太原市医务人员SARS感染危险度分析及防护效果评价

目的医务人员SARS感染的危险因素分析及防护措施效果评价。方法描述流行病学方法分析SARS在医务人员中流行的三间分布特征；队列研究方法用于SARS医务人员感染危险度因素分析及防护效果评价。结果太原市医务人员共发生病例74例，占总病例数的22．02％，病死率为1．35％。在无任何防护的情况下，医生职业的危险性高于护士，罹患率分别为75．00％和40．00％，相对危险度为3．99(95％CI：1．78～8．91)。病人呼吸急促时医务人员的罹患率高于对照组。病人不戴口罩时危险性最强，病人不戴口罩时其感染的危险度是戴口罩的156．23倍(95％CI：44．46～549．00)。无防护措施时罹患率范围值为48．30％～66．20％，有措施时罹患率范围值为1．40％～1．60％，5种防护措施同时使用时保护作用最强，实验组RR是对照组的152．65倍(95％CI：43．43～536．50)。结论防护措施可有效降低医院内SARS传播的危险性。     

严重急性呼吸综合征家庭内传播特点及影响因素的研究

目的了解严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)在家庭内传播的特点,分析影响其家庭内传播的可能因素,为制定相应的防控策略和措施提供科学依据。方法于2004年在北京市西城区和海淀区进行病例对照调查。以1户有2例或2例以上SARS病例的家庭为病例组,以1户只有1例SARS病例的家庭为对照组,使用自制问卷,比较病例组与对照组的差异,包括病例及其家庭成员的基本情况、病例及其家庭成员之间的关系、接触时间、接触频率、接触方式,接触者发病情况(发病数、发病时间),以及家庭经济状况、卫生习惯、家庭成员易患性等。结果对照组与病例组的家庭人均居住面积差异无统计学意义(t=0.82,P=0.41)。病例组家庭内共同居住人数多于2人和3人的比例(38.89%和35.71%)高于对照组(30.43%和26.09%),但差异均无统计学意义。出现发热症状时,病例组有83.93%的人担心自己得了SARS,而对照组仅有16.07%,差异有统计学意义,但立即去医院就诊的比例2组的差异无统计学意义。对照组中有15.38%的患者认为不需要去医院,显著高于病例组的2.38%(P<0.05)。病例组或对照组的患者均有约90%认为是在医院感染SARS的,病例组中有10.71%的患者认为是在家庭内感染SARS的,显著高于对照组8.51%(P<0.05)。对照组有40.43%、病例组仅有21.82%的患者在发热后对居室进行消毒,对照组中44.68%的患者在发热后不再与家人共用餐具,而病例组中仅25.45%的患者这样做,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。本研究未显示避免与他人交往、与他人交谈时戴口罩、不与他人一起进餐3项措施的作用,也未显示中药及一些免疫增强剂对预防家庭内传播有作用。结论同家、同室居住人口少可减少SARS传播的机会,出现发热症状后及时采取隔离、消毒措施,有利于减少SARS家庭内传播。未见中药及一些免疫增强剂对预防家庭内传播有明显作用。     

198例SARS转归病例特征分析

目的：通过对198例转归SARS病例的分析，了解SARS病例的流行特征以及影响转归的因素。方法：采用病例调查和电话回访等方式，收集SARS病例的资料，运用SPSS、Excel进行统计分析，并建立转归影响因素的Logistic回归模型。结果：198例SARS患中治愈179例，死亡19例，病死率为9．60％，患年龄为9～79岁，男性占56．67％，女性占43．43％，医务人员占37．88％，所有病例中，平均转归时间为30．59d(痊愈病例为31．92d，死亡病例为18．21d)，有明显的家庭和医院聚集性。应用Logisitic回归分析影响转归的因素，模型为：Y=[1 e^(4.958-0.107X1 0.065X2)]^-1(X1-年龄、X2-住院时间)，年龄越大，住院时间越短，死亡的危险越高。结论：密切接触是SARS的主要传播途径，发病以家庭和医院聚集性多见，影响转归的因素主要有年龄、住院时间等。     

一起SARS暴发传播链的调查分析

目的 分析SARS暴发案例的传播特点,评价SARS在发病前后的传染性。方法 以一起主要发生在北京的SARS暴发为研究对象,采用回顾性调查的方法,用统一的调查表,以现场调查和电话调查相结合的方式对275例接触者进行线索追踪和个案调查。用传播链示意图分析传播关系,用接触史分析图分析传染性。结果 本起SARS暴发传播链中的接触者275人,发病41例(不包括先证者),死亡5例,罹患率14．9％,病死率12．2％。其中家族病例19例(占46．3％),单位聚集病例13例(占31．7％)、社区病例8例(占19．5％),私人诊所医生1例(占2．4％)。其传播过程可用传播链清晰地描述。41例病例均与前代病例的症状期有密切接触史;仅与前代病人潜伏期接触的114人无一人发病;未发现无症状的密切接触者有传染性。无防护地照顾护理病人最危险,其次是一起居住、看望病人和给SARS病人看病。本案例的潜伏期为1～10d,中位数为3d。结论 全部SARS病人在发病前均与其前代病例症状期有过密切接触;传染性的强弱与SARS病人与密切接触者的接触方式有关;未观察到SARS病人潜伏期有传染性。     

广州市医院感染管理与SARS超级传播事件的相关性研究

目的 探讨SARS病区的院内感染管理的各危险因素与SARS超级传播事件(SSE)发生的相互关系.方法 以发生SSE的35个病区和没有SSE发生的51个病区作为研究对象,采用回顾性病例对照研究方法,运用单因素分析进行比较.结果 SARS病区的院内感染管理的各危险因素在不同暴露水平与SSE的发生在统计学上差异无显著性.结论 在SARS的超级传播事件中,医院院内感染管理的各个危险因素(包括医院是否对员工进行防止医院感染的培训,是否提供各种医院感染管理的文字规范,医疗护理人员的个人防护装备的提供等)与医院的SARS超级传播事件的发生无关联.     

某综合性医院传染性非典型肺炎医院内感染的流行病学调查

目的:分析传染性非典型肺炎（SARS）医院内感染的流行病学特点和可能的传播途径.方法:选择某综合性医院2003年3～4月收治和医院内感染的34例确诊SARS病例（其中住院患者10例,医护人员24例）,进行个案调查和发病所在科室的流行病学侦查.结果：①在3月中旬和下旬有2个发病高峰.发病病例的地理分布主要集中住院大楼西单元的5个楼层的4,5,6号病房,住院患者多年龄较大且合并较严重的基础病,而受染的医护人员以工作在一线的中青年为主;②输入性病例是导致医院内感染的第一代传染源,医院内继发感染的住院者和医护人员是进一步扩散蔓延的第二批传染源;③资料分析结果支持近距离空气传播和密切接触传播为本次SARS医院感染的主要传播途径,还提示:可能存在气溶胶经病房排风系统的垂直传播方式.④示踪剂气体实验显示:在输入病例所在7层病房卫生间燃烧熏香,在8, 9,11,12,13层均可以闻到气味,提示医院的建筑和排风系统具备病原体气溶胶垂直长距离传播的条件.结论:医院内感染是SARS初期暴发流行的主要传播方式,医护人员和医院就诊患者是主要的受染人群.该院医护人员的受染方式前期以医院内传染为主,后期以门、急诊窗口岗位受染较为突出.其传播途径除近距离飞沫传播和密切接触外,应进一步研究是否存在气溶胶长距离传播的可能性和空气微生物学证据.     

深圳市东湖医院预防SARS感染的防护措施效果分析

目的：了解医务人员被严重急性呼吸道综合征(SARS)感染的危险因素以及医院消毒隔离防护等预防措施对控制SARS院内感染的效果。方法：对深圳东湖医院的一线SARS救治工作的医务人员进行访谈及行为因素问卷调查，并抽血送检SARS抗体。结果：(1)339名医务人员，其中一线接触患者医务人员168人，无一人发病。(2)一线医务人员118份血清标本，深圳市CDC检测60份全部阴性，我院检测118份均阴性。(3)病房严格划分医务人员通道及患者通道，设立二道间，病房通风良好。(4)全院97．2％医务人员服用了病毒唑，其次是达菲和抗病毒中成药，并一直间断使用。(5)医务人员在接触患者的过程几乎100％穿了隔离衣，戴1个一次性口罩加1个12层棉口罩和流水洗手。(6)100％的医务人员在工作期间内正常回家生活，大多数医务人员在下班回家前没有洗澡及更衣。结论：严格科学的消毒隔离方法，良好的病房结构及通风，药物性预防能有效控制SARS院内感染。     

北京市临床诊断SARS病例的流行病学调查资料初步分析

目的 分析北京临床诊断SARS病例流行病学资料。方法 利用SPSS软件，结合北京市2000年人口数，进行临床诊断SARS病例流行病学特征的描述和分析。结果 确诊SARS的发病率为1．04／万，死亡率为5．75／百万。病死率为5．42％。20—29岁年龄组发病率最高，医务人员(27．8％)发病比例最高，男女发病率差异不大。有明确接触史的占38．1％。结论 家庭内传播和医院内传播是病例迅速上升的主要原因，控制传染源后疫恃得到有效控制。     

运用数学模型探讨SARS聚集性传播的机制

目的 探索严重急性呼吸系统综合征(SARS)在家庭内和医院内聚集性传播和产生“超级传播事件”的机制。方法 运用SARS传播数学模型，根据两个主要参数—接触率和感染效率的变动，估算SARS在小人群中的传播，以及加强防护措施对控制医院内传播的作用。结果 定量地给出了家庭内和医院内聚集性传播所需的接触率和感染效率的条件，从理论上揭示了家庭内和医院内聚集性传播的机制；通过加强对病人(包括疑似病例)的隔离治疗和医护人员的防护降低接触率和感染效率，可以有效防止聚集性传播；防护措施必须使感染效率下降85％以上，才能使医院内传播的基本繁殖率降至临界值以下。结论 SARS病毒较强的传播性和致病力导致较高的感染效率，以及家属和医护人员与病人不可避免的密切接触，和某些特殊的环境条件下被大大地提高的接触率，是造成家庭内、医院内和公共交通工具内聚集性传播进而产生“超级传播事件”的主要因素。     

河北省SARS患者住院时间影响因素的研究

目的探讨SARS患者发病后的住院时间的影响因素.方法收集河北省所有SARS确诊病例和河北省石家庄市某两所大型医院2001年-2003年期间以肺炎(肺部感染)为第一诊断疾病的所有住院患者的病例资料,设计专用的调查表,通过Excel建立数据库,应用SPSS11.5统计软件包进行统计处理,多因素分析采用多元逐步回归分析.结果住院时间最短者当天死亡,最长者60d.不同的转归情况、是否使用激素、胸片是否异常均可影响到患者的住院时间长短(P＜0.05).确诊时间、入院时的体温与住院时间呈明显的正相关关系(P＜0.05).对河北省SARS患者住院时间影响大小的因素依次顺序为患者的转归情况、患者的确诊时间、是否应用激素治疗和入院时的体温.SARS患者的住院时间明显长于普通肺炎(肺部感染)患者(P＜0.05).结论 SARS患者的住院时间较长,对影响患者住院时间长短的因素进行分析,通过控制这些影响因素,缩短病人住院时间,有利于合理利用卫生资源,提高医院收治效果,改善病人症状,减轻病人病痛.     

Infectivity of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome during Its Incubation Period

Objective To evaluate the infectivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome （SARS） during its incubation period by investigating chains of transmission and individuals isolated for medical observation with a view to providing scientific evidence for updating protocols of medical isolation. Methods Individuals related with the two SARS chains of transmission in Beijing in 2003 and a group of individuals isolated for medical observation in Haidian district of Beijing during the SARS outbreak were selected as subjects of study. Contactors with SARS patients and those with symptom development following the contacts were investigated via questionnaire. Serum samples were collected from super transmitters and tested for SARS-CoV antibody by neutralization test and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Results A total of 1 112 contactors were investigated in three surveys. Of them, 669 had a history of close contact with symptomatic SARS patients, 101 developed symptoms with a rate of 15.1%, 363 had a history of close contact with patients in their incubation period, none of whom developed symptoms （0%）. Serum samples were collected fi＇om 32 highly-exposed individuals, of whom 13 developing SARS symptoms atter contact had serum samples positive for SARS-CoV antibody. Samples collected from the asymptomatic contactors were all negative for SARS-CoV antibody. Conclusion SARS cases are infectious only during their symptomatic period and are non-infectious during the incubation period. Isolation for medical observation should be placed for individuals who are in close contact with symptomatic SARS patients. The results of our study are of decisive significance for the Ministry of Health to the definition of SARS close contactor.     

Evaluation of control measures implemented in the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in Beijing, 2003

Context  Beijing, China, experienced the world's largest outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) beginning in March 2003, with the outbreak resolving rapidly, within 6 weeks of its peak in late April. Little is known about the control measures implemented during this outbreak. Objective  To describe and evaluate the measures undertaken to control the SARS outbreak. Design, Setting, and Participants  Data were reviewed from standardized surveillance forms from SARS cases (2521 probable cases) and their close contacts observed in Beijing between March 5, 2003, and May 29, 2003. Procedures implemented by health authorities were investigated through review of official documents and discussions with public health officials. Main Outcome Measures  Timeline of major control measures; number of cases and quarantined close contacts and attack rates, with changes in infection control measures, management, and triage of suspected cases; and time lag between illness onset and hospitalization with information dissemination. Results  Health care worker training in use of personal protective equipment and management of patients with SARS and establishing fever clinics and designated SARS wards in hospitals predated the steepest decline in cases. During the outbreak, 30 178 persons were quarantined. Among 2195 quarantined close contacts in 5 districts, the attack rate was 6.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.3%-7.3%), with a range of 15.4% (95% CI, 11.5%-19.2%) among spouses to 0.36% (95% CI, 0%-0.77%) among work and school contacts. The attack rate among quarantined household members increased with age from 5.0% (95% CI, 0%-10.5%) in children younger than 10 years to 27.6% (95% CI, 18.2%-37.0%) in adults aged 60 to 69 years. Among almost 14 million people screened for fever at the airport, train stations, and roadside checkpoints, only 12 were found to have probable SARS. The national and municipal governments held 13 press conferences about SARS. The time lag between illness onset and hospitalization decreased from a median of 5 to 6 days on or before April 20, 2003, the day the outbreak was announced to the public, to 2 days after April 20 (P<.001). Conclusions  The rapid resolution of the SARS outbreak was multifactorial, involving improvements in management and triage in hospitals and communities of patients with suspected SARS and the dissemination of information to health care workers and the public.      

SARS-CoV抗原化学发光免疫分析法的应用

目的建立一种可用于严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)早期诊断的简便、快速、灵敏的实验室检测方法。方法采用化学发光免疫分析方法(chemiluminescenceimmunosaasy,CLIA)测定12种不同病毒培养上清和人血中SARS冠状病毒核衣壳蛋白(nucleocapsidprotein)抗原(SARS-CoV-N)。结果7种不同SARS毒株测定均为阳性,12种非SARS毒株测定均为阴性,最低可检出核酸定量为6.3×101PFU/mL的SARS-CoV培养上清;测定63例临床确诊SARS的阳性血清样本,发病6~10d的样本检出率最高,可达100%;测定1066例正常人样本,99.35%为阴性。结论SARS-CoV的CLIA的灵敏度和特异性较高,并且简便、快速,在SARS的早期诊断中展示了良好的应用前景。     

SARS-CoV抗体检测在发热鉴别诊断中的可靠性探讨

目的 探讨是否可以通过检测SARS-CoV、IgM、IgG抗体来协助早期鉴别诊断发热患者。方法 利用SARS-CoV ELISA试剂盒检测正常人群、普通发热患者、临床SARS疑似患者和临床SARS确诊患者新鲜血浆标本中的IgM和IgG抗体。结果 正常人群中SARS-CoV抗体阳性率为0％(0／25);疑似患者中SARS-CoV抗体阳性率为40％(4／10);确诊患者中SARS-CoV抗体阳性率为95％(60／63)。结论 利用SARS-CoV ELISA检测中晚期SARS患者血浆中的相应抗体较可靠,但在普通发热患者中会出现较高的假阳性率。     

Epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Dongcheng District of Beijing from March to May 2003

Objective To describe epidemiologic features of an outbreak of severe acute respiratorysyndrome (SARS) in Dongcheng District, Beijing occurred in a period between March and May 2003.Methods Data of SARS cases notified from Dongcheng District Center for Disease Control and     

The emergence and containment of severe acute respiratory syndrome spreaded in a general hospital

1　IntroductionOn 12March 2 0 0 3,WorldHealthOrganization(WHO)issuedaglobalalertonatypicalpneumonia ,calledsevereacuterespiratorysyndrome (SARS) ,af terreportsfromtheDepartmentofHealthofHongKongofanoutbreakofpneumoniainoneofitspublichospitals[1] .Ataboutthesametime ,WHOreceivedreportsofthesyndromefromChina ,Singapore ,Vietnam ,Thailand ,Indonesia ,Taiwan ,andPhilip pines,aswellasfromcountriesinothercontinentsincludingCanada ,theUnitedStates ,andGer many[2 ] .Afterthediseasespreadfr…     

某综合医院SARS暴发与控制

Objective: To investigate the SARS epidemic and the control effectiveness in a general hospital, Methods: Clinical and suspected cases of SARS were queried in the hospital, the emerging of the disease was described and the effectiveness of control measures were analyzed according to the rules and protective materials used during the epidemic. Resuits: The outbreak started with a patient from Beijing on 15 April. The disease spread quickly among the healthcare workers and the cohabit patients in the hospital which the first cases were admitted. By 17 May, 112 probable (clinical cases) and suspected cases had been reported with 14 deaths. 89 cases in the hospital were surely sourced from the index SARS patient whose admission for the sake of coronary heart disease caused the SARS outbreak. With the stringent control measures and the endeavors of the hospital staff, the epidemic was controlled successfully in a short period. From May 17 to now, no new cases occurred. Conclusion: Though with high infectivity, SARS can also be controlled with proper strategy and methods.     

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome——Retrospect and Lessons of 2004 Outbreak in China

Objective To summarize lessons learned from an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome （SARS） in China during the spring of 2004. Methods Data of SARS cases were officially reported by Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention （BCDC） and Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention （APCDC） and results of epidemiological investigations were collected and analyzed. Results Three generations of 11 cases of SARS were identified during the outbreak, Initial two cases were most likely to be infected in Diarrhea Virus Laboratory of National Institute of Virology, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and main mode of transmission was direct contact with SARS patients, Delay in detecting initial case resulted in spread of the illness at hospitals and communities with two generations of secondary cases, Conclusions SARS outbreak in 2004 has yielded following lessons for public health globally. （1） Lab bio-safety programs should be made and should be strictly abided by, Studies in highly pathogenic viruses such as SARS coronavirus should be utmost cautious, （2） Management systems of occupational exposure to virus and disease surveillance need to be strengthened to take all risk factors into account so as to detect potential patients with infectious disease as early as possible.