Utilization of natural zeolite and perlite as landfill liners for in situ leachate treatment in landfills

The potential long term environmental impacts of a landfill on groundwater quality depend on its liner material properties. In case synthetic liner materials are damaged during the construction or operation, many of the original chemical and biological constituents are removed by filtration and the adsorptive action of natural liner materials such as natural zeolite, perlite and bentonite minerals. Before leachate treatment, reduction of these constituents is important not only to leachate percolation, but also treatment cost and efficiency. In this study, the pollutant removal efficiency from the leachate was investigated for natural natural zeolite, expanded perlite and bentonite. Experimental studies was performed in boxes made of glass and with 1:10 sloping. Leachate quantity was determined and pH, electrical conductivity (EC), nitrate (NO(3)-N), ammonium-nitrogen (NH(4)-N), phosphate (PO(4)), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and organic matter in leachate samples were measured and the measurement was compared with control process (System 4). The results showed that natural zeolite was effective in removing NO(3), NH(4), PO(4), COD and organic matter with removal efficiencies of 91.20, 95.6, 95.5, 83.4 and 87.8%, respectively. Expanded perlite has high efficiency removing of NO(3), PO(4) and COD 83.2, 91.0 and 62.5%, respectively, but it was unsuccessful in reducing NH(4) (1.5%).     

膜生化反应器处理垃圾焚烧厂渗沥液的试验研究

采用成套膜生化反应器(MBR)小试设备对垃圾焚烧厂的渗沥液处理进行了可行性试验研究,并选取了COD、NH3-N的去除率作为主要考察指标.试验表明:膜生化反应器(MBR)工艺技术可行,COD、NH3-N的去除率分别可达99%和98%以上,其出水指标分别达到GB 16889-1997生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准中的三级和二级标准.     

用高铁酸盐去除垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮的研究

研究了用高铁酸盐处理经SBR法处理后的垃圾渗滤液。结果表明，COD和氨氮去除的最佳pH值分别为5和9，随着高铁酸盐用量的增加，去除率先达到一个峰值后经历一个回落阶段，然后再继续上升，COD和氨氮的最大去除率分别为80％和73％。     

生物絮凝吸附+生物接触氧化除磷机理探讨

通过单因素试验研究了生物絮凝吸附+生物接触氧化组合式一体化工艺对城市污水悬浮物SS、化学需氧量COD、氨氮NH3-N、总氮TN、总磷TP的去除效能和机理。试验结果表明:在组合工艺的较优运行条件下,装置对SS、COD、NH3-N、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为88.7%、89.3%、87.9%、73.4%、58.8%。组合工艺对污染物的总体去除效果良好,且稳定可靠,其中生物絮凝吸附段对总磷的去除率为32.4%,生物接触氧化段对总磷的去除率为39.1%。     

新昌江下游地表水水质趋势分析

目的：分析评价新昌江下游地表水水质变化趋势,为进一步改善水质提供科学依据。方法：采用季节性肯达尔检验法对新昌江下游地表水7年（2004-2010年）氨氮、总磷、溶解氧、高锰酸钾指数和化学需氧量主要污染指标进行水质趋势分析。结果：新昌江下游地表水氨氮、总磷、溶解氧、高锰酸钾指数和化学需氧量到2008年基本达到地表水III类水质标准。溶解氧呈高度显著上升趋势,氨氮、总磷、高锰酸钾指数和化学需氧量呈高度下降趋势。结论：新昌江下游地表水污染状况被控制,水质指标以下降变化为主,总体水质状况基本好转。     

Spatial autocorrelation analysis of Chinese inter-provincial industrial chemical oxygen demand discharge

A spatial autocorrelation analysis method is adopted to process the spatial dynamic change of industrial Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) discharge in China over the past 15 years. Studies show that amount and intensity of industrial COD discharges are on a decrease, and the tendency is more remarkable for discharge intensity. There are large differences between inter-provincial discharge amount and intensity, and with different spatial differentiation features. Global spatial autocorrelation analysis reveals that Global Moran's I of discharge amount and intensity is on the decrease. In space, there is an evolution from an agglomeration pattern to a discretization pattern. Local spatial autocorrelation analysis shows that the agglomeration area of industrial COD discharge amount and intensity varies greatly in space with time. Stringent environmental regulations and increased funding for environmental protections are the crucial factors to cut down industrial COD discharge amount and intensity.     

Laboratory evaluation of Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) in water from Contra Costa County, California, mosquito sources

Six bioassays were performed to evaluate the efficacy of the fungus, Lagenidium giganteum, against mosquitoes in water collected from 75 sources. The fungus infected larvae of 4 genera and produced greater than 90% mortality in water from some of the creeks, artificial containers and the wild rice field tested during 4 of the assays. There was no larval mortality due to the fungus in water from irrigated pastures or marshes. Water quality parameters associated with L. giganteum infection varied among the bioassays; low measurements of total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness (CaCO3), conductivity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen (NH3-N), phosphate (PO4) and salinity were significantly (P less than 0.05) correlated with fungal efficacy in one or more of the assays. Regression analyses selected TDS, CaCO3, COD, NH3-N and/or PO4 as the best predictors of larval mortality due to L. giganteum. Turbidity and pH were not correlated with fungal efficacy.     

应用UBAF法深度处理垃圾渗沥液的试验研究

北京市某垃圾填埋场渗沥液经二级处理后出水中的CODCr、NH3-N、SS和色度等主要污染物质不能达标排放,在实验室中采用UBAF(升流式曝气生物滤池)小试装置对该出水进行深度处理.结果表明:在进水流速为150cm/s的条件下,出水中CODCr、 NH3-N、SS和色度的去除率可分别达到70%、85%、87%和80%以上,出水水质最终可达标排放.     

厌氧模拟填埋反应器中生活垃圾和固化污泥共处置技术研究

在厌氧模拟填埋反应器（ASLR）中考察了生活垃圾（MSW）和固化污泥（SS）共处置（MSW∶SS=1∶1、2∶1和1∶2）对恶臭气体（H2S和NH）3、CH4的释放速率以及渗沥液性质的影响。结果表明：MSW∶SS=1∶1、2∶1和1∶2的ASLR,在49 d内的H2S释放速率分别比生活垃圾单独填埋时降低83.8%、96.6%和98.9%。不同比例固化污泥与生活垃圾共处置中,均提高了ASLR的CH4产生速率。在49 d内,生活垃圾单独填埋时渗沥液pH范围为4.0～4.5,而MSW∶SS=1∶1、2∶1和1∶2的ASLR,其pH范围分别为5.82～7.26、5.98～6.21和5.70～7.55。共处置ASLR渗沥液pH的提高,有利于加速填埋体的稳定化进程。共处置ASLR显著增加了渗沥液中NH3-N和TN的浓度,并不同程度上增加VFAs（主要为乙酸和丙酸）的浓度,但对COD和硫酸根浓度影响不大。     

不同回灌堆体和回灌方式对纳滤浓缩液回灌效果的影响

分别以4 a的老龄垃圾和焚烧厂产生的灰渣为堆体,采用水平和垂直2种回灌方式,研究工程中最适合的回灌参数。结果表明:老龄垃圾堆体中的微生物降解进水中部分COD,使得出水COD有所下降。而炉渣堆体中对进水只有一定的物理截留作用。炉渣堆体对于NH4+有着吸附和离子交换的作用,导致初期出水的NH3-N较低。同时,炉渣堆体的回灌出水中电导率较高,影响后续产生的渗沥液的处理。在回灌方式方面,水平回灌虽然进水的停留时间较长,但是出水的COD和电导率没有太大的变化,NH3-N反而升高。     

电化学氧化老龄垃圾渗沥液研究

通过不同电极电化学氧化垃圾渗沥液处理的对比研究,选择以Ti/Ru-Ir作为电极阳极材料,研究了电流密度、氯离子浓度、初始pH对电化学氧化垃圾渗沥液的影响。结果表明:电流密度为30 mA/cm2,氯离子浓度5 000mg/L,pH在8.09的情况下,电解6 h垃圾渗沥液,氨氮去除率达到100%,COD去除率为50%,UV254去除率为61.09%,垃圾渗沥液BOD/COD从0.14提高到0.22,垃圾渗沥液生化性得到极大提高。经济性分析表明垃圾渗沥液电化学处理6 h后,氨氮去除率达到100%时,单位能耗为0.08 kW.h/g。     

Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation of Coke-Plant Wastewater on Ruthenium-Based Eggshell Catalysts in a Bubbling Bed Reactor

Catalytic wet air of coke-plant wastewater was studied in a bubbling bed reactor. Two types of supported Ru-based catalysts, eggshell and uniform catalysts, were employed. Compared with the results in the wet air oxidation of coke-plant wastewater, supported Ru uniform catalysts showed high activity for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia/ammonium compounds (NH3-N) removal at temperature of 250 °C and pressure of 4.8 MPa, and it has been demonstrated that the catalytic activity of uniform catalyst depended strongly on the distribution of active sites of Ru on catalyst. Compared to the corresponding uniform catalysts with the same Ru loading (0.25wt.% and 0.1wt.%, respectively), the eggshell catalysts showed higher activities for CODcr removal and much higher activities for NH3-N degradation. The high activity of eggshell catalyst for treatment of coke-plant wastewater can be attributed to the higher density of active Ru sites in the shell layer than that of the corresponding uniform catalyst with the same Ru loading. It has been also evidenced that the active Ru sites in the internal core of uniform catalyst have very little or no contribution to CODcr and NH3-N removal in the total oxidation of coke-plant wastewater.     

Assessment of the waste stabilization pond performance, New Borg El-Arab City

New Borg Al-Arab city includes 9 residential areas and 4 industrial zones. The four industrial zones are occupied by 266 running factories belonging to different industrial sectors. All the domestic sewage as well as the industrial wastewater is treated at an oxidation pond treatment plant and the plant effluent is used in irrigation of silviculture areas. The plant consists of 2 pond complexes. Each complex comprises 9 facultative ponds, arranged in 3 parallel series. Raw wastewater is pre-treated through screens and grit removal before entering the primary ponds. The study aims at assessment of the performance of the waste stabilization ponds. The results revealed that pre-treatment units were not functioning properly. The retention time was calculated to be 6 days in each pond of the first complex and 3 days in each pond of the second complex. The mean BOD surface loading rate was calculated to be 676 kg/ha/d for the first complex and 1584 kg/ha/d for the second. The plant was hydraulically and organically overloaded. The percentage removal of BOD, COD, SS, and NH3-N had an annual mean of 57%, 56%, 44%, and 39%, respectively for the first complex and 21%, 42%, 39%, and 25%, respectively for the second. Faecal coliforms were reduced by about 1 log10 unit in both complexes. The final pond effluent was not complying with the Egyptian law for reuse in irrigation. The study proposed some recommendations which can improve the efficiency of the plant as well as the effluent quality.     

济南市医院污水处理调查

目的了解济南市医院污水处理现状。方法于2002年6月对济南市16家医院排放污水处理前(2001年)和处理后(2002年)的化学耗氧量(COD)、氨氮、磷酸盐浓度和处理后的余氯、粪大肠菌群进行测定,按照GB/T8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》对处理后污水达标情况进行评价。结果16家医院污水处理前COD、氨氮、磷酸盐平均浓度分别为253.8、47.76、3.134mg/L,超标率分别为81%,88%,100%。处理后COD、氨氮、磷酸盐、余氯平均浓度和粪大肠菌群分别为40.5、6.30、0.580、26.7mg/L,<90个/L,全部达到GB/T8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准。结论医院污水必须经过生化(有的医院是生化处理+絮凝)处理和消毒才能保证其COD、氨氮、磷酸盐等指标达标排放。     

北京市通州区农村地下水氨氮浓度及其影响因素

目的探讨不同时期、不同地点地下水中氨氮浓度的时间和空间动态变化.方法1998-2005年,每年枯、丰水期分别对北京市通州区农村生活饮用水10个监测点进行采样,以纳氏试剂比色法测定氨氮浓度,分别参照<北京市生活饮用水监测管理办法>(氨氮≤0.1 mg/L)、GB/T 14848-1993<地下水质量标准>(Ⅲ类水质限值:氨氮≤0.2 mg/L,Ⅳ类水质限值:氨氮≤0.5 mg/L)进行评价.结果通州区农村生活饮用水氨氮浓度为＜0.020～0.721mg/L,中位数为0.168 mg/L;不同年度及枯、丰水期地下水氨氮的浓度差异未见统计学意义;不同监测点地下水氨氮浓度差异有统计学意义(H=71.588 P=0.000);地下水氨氮浓度与细菌总数间也未见相关关系.结论通州区农村地下水氨氮浓度较高的状况持续存在,深层地下水氨氮浓度的枯、丰水期变化不明显,但存在地区差异,提示深层地下水中氨氮增高可能与水文地质因素有关.     

钠米光催化空气净化器降解效率的研究

目的研究钠米光催化空气净化器的降解效率,为钠米光催化空气净化器的卫生学评价提供科学依据。方法在模拟实验室挥发有机物质创造污染源环境,开启空气净化器,然后采样进行测定。结果苯的降解效率为91.0%;甲醛的降解效率为78.8%;可吸入颗粒物为93.0%;杀菌率为83.0%。结论纳米光催化技术对室内空气污染物有一定的净化效果。     

Rumen protein degradation and biosynthesis. I. A new method for determination of protein degradation in rumen fluid in vitro

A method is described for the determination of protein degradation based on measurements of ammonia concentration and gas production (Menke et al. 1979) when a feedingstuff was incubated with rumen fluid in vitro. NH3 liberated during incubation is in part used for microbial protein synthesis. Production of carbon dioxide and methane can be regarded as a measure of energy available for protein synthesis. The ratio, gas production: incorporation of NH3-nitrogen was estimated by addition of starch to the substrate. The response in gas production was linear in the range 0-200 mg starch, when starch was added to 0-200 mg feedingstuff dry matter and 30 ml rumen fluid-medium mixture. Linear regression between NH3-N concentration (y, mg) and gas production (x, ml) yielded an intercept (bo) representing that amount of NH3-N which would be released when no fermentable carbohydrates were available and consequently no bacterial protein synthesis took place. The difference between this intercept bo and NH3-N content in the blank (rumen fluid without substrate added) indicated the amount of NH3 liberated from protein and other N-containing compounds of the feeding-stuff incubated. In vitro-degradable N (IVDN) was calculated as a proportion of total N by the equation: (formula; see text).     

Temperature and water quality effects in simulated woodland pools on the infection of Culex mosquito larvae by Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) in North Carolina

Asexual stages of the California (CA) isolate of Lagenidium giganteum cultured on sunflower seed extract (SFE)-agar, were applied to outdoor pools containing Culex larvae near Raleigh, NC in August and September 1984. Infection rates among the larvae ranged from 19 to 74% at 2-4 days posttreatment and subsequent epizootics eliminated most of the newly hatched larvae for at least 10 days posttreatment. Substantial reductions in numbers of larvae and adult emergence were achieved from a single application of the fungus. Water quality and temperature data are presented. From laboratory assays of organically polluted water, the percent infection of Culex quinquefasciatus by the fungus was correlated with water quality and temperature. A logistic model of water quality (COD and NH3-N) effects on infectivity rates by the CA isolate is described.     

Release of nitrogen and phosphorus from poultry litter amended with acidified biochar

Application of poultry litter (PL) to soil may lead to nitrogen (N) losses through ammonia (NH(3)) volatilization and to potential contamination of surface runoff with PL-derived phosphorus (P). Amending litter with acidified biochar may minimize these problems by decreasing litter pH and by retaining litter-derived P, respectively. This study evaluated the effect of acidified biochars from pine chips (PC) and peanut hulls (PH) on NH(3) losses and inorganic N and P released from surface-applied or incorporated PL. Poultry litter with or without acidified biochars was surface-applied or incorporated into the soil and incubated for 21 d. Volatilized NH(3) was determined by trapping it in acid. Inorganic N and P were determined by leaching the soil with 0.01 M of CaCl(2) during the study and by extracting it with 1 M KCl after incubation. Acidified biochars reduced NH(3) losses by 58 to 63% with surface-applied PL, and by 56 to 60% with incorporated PL. Except for PH biochar, which caused a small increase in leached NH(4) (+)-N with incorporated PL, acidified biochars had no effect on leached or KCl-extractable inorganic N and P from surface-applied or incorporated PL. These results suggest that acidified biochars may decrease NH(3) losses from PL but may not reduce the potential for P loss in surface runoff from soils receiving PL.     

Effluent-dominated streams. Part 1: Presence and effects of excess nitrogen and phosphorus in Wascana Creek, Saskatchewan, Canada

Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada (population 190,400) treats its sewage at a modern sewage treatment plant (STP) on Wascana Creek. In the winter, treated sewage effluent makes up almost 100% of stream flow. Four surveys conducted from 2005 to 2007, in differing seasons, indicated significantly higher nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations at sites downstream of the STP compared to an upstream control site. Downstream, Wascana Creek is N hypersaturated (total dissolved N >3 mg/L) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) makes up a greater percentage of total P (TP). Diminished nutrient retention capacities for both N and P are directly attributable to STP effluent. Creek SRP concentrations are less than estimates of equilibrium P concentrations (EPC(o)), indicating that creek sediments may be a source of P, further exacerbating hypereutrophic ambient SRP concentrations. As well, NO(2)?+?NO(3)-N concentrations far surpass World Health Organization limits for drinking water (10 mg/L) and sensitive taxa, while NH(3)-N, NH(4)-N, and NO(2)?+?NO(3)-N exceed Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for Protection of Aquatic Life and those for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. High NH(4)-N concentrations may be responsible for depressions not only in algal biomass and production observed downstream but reductions in primary to bacterial production ratios (PP:BP). In spring and fall, these reductions push PP:BP from net autotrophy to heterotrophy. The Wascana Creek study highlights the considerable problems associated with excess nutrients in effluent-dominated ecosystems (EDS). It also underlines the need for better controls on NH(4)-N additions from STPs in such EDS, especially in a day and age when freshwater supplies are dwindling and negative effects of climate change are expected.