非穿透性小梁手术联合丝裂霉素及深层巩膜反折疗效观察

目的:观察非穿透性小梁手术联合丝裂霉素及深层巩膜反折引流治疗开角型青光眼的临床效果。方法:对14例(18眼)开角型青光眼患者进行非穿透性小梁切除手术,术中联合应用丝裂霉素C及深层巩膜反折引流。观察手术前、后的眼压、视力、视野、前房(前房角)变化及手术后滤过泡情况。随访3~18mo。结果:术前平均眼压(33.96±8.16)mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),术后眼压为(14.62±3.53)mmHg,手术前后眼压差异有显著意义(t=11.82,P<0.01)。手术前、后视力及视野无明显改变。术后16眼均形成滤过泡,其中I型6眼,Ⅱ型11眼,Ⅲ型1眼。结论:非穿透性小梁切除联合应用丝裂霉素及深层巩膜反折引流术是治疗开角型青光眼的一种安全、有效、便宜和具有可重复性的新治疗方式。     

难治性青光眼早期功能不良滤过泡处理的临床观察

目的：观察难治性青光眼小梁切除术后早期功能不良滤过泡的处理方法、治疗效果,探讨有效、安全的早期功能不良滤过泡处理方法。

方法：收集我院2006-01/2012-01诊断为难治性青光眼且行小梁切除术后出现早期功能不良滤过泡(或倾向)者20例20眼于小梁切除术后3～8d进行治疗,治疗方法包括：眼球按摩、断(或拆除)巩膜缝线后再行眼球按摩、钝针头针拨分离滤过泡或联合结膜下注射5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)。所有患者术中曾用过抗代谢药丝裂霉素C(MMC, 0.3g/L)。随访6mo。

结果：经眼球按摩后有9眼获得功能滤过泡,联合钝针头针拨分离滤过泡治疗后有5眼为功能滤过泡,4眼经联合5-FU结膜下注射后为功能滤过泡,其综合成功率达90%。治疗前平均眼压24.61±5.4mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),随访6mo结束时平均眼压为15.20±4.8mmHg,治疗前后眼压差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。操作中和操作后未见任何并发症。

结论：难治性青光眼病情复杂,小梁切除术后极易出现早期功能不良滤过泡(或倾向),我们提倡尽早处理,综合眼球按摩、断(或拆除)巩膜缝线、钝针头针拨分离滤过泡或联合结膜下注射5-FU更安全有效,可很大程度上挽救早期濒临失败的滤过泡,提高手术成功率。     

针拨联合球结膜下注射丝裂霉素C治疗功能不良滤过泡

目的 探讨针拨联合丝裂霉素C(mitomycin C,MMC)球结膜下注射治疗青光眼患者小梁切除术后早期功能不良滤过泡的疗效.方法 对47例(50眼)小梁切除术后2～8周滤过泡功能不良青光眼患者行针拨联合MMC 0.2 mL(0.04 mg)结膜下注射,术后所有患者随访3～6个月,观察患者眼压、滤过泡形态和并发症.结果 小梁切除术后2～8周,低平、限局、肥厚、充血型滤过泡32眼、包囊型囊样滤过泡18眼.针拨联合MMC结膜下注射治疗后3～6个月,46眼的滤过泡转为功能性的,轻度膨隆弥散型31眼,多腔或薄壁型15眼,限局肥厚型或无滤过泡4眼.治疗前患眼的平均眼压为(28.5±6.5)mmHg(1 kPa=7.5 mmHg),随访3～6个月平均眼压为(16.3±2.9)mmHg,与注射前比较二者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).46眼没有用抗青光眼药物或用一种抗青光眼药物眼压控制在21 mmHg以下,成功率占92%.治疗后视物模糊10眼,结膜下出血6眼,角膜上皮点状脱落2眼,无低眼压、伤口渗漏和前房变浅等并发症.结论 针拨联合MMC结膜下注射治疗小梁切除术后早期功能不良滤过泡是安全、有效、简单的方法.     

巩膜瓣可调整缝线预防小梁切除术后浅前房的作用

目的观察巩膜瓣可调整缝线在预防青光眼小梁切除术后浅前房中的作用。方法对60例(89眼)青光眼患者,在手术显微镜下,做穹隆部或角膜缘为基底结膜瓣,常规的梯形巩膜与小梁切除术。在巩膜瓣两侧做可拆缝线。球结膜切口连续紧密缝合。术后观察眼压、前房深度、结膜滤过泡、眼内组织反应与并发症。当手术后前房形成稳定或眼压回升大于10mmHg时,拆除巩膜调整缝线。术后平均随访时间6个月。结果术后第一天前房形成良好74只眼,术后巩膜瓣缝线松解时间5-30天,平均11天,缝线松解后,结膜滤过泡明显增大。60例患者术后随访眼压3-18mmHg,平均(9.1±2.75)mmHg与术前眼压相比,差异非常显著,所有患者随访中均未应用抗青光眼药物治疗,呈现血管少、弥散而微隆起的功能性结膜滤过泡。结论巩膜瓣可调整缝线能促进青光眼小梁切除术后早期前房的形成,减少前房形成迟缓所致的并发症。有利于小梁切除术后长期滤过作用,提高青光眼手术的安全性和有效性。     

非穿透性小梁手术联合透明质酸生物胶植入术的疗效

目的 研究非穿透性小梁手术联合透明质酸生物胶植入术治疗开角型青光眼的手术效果及有效的降压机制。方法 将临床接治的19例(28只眼)开角型青光眼行非穿透性小梁手术联合透明质酸生物胶植入术,术后观察眼压、结膜滤枕及前房反应等情况,随访6～24个月。结果 28只眼术前平均眼压(23.92±1.26)mmHg,下降幅度36.33％,差异有显著性(P＜0.01),24只眼结膜形成功能性滤过泡,4只眼功能性滤过泡消失。28只眼均无前房出血,术后前房反应轻。结论 非穿透性小梁手术联合透明质酸生物胶植入术能有效地降低开角型青光眼的眼压,术后并发症少,可做为此类青光眼病人手术的选择。     

丝裂霉素C结膜下注射联合针拨治疗功能不良滤过泡

目的：探讨丝裂霉素C（ mitomycin C,MMC）结膜下注射联合针拨治疗青光眼小梁切除术后功能不良滤过泡的疗效。方法：对36例39眼因青光眼行小梁切除术后2～12 wk滤过泡功能不良者进行MMC 0．1mL（0．2mg／mL）结膜下注射联合针拨治疗,平均治疗1．31±0．58次,观察眼压、滤过泡和并发症．并随访3 mo。
　　结果：治疗后3mo时平均眼压为15．8±6．6mmHg,显著低于治疗前平均眼压27．4±5．7 mmHg;成功滤过泡32眼,成功率为82．1％。结膜下出血7眼,浅前房低眼压1眼,无伤口渗漏和脉络膜渗漏等并发症。
　　结论：MMC结膜下注射联合针拨治疗小梁切除术后功能不良滤过泡是安全、简单、有效的方法。     

非穿透性小梁手术联合醛化脐带静脉管植入及MMC治疗POAG

目的:评价非穿透性小梁手术(non-penetrating trabecular surgery,NPTS)联合醛化脐带静脉管(human umbilical vein,HUV)植入和丝裂霉素C(mitomycin C,MMC)治疗原发性开角型青光眼(primary open angle glaucoma,POAG)的临床疗效。方法:对42例42眼POAG患者进行NPTS联合HUV植入和MMC治疗。术后观察指标包括:术后眼压、术后抗青光眼药物应用、术后滤过泡形态学以及术后并发症,随访时间12mo。结果:术后12 mo,手术完全成功81%,条件成功95%;眼压从术前(26.1±7.7)mmHg降至(15.3±3.8)mmHg(P=0.00);抗青光眼药物从术前(3.2±0.5)种减少到(0.3±0.2)种(P=0.00);滤过泡形态,Ⅰ型滤过泡26%,Ⅱ型滤过泡59%,Ⅳ型滤过泡14%。术后6眼出现包裹性滤过泡,3眼有轻微前房出血,无浅前房、低眼压和脉络膜脱离等并发症发生。结论:NPTS联合HUV植入和MMC治疗POAG,具有手术成功率高,术后IOP控制良好,术后并发症发生率低的特点。     

难治性青光眼的复合式小梁切除术

目的:探讨难治性青光眼的复合式小梁切除术的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2003-08/2008-06我院收治的难治性青光眼共59例59眼,应用常规小梁切除术联合丝裂霉素C(MMC)24例(对照组),应用复合式小梁切除术(常规小梁切除术联合MMC和巩膜可调节缝线)35例(观察组)。分析比较两组术后前房形成、眼压、滤过泡及并发症等情况,结果均经统计学处理。结果:59眼手术顺利,未引发爆发性脉络膜出血等严重并发症,术后追踪12mo。术后第1d浅前房发生率观察组为6%,明显低于对照组29%(P<0.05)。术后随访12mo时,观察组30眼眼压控制在6～21mmHg(86%),对照组15眼眼压控制在6～21mmHg(62%),两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),观察组功能性滤过泡占86%,较对照组功能性滤过泡62%为多(P<0.05)。结论:难治性青光眼的复合式小梁切除术可有效降低眼压,且并发症少,是治疗难治性青光眼安全、有效的手术方法之一。     

小梁切除术应用5-FU的疗效

目的：探讨小梁切除术联合5-FU在抗青光眼手术中的应用,评价其临床疗效。方法：采用小梁切除联合术中、术后局部使用5-FU,对急性闭角型青光眼19眼、慢性闭角型青光眼25眼、原发性开角型青光眼25眼、新生血管性青光眼7眼、葡萄膜炎继发青光眼4眼、滤过术失败5眼、人工晶状体眼青光眼4眼(共89眼)施行手术治疗。其中30眼作有巩膜瓣可拆缝线。结果：随访7～33(平均22)mo,术后6mo时视力不变及提高70眼(79％),下降19眼(21％)。功能性滤过泡78眼(88％),非功能滤过泡11眼(12％)。6mo以后眼压＜10mmHg 15眼,10～21mmHg 62眼;＞21mmHg 12眼,主要为难治性青光眼。眼压控制有效率87％。严重并发症为黄斑病变。结论：小梁切除术联合5-FU能有效降低青光眼的眼压,术后并发症较少,手术疗效好。     

NPTS联合透明质酸钠生物胶治疗开角型青光眼

目的:回顾总结非穿透性小梁切除联合透明质酸钠生物胶植入及丝裂霉素应用治疗开角型青光眼的疗效。方法:对20例24眼开角型青光眼施行非穿透性小梁切除手术,术中巩膜床植入透明质酸生物胶及应用丝裂霉素,术后随访12～36mo,观察眼压、视力、前房角、滤过泡等情况。结果:术后1,2,3a时眼压分别为16.32±5.25,17.28±5.70,18.26±5.20mmHg,与术前眼压35.52±7.6mmHg相比明显下降(P<0.01)。术后视力达到或高于术前水平22眼,视力下降2眼。术中、术后均未出现浅前房及前房炎症反应。24眼均有功能型滤过泡。结论:非穿透性小梁切除联合透明质酸钠生物胶植入及丝裂霉素应用能安全、有效地治疗开角型青光眼。     

Follow-up studies in pattern VECP in demyelinating diseases in children

Spectral sensitivity functions and the transient decrease of sensitivity to short wavelengths after the offset of yellow light (transient tritanopia) were measured by increment threshold techniques in patients suffering from hereditary macular degenerations. Color vision defects were determined by arrangement tests and the anomaloscope. Central areolar choroidal dystrophy was found to produce a mild protan defect and to reduce foveal spectral sensitivity throughout the visible spectrum by a factor of 100; it also abolishes transient tritanopia. Electroretinogram (ERG) was normal, electrooculogram (EOG) subnormal. Stargardt's disease, despite numerous fluorescent macular spots, does not abolish transient tritanopia nor does it reduce spectral sensitivity, although scotopic matches were performed on the Nagel anomaloscope. Only in severe, advanced cases was transient tritanopia reduced and spectral sensitivity found to follow the absorption spectrum of rods. Routine ERGs and EOGs were normal. Vitelliform macular degeneration, despite the ophthalmoscopically pronounced dystrophic macula, produced only very small changes in spectral sensitivity and transient tritanopia, although a widened matching range on the Nagel anomaloscope and electrophysiological abnormalities were found. Apparently damage of the retinal circuit which connects long and short wavelength-sensitive cones, caused by hereditary conditions, is different from that caused by retinotoxic drugs.     

p53 expression in pterygium in two climatic regions in Turkey

Purpose:

To assess accumulation of p53 protein in samples of primary pterygium from people living in two different climatic regions in Turkey.

Materials and Methods:

Group 1 included 101 pterygium specimens from people in Adana located in southern Turkey. Group 2 included 39 pterygium specimens from people in Ankara, located in the middle of Turkey. Climatic conditions throughout the year are sunnier and warmer in Adana than they are in Ankara. The control group (Group 3) included 30 specimens of conjunctiva that had been excised during cataract surgery from 30 patients without pterygium. The pterygial specimens and control conjunctiva were studied by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against p53 protein. Pearson''s chi-square test was used to compare the p53 immunoreactivity.

Results:

The p53 immunoreactivity in Groups 1 and 2 was greater than it was in the control group (P<0.001). There were no differences in p53 immunoreactivity between Groups 1 and 2 (P= 0.060).

Conclusion:

The p53 immunoreactivity was not correlated with ultraviolet irradiation exposure. The p53 immunoreactivity in our pterygium specimens suggests that pterygium could be a result of uncontrolled cell proliferation.     

Changes in Bruch's membrane in experimental hypercholesteremia in rats

PURPOSE: We investigated the effect of high cholesterol diet for the aging changes in Bruch's membrane of rats. METHODS: After feeding a 4% cholesterol diet for 15 weeks to three young rats 3 months old and four aged rats 23 months old, we observed the morphological changes of Bruch's membrane by electron microscopy, and made a comparison with rats fed an ordinary diet. RESULTS: In one young rat fed a high-cholesterol diet, the endothelial basement membrane of the choriocapillaris formed multiple folds separated from the plasma membrane of the endothelium and showed lamellar thickening and crack in some areas. The elastic fiber layer in Bruch's membrane disappeared partly and some new microfibrils appeared. In one aged rat fed a high-cholesterol diet, the endothelial basement membrane of the choriocapillaris showed more lamellar thickening with lumps in some parts. Compared with rats fed an ordinary diet, rats fed a high-cholesterol diet showed thickening of the basement membrane and the changes were more severe. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicated that high-cholesterol diet might promote age-related changes of Bruch's membrane.     

Trends in Patterns of Anterior Uveitis in a Tertiary Institution in Singapore

Purpose: To report the trends in etiology of patients with anterior uveitis (AU) in Singapore over 6 years.

Methods: A retrospective review of the clinical records of all new patients who presented with anterior uveitis to the uveitis subspecialty clinic from 2005 to 2010 at Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.

Results: There were 552 new cases of AU. This comprised 59.5% of a total of 928 new patients diagnosed with uveitis from 2005 to 2010. The mean age was 48.0?±?17.2 years. There was a male predominance (62.5%), with a male:female ratio of 1.7:1. The majority were of Chinese ethnicity (69%), followed by Malays (13.2%). Most cases were unilateral (79.5%) and idiopathic (50.4%). Common etiological causes included Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis (FHI) (5.6%), ankylosing spondylitis (AS)-related AU (5.1%), herpes simplex virus (HSV) (4.7%), and herpes zoster virus (HZV) (4.5%). There were increasing trends in AS-related AU from 3.2% in 2008 to 6.5% in 2010, and psoriasis-associated AU from 1.7% in 2005 to 4.0% in 2008. There were decreasing trends in the incidence of FHI from 10.6% in 2006 to 4.7% in 2009. No change in incidence of viral etiologies was noted, but cytomegalovirus-related immune-recovery uveitis (IRU) comprised 7.4%. IRU showed an increasing trend from 1.7% in 2005 to 11.9% in 2007, then decreased to 3.3% in 2010. Using the Pearson chi-square test, there was no statistically significant association between ethnicities (Chinese, Malay, Indian) comparing infectious and noninfectious cases (p?=?0.788), idiopathic and nonidiopathic cases (p?=?0.170), or between the various etiologies of uveitis (p?=?0.168).

Conclusions: AU was the predominant form of uveitis seen at our centers. Infectious etiologies (18.5%) are the most common among nonidiopathic cases, with herpes viruses (9.2%) being most prevalent. Despite increased use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the detection of microbial and viral DNA, there was no overall increase in detection of infectious causes for uveitis. The changes in CMV-related immune recovery uveitis from 2005 to 2010 could reflect a change in HIV management in Singapore.     

Orthokeratology practice in children in a university clinic in Hong Kong*

Purposes: The aim of this study was to analyse clinical data of children undergoing orthokeratology (ortho‐k) and to investigate patients’/parents’ perspective on ortho‐k via telephone interviews. Methods: Clinical records of children undergoing ortho‐k from a university optometry clinic were reviewed and the effects of ortho‐k on refraction, vision and cornea were investigated. A telephone interview was conducted to solicit patients’/parents’ perspective of the treatment. Results: One hundred and eight files were reviewed. Median age of the children was nine years (range six to 15); mean (±SD) pre‐treatment refractive sphere was ‐3.56 ± 1.49 D and the median refractive cylinder was ‐0.50 D (range zero to ‐4.25 D). Significant refractive spherical reduction (58 per cent), improvement in unaided vision and corneal topographical changes were noted after only one night of wear. No significant change in astigmatism was found. Corneal staining was the most commonly observed complication with ortho‐k and more than 80 per cent of patients were advised to apply ocular lubricants to loosen the lens before lens removal. Ortho‐k was mainly undertaken for myopic control and about 90 per cent of the respondents reported good/very good unaided vision after ortho‐k and ranked the treatment as satisfactory or very good. Lens binding and ocular discharge were the most frequently reported problems during the treatment. Conclusion: Under close monitoring, overnight ortho‐k is effective and safe for reducing low to moderate myopia and the treatment is well accepted by the children.     

内毒素诱导的大鼠葡萄膜炎的巨噬细胞中Toll样受体4的表达

目的 探讨在内毒素诱导的Wistar大鼠葡萄膜炎中Toll样受体4(TLR4)阳性细胞与虹膜组织中巨噬细胞的动态变化和分布.方法 实验研究.Wistar大鼠50只,用随机数字法随机分为5组,每组10只,分别为正常对照(0 h)组、6 h组、12 h组、24 h组及48 h组.除0 h组外其余各组均足垫部注射霍乱弧菌内毒素200μg,注射后于裂隙灯显微镜下观察双眼前节炎症反应变化.按实验分组于0、6、12、24、48 h处死大鼠.取虹膜一睫状体及脉络膜组织.通过葡萄膜铺片免疫组织化学方法检测TLR4和巨噬细胞的标记CD163的表达.人工计数虹膜中TLR4~+与CD163~+的细胞并计算细胞密度,计算圆形和多形性的CD163~+细胞占所有CD163~+细胞的百分比.进一步采用免疫荧光双标记检测TLR4和CD163共表达的情况.通过单因素方差分析分别对大鼠虹膜内阳性细胞密度以及圆形、多形性CD163~+细胞的百分比进行统计学检验.结果 正常大鼠虹膜睫状体组织不表达TLR4.6 h组有2只大鼠虹膜内可见少量TLR4~+细胞,12～48 h组所有大鼠虹膜内TLR4~+细胞明显增多(F=167.2,P＜0.001),虹膜内TLR4~+细胞密度分别为(506.1±39.5)个/mm~2(12 h组)、(492.3±54.5)个/mm~2(24 h组)及(663.8±150.2)个/mm~2 (48 h组).在注射LPS后12～48 h期间TLR4~+细胞形态无明显变化.0～48 h组大鼠虹膜内均有CD163~+细胞,0 h组圆形和多形性CD163~+细胞百分比为13%,12～48 h组其百分比约为80%,且圆形细胞主要位于虹膜基质层.免疫荧光双标记可见TLR4和CD163的共表达,TLR4位于细胞膜,CD163位于细胞质.5组大鼠脉络膜内均未见TLR4表达.结论 内毒素诱导的大鼠葡萄膜炎中虹膜内TLR4表达增高,部分虹膜固有巨噬细胞表达TLR4.TLR4可能在葡萄膜炎的发生发展中起一定作用.     

弱视眼底光学相干断层扫描的研究进展

弱视是由于视觉发育关键期内各种异常的视觉经验导致单眼或双眼最佳矫正远视力低于正常同龄儿童,而眼部无明显器质性病变。目前普遍观点认为,弱视的发病机理主要源于视皮层。近年来,光学相干断层扫描（OCT）作为一种先进的活体成像技术,促进了对视网膜形态结构的大量研究,同时也被应用到弱视的研究领域。陆续有不同的研究人员利用OCT发现弱视患者眼底视网膜、脉络膜等眼部结构存在改变。笔者将对弱视眼底OCT的研究进展做一综述。     

实验性糖尿病视网膜微血管病变的病理研究

目的：观察糖尿病视网膜病变（diabetic retinopathy,DR）的组织学改变。方法：应用光镜、免疫组织化学、电镜及组织化学电镜等技术,研究在不同时间点Spregue-Dawley(SD)大鼠视网膜毛细血管基底膜中的Ⅳ型胶原蛋白及层黏蛋白和视网膜毛细胞血管基底膜的厚度,以及其负电荷位点数目的变化。结果：随着糖尿病病程的发展,视网膜毛细血管基底膜下不断增厚伴有Ⅳ型胶原蛋白及层黏蛋白的增加,同时负电荷位点数目减少。结论：视网膜毛细血管基底膜增厚,Ⅳ型胶原蛋白及层黏蛋白的增加,负电荷位点数目减少可能是导致DR渗出性病变的病理基础。