patients with a pelvic recurrence was significantly shorter than in patients with an extrapelvic recurrence (14 months vs. 17 months, P = 0.03). The mortality rate of the group of patients with recurrent disease was 85% (23/27). Patients with a pelvic central recurrence had a significantly better outcome than did patients whose recurrences were located at the pelvic sidewall. Two patients with a pulmonary recurrence were treated with surgery and show no evidence of disease after 4 and 8 years respectively, of follow-up. The overall detection rate of recurrent disease by routine follow-up was only 36%. However, asymptomatic patients had a significantly better prognosis when compared with symptomatic patients. Therefore, we recommend frequent follow-up visits during the first 3 years after primary treatment to detect recurrence in an early stage.     

Surgical management of early stage cervical cancer: ten years experience from one Greek health region

PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION: Cervical cancer is the second most common malignancy in women, in both incidence and mortality. In the present study, we report our results of treating 93 consecutive patients with early invasive cervical cancers (Stages I-IIA). METHODS: The patients of this study comprised all women recognized with stage I-IIA cervical cancer during 1991-2000. Patients with stage IA1 cervical cancer without lymphvascular space involvement underwent either conservative management by means of large loop conization or simple hysterectomy. The remaining patients underwent radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy or radiation therapy. Mean (+/- SD) duration of follow-up was 6 (+/- 1.7) years. RESULTS: The mean (+/- SD) age of patients with stage I-IIA cervical cancer was 41.3 (+/- 9.1) year. Thirty-five patients with stage [A1 disease were managed conservatively with loop excision and 19 patients subsequently became pregnant. Fifty-two patients with stage IA2, IB and IIA cervical carcinoma underwent radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy. CONCLUSION: Young women with stage IA1 cervical carcinoma wishing future fertility who undergo loop excision have a 100% cure rate. Women with stage IA2, IB, and IIA cervical cancer should undergo radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy or radiation therapy.     

Laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy

Laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy is a minimally invasive procedure that was developed during the 1990s as a treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding. The literature regarding this procedure, mainly case series and retrospective comparisons, suggests that laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy results in reduced operating time and blood loss and a quicker return to normal activity, compared with laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy. A randomized, controlled trial that compared laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy with hysteroscopic endometrial resection found that laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy resulted in significantly better patient satisfaction at 2 years for similar costs. Unfortunately, there are no randomized trials that have compared laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy to vaginal or abdominal hysterectomy. Given the lack of appropriate randomized, controlled trials and the limitations of the existing research, the laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy's true value and appropriate clinical indications remain unknown. Well-designed randomized, controlled trials that compare laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy with laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy, total vaginal hysterectomy, and total abdominal hysterectomy, with attention to short- and long-term morbidity, postoperative vaginal bleeding, postoperative cervical disease, sexual function, urinary symptoms, and pelvic prolapse are needed. The purpose of this article was to review the existing literature regarding laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy and to evaluate the evidence regarding the proposed risks and benefits of the procedure.     

宫颈腺癌治疗进展

目前对于宫颈腺癌的最佳治疗方案尚无定论。宫颈原位腺癌可采用全子宫切除、宫颈锥形切除或宫颈环形电切术（LEEP）。对ⅠA1期宫颈腺癌以往多采用广泛性子宫切除,现主张采用全子宫切除术,需保留生育功能的患者也可考虑宫颈锥形切除术。对ⅠA2～ⅡA期宫颈腺癌首选广泛性子宫切除＋盆腔淋巴结清扫,有高危因素的患者需接受辅助性放化疗。对ⅡB～ⅣA期宫颈腺癌首选根治性放疗联合顺铂周疗的同步放化疗,紫杉醇联合顺铂可用于放疗前后的新辅助化疗及巩固化疗。ⅣB期宫颈腺癌宜采用个体化治疗,紫杉醇联合卡铂或吉西他滨联合顺铂均可使用。局部晚期或巨块型宫颈腺癌无论手术或放疗难度均大,新辅助化疗可以缩小肿瘤以利于手术或放疗,但能否改善生存尚有争议。对于难治性或复发性宫颈腺癌,可采用盆腔脏器廓清术、全盆腔放疗或铂类为基础的姑息性化疗。     

Management of early-stage cervical carcinoma by modified (Type II) radical hysterectomy

OBJECTIVE:. Surgical management of cervical carcinoma by radical hysterectomy has been proven a highly effective method in treating early-stage disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of modified (Type II) radical hysterectomy for the treatment of early-stage (I-IIA) cervical carcinoma. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of data on 435 patients with cervical carcinoma who were managed by modified radical hysterectomy was performed. In 145 cases a multimodal approach was used due to the presence of one or more risk factors such as lymph node metastasis, CLS involvement, bulky tumor, and exocervical extension of disease. Preoperative irradiation was offered to 62 patients, whereas adjuvant irradiation was offered to 101 patients. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 42.5 years. The majority of the patients had squamous cell cancer (81.6%). The patients were clinically staged as IA (3.2%), IB (86.7%), and IIA (10.1%). Positive pelvic lymph nodes were noted in 65 patients (14.9%). Operative morbidity was minimal, whereas adjuvant radiation treatment had no impact on the disease but caused genitourinary morbidity in terms of ureteral stricture and postoperative bladder dysfunction (P < 0.001). The overall 5-year survival was 88.7%. The most significant predictors related to 5-year survival were nodal metastasis (P < 0.001), adenomatous histology (P < 0.001), lesion size (P < 0.001), and CLS involvement (P = 0.004). Adjuvant radiation resulted in better local pelvic control of the disease. CONCLUSION: The results of our study support the concept that less radical procedures could be effectively applied to early-stage cervical carcinoma 4 cm or smaller with optimal surgical margins.     

Comparison of sexual behavior after total or subtotal hysterectomy

OBJECTIVES: Sexual life after supracervical or total hysterectomy is still controversial. DESIGN: The aim of study was to compare the impact of hysterectomy on frequency and quality of a woman's sexual life in women after supracervical vs total hysterectomy with nonmalignant conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 539 women after total hysterectomy performed in Department of Gynecology in Gdansk and 65 women after supracervical hysterectomy operated in the hospital in Kartuzy in 1990-2000 were interviewed about symptoms as well as advantages and disadvantages after hysterectomy. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference between those groups comparing: sexual desire, dyspareunia, frequency of sexual relation, orgasm, vaginal dryness after operation. CONCLUSION: Total hysterectomy is recommended in benign conditions of uterine because of risk of cancer in the cervical stump after supracervical hysterectomy.     

Prognostic factors in FIGO stage IB cervical cancer without lymph node metastasis and the role of adjuvant radiotherapy after radical hysterectomy

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and pathologic prognostic variables for disease free survival, overall survival and the role of adjuvant radiotherapy in FIGO stage IB cervical carcinoma without lymph node metastasis. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of 393 patients with lymph node negative stage IB cervical cancer treated by type 3 hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy at the Hacettepe University Hospitals between 1980 and 1997. RESULTS: The disease free survival and overall survival were 87.6 and 91.0%, respectively. In univariate analysis, tumor size, depth of invasion, vaginal involvement, lympho-vascular space involvement (LVSI) and adjuvant radiotherapy were found significant in disease free survival. Overall survival was affected by tumor size, LVSI, vaginal involvement and adjuvant radiotherapy. Tumor size, LVSI and vaginal involvement were found as independent prognostic factors for overall and disease free survival in multivariate analysis. Disease free survival, recurrence rate and site did not differ between patients underwent radical surgery and radical surgery plus radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: Tumor size, LVSI and vaginal involvement were independent prognostic factors in lymph node negative FIGO stage IB cervical cancer. Adjuvant radiotherapy in stage IB cervical cancer patients with negative nodes provides no survival advantage or better local tumoral control.     

Use of tracheloscopy and directed biopsy for evaluating cervical involvement in endometrial carcinoma

Accurate assessment of cervical involvement in endometrial carcinoma (stage II) is often difficult. The value of tracheloscopy as a possible method for improving accuracy was assessed. One hundred one patients with endometrial carcinoma were studied; 28 were suspected of having cervical involvement on endocervical curettage, and 26 were evaluable. Only five patients were documented to have cervical involvement using tracheloscopy. This finding suggests that there is general overtreatment of patients with false-positive endocervical curettage. However, a definitive statement concerning the incidence of stage II disease in the series cannot be made because many patients received traditional preoperative radiation therapy, which may have eradicated intracervical disease missed by tracheloscopy, therefore falsely confirming stage 1 disease on history from subsequent hysterectomy specimens.     

Cervical carcinoma: a hazard model in early stage disease

The 235 patients with stage IB/IIA cervical carcinoma treated by Wertheim's hysterectomy, as a primary procedure, at St Mary's Hospital, Manchester between 1975 and 1989 inclusive, form the basis of this study. Using Cox's regression model, four variables were shown to have independent prognostic significance. These were: (1) lymphatic permeation (adjacent to the tumor); (2) tumor volume; (3) being pregnant at diagnosis and (4) lymph node metastases. A heuristic model was formulated which was based upon these four factors and by using this information it was possible to separate the patients into four distinct prognostic groups. It is suggested that this model may prove useful in identifying those patients at a higher risk of dying of disease and who would benefit from early adjuvant systemic therapy.     

Diagnosis of recurrent cervical carcinoma after radical hysterectomy

A standard surveillance program for cervical carcinoma patients treated with radical hysterectomy is reviewed. Between 1962-1984, 249 patients with stage IB cervical carcinoma treated with radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy were entered in the surveillance program. Of the 27 patients (11%) diagnosed with recurrent carcinoma, 17 (63%) were identified by clinical history, 22 (81%) by physical examination, five (18%) by vaginal cytology, six (22%) by chest radiography, and eight (30%) by renal contrast imaging. Combined clinical history and physical examination identified 24 patients (89%) with recurrent carcinoma. Disease recurrence was detected by vaginal cytology in one asymptomatic patient with a normal examination. The recommended surveillance procedures for patients with cervical carcinoma after radical hysterectomy include clinical history, physical examination, and vaginal cytology. Chest radiography and renal contrast imaging should be reserved for symptomatic patients.     

Ovarian management at the time of radical hysterectomy for cancer of the cervix

Ovarian management at the time of radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer was reviewed retrospectively over a 7-year period. All patients had early-stage cancer except three who had stage IIB disease. Approximately 80% of patients had squamous cancer and 20% adenocarcinoma or adenosquamous carcinoma. The mean age was 44, and 24% of patients were 35 or younger. Ninety-nine patients had their ovaries removed. None of the ovaries contained metastatic disease including 22 patients with adenocarcinoma or adenosquamous carcinoma. Of the 17 patients with retained ovaries 14 had transposition into the paracolic gutters. Only one of the 14 patients with transposed ovaries developed symptoms of ovarian failure. No patients with retained ovaries developed metastatic disease or required reoperation secondary to new ovarian pathology. It is our opinion that normal ovaries can be preserved in young women at the time of radical hysterectomy for early cervical cancer regardless of histologic type.     

Early adenocarcinoma of the cervix: is radical vaginal trachelectomy safe?

Objective

Radical vaginal trachelectomy (RVT) is a revolutionary option for fertility preservation in young women with early cervical tumors. Several series have demonstrated outcomes comparable to radical hysterectomy (RH), but none has addressed the influence of histology. We evaluated the safety of RVT in adenocarcinomas.

Methods

Data on surgically treated adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cases was taken from a centralized Toronto Cervical Cancer Database. Prognostically important tumor features, lymph node status, and the use of adjuvant therapies were compared. Adenocarcinoma cases treated with RVT were compared to AC cases treated with RH, and to SCC cases that had RVT. Recurrence-free survival was calculated from the date of surgery. Medians, proportions, and survival curves were compared with the Mann Whitney test, the Chi-square test, and the Log Rank test, respectively.

Results

74 patients with AC and 66 patients with SCC undergoing RVT, and 187 cases of AC undergoing RH were analyzed.Patients undergoing RVT were younger than patients having RH (31 vs. 40, p < 0.001). Tumor characteristics were similar, but depth of invasion and the frequency of high grade lesions were higher in the RH group (5 mm vs. 3 mm, p < 0.001; and 36% vs. 22%, p = 0.04). Adjuvant treatment was given more frequently after RH (12% vs. 3%, p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in recurrence-free survival between RH and RVT for AC, or between AC and SCC patients treated by RVT.

Conclusions

RVT is a safe alternative for early stage cervical adenocarcinoma in appropriately selected patients wishing to preserve fertility.     

Patterns of recurrence following hysterectomy and radiation for cervical carcinoma: relationship to residual disease and brachytherapy techniques

Conventional postoperative irradiation following hysterectomy for cervical carcinoma has consisted of external pelvic with or without intra-cavitary vaginal irradiation. In the presence of macroscopically positive margins after initial hysterectomy or in the subsequent context of a central recurrence, such techniques may not be optimum as manifested by the significant rate of local recurrence following conventional irradiation in these settings. The purpose of the retrospective review was to: (a) evaluate pelvic recurrence patterns following initial hysterectomy and radiation in relationship to margin status and brachytherapy techniques in 24 group 1 patients; and (b) evaluate pelvic recurrence patterns in 10 group 2 patients with recurrent disease in relationship to the bulk of residuum after salvage external beam and the brachytherapy techniques used to address this disease. The use of interstitial implantation in select patients with macroscopically positive margins after hysterectomy or persistent central pelvic disease after salvage external beam irradiation is proposed.     

Radical hysterectomy for recurrent or persistent cervical cancer following radiation therapy

Abstract. Maneo A, Landoni F, Cormio G, Colombo A, Mangioni C. Radical hysterectomy for recurrent or persistent cervical cancer following radiation therapy.
The objective of this paper was to determine the role of radical hysterectomy in persistent or recurrent cervical cancer after primary radiation therapy.
Between 1982 and 1995, 34 patients underwent radical hysterectomy for persistent ( n = 15) or recurrent ( n = 19) cervical cancer after primary radiotherapy. Univariate analysis using log-rank comparison of survival curves was conducted to identify clinical and pathologic factors predictive of survival. The median tumor size at the time of recurrence or persistence was 3.2 cm (range 1–6 cm). 24 patients (70%) had recurrence limited to the uterine cervix; four (12%) had vaginal involvement and six (18%) had early parametrial involvement. No treatment-related deaths were observed. Eighteen major complications (grade III-IV) occurred in 15 cases (44%); 5 patients experienced a fistula. Mean follow-up time was 81 months (range 33–192 months). Recurrent disease was documented in 20 patients (59%), and median time to recurrence was 37 months (range 4–56 months). Fifteen patients (44%) are alive without evidence of disease at a median survival of 81 months (range 33–192), and 18 patients (53%) died of disease with a median survival of 22 months (range 7–106). One patient died of intercurrent disease. Actuarial 5-year survival rate for the whole group is 49%. Patients with FIGO stage IB-IIA at primary diagnosis, no clinical parametrial involvement, and small (≤ 4 cm) tumor diameter at the time of recurrence show a good prognosis (11/17 alive NED) compared to patients who do not fit the above mentioned criteria (4/17 NED, P = 0.01). We conclude that radical hysterectomy can be offered as an alternative procedure to exenteration only in highly selected patients.     

Prediction of disease persistence after conization for microinvasive cervical carcinoma and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3

We attempted to determine the significant variables and to predict the probability of disease persistence after conization for microinvasive cervical carcinoma and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3). We analyzed 133 patients from 2001 to 2002 who had a subsequent hysterectomy after conization. The histological findings of the cone specimens, together with the clinical parameters, were correlated with the presence of residual dysplasia in the hysterectomy specimen. The probability of having residual dysplasia was calculated based on the function of the significant variables obtained by logistic regression analysis. Of the 133 patients, 42 (31.6%) had residual disease in their hysterectomy specimens. Using multivariate analysis only for the postmenopausal state, positive endocervical curettage, positive margin, and microinvasive carcinoma were predictive of residual dysplasia. The probabilities of having residual dysplasia were about 0.99, 0.84, 0.4, 0.07, and 0.01 in patients with a presence of all four, any three, any two, any one, and no risk factors, respectively. The best cutoff probability determined by the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.32, yielding a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 88%. Based on these results, patients with the presence of any two or more of the risk factors mentioned above should be considered as a high-risk group for having disease persistence after conization for the treatment of CIN3 and microinvasive carcinoma.     

Ⅰ_(A1)期子宫颈鳞癌61例临床诊治探讨

目的:探讨ⅠA1期子宫颈鳞癌的合理诊治手段。方法:回顾分析2007年6月至2011年12月南京医科大学第一附属医院妇科宫颈病中心经宫颈活检和(或)宫颈环形电切术(LEEP)初步诊断为ⅠA1期子宫颈鳞癌的61例患者的临床及病理资料。结果:宫颈细胞学高级别异常的阳性率为77.6%(38/49);阴道镜图像提示高度病变的阳性率为81.8%(36/44);宫颈活检与LEEP切除组织病理的诊断符合率为14.8%(9/61),宫颈活检的漏诊率为75.4%(46/61)。LEEP术后最终切缘阴性的26例患者,2例术后5个月病变升级为ⅠB1期,1例术后18个月时ⅠA1期子宫颈鳞癌复发。LEEP术后有35例患者接受子宫或宫颈切除术,切缘阳性患者的病灶残留率显著高于切缘阴性者(47.6%vs7.1%,P<0.05),切缘高级别宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)及ⅠA1阳性均存在更高级别的病灶残留。结论:细胞学与阴道镜提示高度异常是发现ⅠA1期子宫颈鳞癌的高危因素;活检组织病理诊断存在局限性,不能够代替LEEP术,同时锥切切缘阳性存在病灶残留甚至病变升级的风险。LEEP术治疗ⅠA1期子宫颈鳞癌的安全性有待进一步研究。