药事管理学教学改革探讨

针对我校药事管理学教学的实际,作者结合自己的教学实践,就药事管理教学的教学方法、教学内容、师资力量建设等方面进行了探讨,并提出了一些改进药事管理教学改革的方法与设想。     

浅谈《药事管理学》的教学体会

《药事管理学》课程为药学类各专业的必修课程。根据药事管理学教学实践的经验,本文从及时更新教学内容、采用案例分析式教学方法、引导学生进行创新性实验、改革课程考核评价方式等方面进行了改革和实践,以达到提高药事管理学教学质量的目的。     

药事管理学教学实践探索与思考

目的 加强药事管理学的实践性和应用性教学,推进素质教育,培养学生的创新精神和综合实践能力.方法 对该课程的教学方法进行了改革,对教材部分内容进行适当调整.结果 通过对该课程教学内容、教学方法、评价制度的改革,取得了一定的教学经验,提出了进一步巩固和深化教学改革的设想.结论 对药事管理学教学实践的探索,有助于培养学生的创新精神和综合实践能力.     

药事管理学教学体会

药事管理学学科的发展对药事管理学教学提出了更高的要求,本文基于我国药事管理教学现状,从药事管理学教学各个环节出发,探讨药事管理学的各种教学方法,提高学生综合技能,为高等药学教育的发展和人才培养提供实践参考.     

药事管理学实践教学改革探讨

分析药事管理学进行实践教学改革的必要性,介绍药事管理学实践教学改革的目的、学时安排、教学内容、实施程序以及考核方式。通过调查反馈,对实践教学改革的效果进行了客观评价。实践表明,药事管理学实践教学改革取得了良好的效果,是必要的,也是可行的。在总结实践经验的基础上,提出药事管理学实践教学的注意事项和建议     

思维导图在《药事管理学》课程混合式教学中的应用探讨

目的 本研究旨在探讨思维导图在《药事管理学》课程中的应用效果,并提出在混合式教学中使用思维导图的实施要点。方法 通过教学实践,结合其他教学方法与思维导图进行混合式教学,探讨其应用效果,同时考虑教学内容、目标和方法之间的协调关系。结果 思维导图与其他教学方法的结合应用,帮助学生更好地理解和掌握药事管理学的知识和技能,提高了学生的实践能力和分析问题的能力。结论 在混合式教学中使用思维导图时,需要注意教学指导和反馈,充分考虑教学内容、目标与方法之间的协调性,以确保学生真正掌握所学知识和技能。     

基于提高综合能力的药事管理学课程教改活动实践

目的为培养药学大学生的综合素质,进行药事管理学课程教改实践。方法以理论教学为基础,针对药事管理学课程的教学方法、教学内容、教学手段、考评方式进行了多方面改革与实践。结果构建了以提高学生＂自主学习能力、语言表达能力、沟通社会能力、信息处理能力、解决问题能力、与人合作能力＂为基本核心的药学本科生能力培养模式。结论该教学体系具有可操作性和推广价值。在今后的教学实践中,应与时俱进,不断完善与创新。     

提高中等职业学校《药事管理学》教学质量的探讨

目的为提高中等职业学校药学专业课程《药事管理学》的教学质量提供参考。方法针对中职药事管理学教学的现状,结合多年教学实践,从师资、教材、教学方式、实训等影响药事管理学教学质量的四个方面进行了分析。结果与结论通过师资的慎重选配、教师知识的及时更新、教学中人文教育的加强、仿真实验室的建设和充分利用,以及灵活多样的教学手段,可以增强该学科的实用性和时代性,提高学生的学习效率,培养中职生的职业技能,提升中职《药事管理学》的教学质量。     

成人药学专升本教育药事管理学教学模式改革的探索与实践

目的探索成人药学“专升本”教育药事管理学教学模式，提高成人药学教育质量。方法通过调查研究，摸清成人药学“专升本”学生的特点和对课程学习的要求，根据其特点和要求，围绕药事管理学教学目标，对教师配备、教学内容、教学方法和教学效果评价等方面进行改革。结果改革后的药事管理学教学模式适合学生的特点和要求，效果良好，但问题尚存。结论成人药学‘‘专升本”药事管理学教学模式应独具特色并不断改革和完善。     

21世纪药事管理学课程基本要求探讨

从药事管理学的性质、任务、学生应获得的知识和能力、基础理论、基本方法、基本知识、基本技能、教学方法、参考性学时等方面，对21世纪药事管理学课程的基本要求进行了探讨；并对药事管理学教学内容涉及到的基本知识进行了重点论述。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.