精神分裂症遗传的性别差异

目的：比较不同性别精神分裂症遗传的差异。方法：在同期出院的877例精神分裂症患者中，整群连续抽取精神分裂症阳性家族史患者107例：按性别分为男性组45例，女性组62例。对家族史阳性率，先证者父系、母系、同胞、子女患病情况，一、二、三级亲属患病情况，胎次，患病个数及疗效作统计分析。结果：男性阳性家族史比率较女性低，且疗效差异有显著性；女性患者4胎及以上者显著较多。结论：不同性别精神分裂症的遗传有差异。     

精神分裂症遗传的性别差异

目的：探讨精神分裂症遗传的性别差异。方法：对1013例精神分裂症患者不同性别家族史阳性率，不同性别父系、母系、同胞、子女患病情况，不同性别先证者一、二、三级亲属患病情况进行比较。结果：男性有遗传史者11．9％，女性24．3％，男性低于女性，差异显著。女性同胞患病构成比明显高于男性，差异有显著性。男女一级亲属患病高于二级亲属，二级亲属患病高于三级亲属。结论：精神分裂症与遗传密切相关。     

单次发作躁狂症遗传的性别差异

目的比较单次发作躁狂症遗传的两性异同。方法整群连续抽取单次发作躁狂症阳性家族史患者75例：按性别划分为女性组31例；男性组44例。对先证者一、二、三级亲属患病情况；父系、母系、同胞、子女患病情况；亲属患病个数；胎次等采用卡方检验和t检验做统计学分析。结果单次发作躁狂症遗传两性间无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）；但两性家族史阳性者共同显示一级亲属患病显著较多，三级亲属患病显著较少；且生活事件在疾病发生中起明显作用。结论单次发作躁狂症两性发病均与遗传有密切关系，生活事件对患病影响明显。     

1000/中国Huntington病241例临床特点分析

目的 全面了解我国Huntington病的临床特点 方法 电子检索中国期刊全文数据库1980~2008年收录的Huntington病病例报告,并分析其临床特点。 结果 共纳入80个研究,包括241例患者,其中男性141例,女性100例,82%的患者来自北方各省。其中97.9%有家族史,71.9%的家系存在遗传早现现象,64.6%的家系是父系遗传,35.4%为母系遗传。平均起病年龄35.2±11.5岁,其中63.9%在30岁至55岁起病,9.6%发病年龄在20岁以内。父系遗传患者发病年龄明显小于母系遗传患者的发病年龄,但男女发病年龄无明显差别。平均死亡年龄45.6±13.5岁,从发病到死亡平均病程11.6±5.6年。父系遗传与母系遗传者的死亡年龄及男女患者死亡年龄无明显差异;父系遗传与母系遗传患者及男女性患者发病到死亡平均病程无明显差异。以不自主运动起病者占69.9%,以精神症状起病者占26.5%,以智能障碍起病者占3.0%。而不自主运动起病的患者中66.4%是以全身不自主运动起病,16.4%为上肢不自主运动起病,14.7%为头面部不自主运动起病。随着病程进展,99.6％的患者有不自主运动,69.8%的患者有智能损害,39.2%的患者有精神症状。其中,肢体不自主运动合并智能障碍者占68.9 %,肢体不自主运动合并精神症状者占38.7%,不自主运动、智能障碍及精神症状合并存在者占28.3%,38.7%的患者合并构音障碍、吞咽困难、饮水呛咳等症状。70.8%的患者脑电图结果异常;18.8%的患者脑脊液报道轻度异常;70.1%的患者头CT或MRI脑萎缩及侧脑室扩大。88.9%的患者MMSE评分≦23分。所报道的患者仅22例行IT15基因检测,而且其结果均为阳性。 结论 Huntington病患者男性多于女性,绝大多数有家族史。我国北方多见,父系遗传居多。多于中年起病,年轻起病者也不罕见。父系遗传患者发病早于母系遗传患者,男女发病年龄无明显差别;病程不受父系遗传与母系遗传影响。起病症状以不自主运动最常见,其次为精神症状,智能障碍起病者罕见。肢体不自主活动、智能损害和精神症状为三大核心症状,且多合并存在,较多患者合并存在咽喉部不自主运动症状。遗传学检测应做为临床确诊该病的依据,值得临床医生重视。     

精神分裂症的性别差异

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者的性别差异。方法:收集240例不同性别精神分裂症患者的首次发病年龄、病程、阳性家族史、临床症状、病前人格和诊断分型等资料,并进行分析比较。结果:首次发病年龄、病程和阳性家族史无性别差异,读心症、钟情妄想、其他妄想、思维逻辑性障碍和怪异行为等阳性症状在男性患者组和女性患者组中的分布差异有显著性,其他阳性症状及阴性症状在两组中的分布差异无显著性。结论:精神分裂症患者的阳性症状存在性别差异,女性精神分裂症患者的临床症状多表现为阳性症状。     

家族性与散发性精神分裂症的病原学研究

目的：研究家族性与散发性精神分裂症相关因素。方法：采用病历记载和家属核实的方法。对501例精神分裂症患者的家族史（限于一级亲属）、性别、发病年龄进行对比分析研究。结果：FH 较FH-组发病年龄早，FH-女性组较FH 女性组及FH ，FH-男性组发病年龄晚，均有统计学意义，而FH 男性组与女性组发病年龄无差异。结论：家族性与散发性精神分裂症在发病年龄上的性别现象为：有阳性家族史者发病年龄早，家族史阴性男性较女性发病年龄早。     

家族性与散发性精神分裂症的病原学研究

目的 :研究家族性与散发性精神分裂症相关因素。方法 :采用病历记载和家属核实的方法 ,对 5 0 1例精神分裂症患者的家族史 (限于一级亲属 )、性别、发病年龄进行对比分析研究。结果 :FH +较FH -组发病年龄早 ,FH -女性组较FH +女性组及FH +、FH -男性组发病年龄晚 ,均有统计学意义 ,而FH +男性组与女性组发病年龄无差异。结论 :家族性与散发性精神分裂症在发病年龄上的性别现象为 :有阳性家族史者发病年龄早 ,家族史阴性男性较女性发病年龄早。     

精神分裂症受累同胞临床特征的研究

目的：探讨精神分裂症受累同胞的临床特征,为进一步的分子遗传研究提供材料和信息。方法：应用一系列标准化诊断和评定工具对318例精神分裂症同胞患者（148个家系）进行了评估。结果：精神分裂症受累同胞的临床特征按性别、家族史和发病年龄的分组检验,差异无显著性;同一家系中,受累同胞间的临床特征具有相似性,年长患病同胞的阴性症状更突出,病程更长,而年幼同胞比年长同胞发病年龄早。逐步回归分析显示,阳性症状与发病年龄、病程、病损程度有关,而阴性症状只与病程,病损程度有关。结论：精神分裂症患者同胞间的临床特征具有相似性。     

精神分裂症发病年龄在婚姻,性别上的差异

本文对３７２例连续入院的精神分裂症病人发病年龄在婚姻、性别上的差异进行了回顾性调查。结果表明，分裂症的发病年龄在性别上无明显差异，已婚者分裂症的发病年龄在性别上也无显著差异，只是倾向于男性发病年龄稍早于女性（１岁左右）。男、女已婚者发病年龄明显晚于未婚者。女性未婚者发病年龄明显早于男性，女性在发病时已婚者明显多于男性。分裂症的阳性家族史对两性发病年龄的影响无显著差异。笔者认为，病前生活事件（失恋）     

精神分裂症患者临床特征的性别差异

目的 比较男性和女性住院精神分裂症患者临床特征的差异.方法 采用自编项目调查表对458份符合国际疾病和相关健康问题分类第十版（ICD-10）诊断标准的出院精神分裂症患者病历进行不同性别的对比分析.结果 在住院精神分裂症患者中,男性患者的平均年龄低于女性患者,男性患者的已婚比例低于女性患者,男性患者的首发年龄比女性患者早,男性患者中出现被害妄想和夸大妄想的比率高于女性患者,而出现嫉妒妄想、情感淡漠和情感不协调的比率低于女性患者;在药物使用中,男性患者使用芮迭的比例高于女性患者,而使用齐拉西酮的比例低于女性患者,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.男性与女性患者在文化程度、家族史、起病形式、病程、病程特点、住院时间、是否单一用药及临床疗效方面的比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 男性和女性住院精神分裂症患者在临床特征方面存在较多差异,这提示在实际诊疗及制定精神康复计划时,不同性别应区别对待.     

Age-specific familial risks of psychotic disorders and schizophrenia: a nation-wide epidemiological study from Sweden

OBJECTIVE: This study analyzed men and women separately by age at hospital diagnosis of psychotic disorder or schizophrenia and by maternal or paternal disease after taking several possible confounders into account. METHODS: The Multigeneration Register, in which all men and women born in Sweden from 1932 onwards are registered together with their parents, was linked to hospital data. This yielded 21,199 male and 19,029 female cases of psychotic disorders in addition to 12,799 paternal and 23,021 maternal cases of psychotic disorders (including schizophrenia). Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated as the ratio of observed and expected number of cases among men and women with mothers and/or fathers affected by psychotic disorders or schizophrenia, compared with men and women whose mothers and/or fathers were not affected by psychotic disorders or schizophrenia. RESULTS: The overall significant SIRs among men and women with a mother, father or both parents hospitalized for psychotic disorder varied between 2.86 and 20.30. Maternal transmission of psychotic disorder was stronger than paternal, and the highest SIRs were found in the youngest age groups. Similar results were found when the subgroup schizophrenia was analyzed separately. Maternal or paternal schizophrenia implied higher risks for the offspring than maternal or paternal psychotic disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Hereditary factors have a strong influence on the onset of psychotic disorders and schizophrenia. Young people and individuals with both parents affected by these diseases need special attention as their SIRs were particularly increased.     

The impact of gender and age at onset on the familial aggregation of schizophrenia

Summary Some recent family studies have shown that the familial risk for schizophrenia is higher in female than in male schizophrenics. It is debated whether the risks for the other disorders, such as schizotypal personality disorder or affective disorders in families of schizophrenics are similarly influenced by the proband's gender. Also, the reason for the effect of proband's gender on the recurrence risk for schizophrenia has not been clarified. This family study (159 probands, 589 first degree relatives) confirms that schizophrenia, but also schizophrenia spectrum disorders were more frequent in families of female compared with male schizophrenics. Neither age at onset in probands nor the interaction between gender and age at onset in probands had a relevant impact on the risk figures in relatives. Affective disorders occurred in families independently of the probands' gender. Aetiological heterogeneity or ascertainment bias may account for the modifying effect of proband's gender in schizophrenia.     

Schizophrenia: gender and familial risk.

The morbid risks for schizophrenia and any nonaffective psychosis in the first degree relatives of male and female schizophrenic probands were compared utilizing Cox proportional hazards models. The schizophrenic probands (275 male; 106 female) were drawn from a larger sample of hospitalized patients obtained by systematically screening all psychiatric admissions to 15 facilities over a six-year period. Proband diagnoses (DSM-III) were based on a direct assessment of the patient and a review of medical records. The family history method was used to obtain information about the first degree relatives of the probands. Cox proportional hazards models were adjusted for duration of illness of the proband and gender of the relatives. First degree relatives of female probands had significantly higher morbid risks for schizophrenia and nonaffective psychosis than relatives of male probands. The differential risk for schizophrenia in the relatives of male and female probands demonstrated in this study, as well as others, suggests that males and females may be at different risk for subtypes of the disorder.     

Family patterns of psychopathology in psychiatric disorders

ObjectiveFamilial loading and crucial outcomes of family history of psychopathology in psychiatric disorders have long been recognized. There has been ample literature providing convincing evidence for the importance of family psychopathology in development of emotional disturbances in children as well as worse outcomes in the course of psychiatric disorders. More often, maternal psychopathology seems to have been an issue of interest rather than paternal psychopathology while effects of second-degree familiality have received almost no attention. In this study, we addressed the relations between affected first- and second-degree relatives of probands and categories of psychiatric disorders.MethodSubjects were 350 hospitalized psychiatric inpatients, consecutively admitted to psychiatry clinics in Van, Turkey. Mean age was 34.16 (SD ± 12) and 51.4% of the sample consisted of male patients. Assessment of psychopathology in psychiatric probands was conducted based on DSM-IV TR. Familial loading of psychiatric disorders amongst first- and second-degree relatives of patients were initially noted primarily relying on patients' retrospective reports, and confirmed by both phone call and following official health records via the Medical Knowledge System. We analyzed the data using latent class analysis approach.ResultsWe found four patterns of familial psychopathology. Latent homogeneous subsets of patients due to familial characteristics were as paternal kinship psychopathology with schizophrenia, paternal kinship psychopathology with mood disorders, maternal kinship psychopathology and core family psychopathology.ConclusionFamily patterns were critical to exerting variation in psychiatric disorders of probands and affected relatives. Probands with a core family pattern of psychopathology exhibited the most colorful clinical presentations in terms of variation in psychopathology. We observed a specificity of intergenerational transmission of psychiatric disorders when family patterns of psychopathology were taken into consideration, even second-degree relatives of psychiatric probands.     

An MRI study of superior temporal gyrus volume in women with schizotypal personality disorder

OBJECTIVE: An abnormal superior temporal gyrus has figured prominently in schizophrenia research, and left superior temporal gyrus volume has been shown to be smaller in male subjects with schizotypal personality disorder. This is the first structural magnetic resonance imaging study to examine a group of female subjects with schizotypal personality disorder. METHOD: The superior temporal gyrus was drawn on coronal images acquired from female subjects recruited from the community (schizotypal personality disorder group: N=21, comparison group: N=29). RESULTS: There were no gray matter volume differences in the left or right superior temporal gyrus between the subjects with schizotypal personality disorder and the comparison subjects. Within the schizotypal personality disorder group, however, there was an interaction between hemisphere and family history of mental illness. Moreover, subjects with schizotypal personality disorder did demonstrate formal thought disorder and a negative correlation between left superior temporal gyrus volume and odd speech. CONCLUSIONS: This study of female subjects with schizotypal personality disorder showed no superior temporal gyrus volume differences, but preliminary findings indicate that among female subjects with schizotypal personality disorder, there is a left-right difference in those who have a family history of mental illness relative to those who do not. These data also suggest an association between abnormal speech and left superior temporal gyrus volume, a finding similar to that found in schizophrenia. Results from this study thus clearly reinforce the importance of studying female subjects separately.     

Affective and impulsive personality disorder traits in the relatives of patients with borderline personality disorder

OBJECTIVE: This study tested the hypothesis that the risk for affective and impulsive personality disorder traits commonly found in patients with borderline personality disorder would be greater in the first-degree relatives of probands with borderline personality disorder than in two comparison groups. METHOD: Blind family history interviews were conducted with family informants to assess the extent to which first-degree relatives of 29 probands with borderline personality disorder, 22 probands with other personality disorders who met three or fewer of the criteria for borderline personality disorder, and 43 probands with schizophrenia fulfilled operationalized criteria for the two kinds of personality disorder traits and for other diagnostic categories. The crude proportions of adult relatives with each diagnosis, as well as the age-adjusted morbid risks, were assessed in the three groups of relatives. RESULTS: The risks for affective and impulsive personality disorder traits were independently greater in the 129 relatives of the borderline probands than in the 105 relatives of the probands with other personality disorders and the 218 relatives of the schizophrenic probands. There was no similarly greater risk for any other psychiatric disorder assessed, including major affective disorder. In addition, the relatives of borderline probands with current or past major depressive disorder showed a greater risk for major affective disorders than the relatives of never-depressed probands with other personality disorders but not the relatives of never-depressed borderline probands. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest familial transmission of the hallmark borderline-related personality characteristics and raise the possibility that these familial traits may be partially independent.     

Parental Infections Before,During, and After Pregnancy as Risk Factors for Mental Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence: A Nationwide Danish Study

Background

Previous studies have shown associations between maternal infections during pregnancy and increased risks of schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder in the offspring. However, large-scale studies investigating an association between parental infections both during and outside the pregnancy period and the risk of any mental disorder in the child are lacking.

A family study of schizophrenic and normal control probands: implications for the spectrum concept of schizophrenia

Morbidity risks for mental illness were determined in 750 first-degree relatives of chronic schizophrenic and normal control probands. Psychiatric disorders that were more frequent in relatives of schizophrenic probands than in relatives of normal control probands were chronic schizophrenia (5.8% versus 0.6%), schizotypal personality disorder (definite, 14.6% versus 2.1%; probable, 12.1% versus 6.5%), and paranoid personality disorder (7.3% versus 2.3%). The data suggest that schizotypal and paranoid personality disorders are genetically related to schizophrenia. The implications for schizophrenia research are discussed.     

A typological model of schizophrenia based on age at onset,sex and familial morbidity

We investigated the age at onset distributions of schizophrenia in men and women and the relationship of age at onset and sex to the familial rates of schizophrenia and manic-depression in data from a Swedish family study of 270 schizophrenic probands. On the logarithmic scale, the age at onset distribution of schizophrenia in both male and female relatives was bimodal, suggesting that broadly defined schizophrenia may be a mixture of 2 (probably related) disorders. The risk of schizophrenia in relatives decreased as a function of the age at onset of the proband, irrespective of the sex of the proband or relative. In contrast, the risk of manic-depression was significantly higher in relatives of female probands with an age at onset in the twenties than in relatives of female probands with earlier or later onset, or in relatives of male probands. This suggests a third disorder related to affective psychosis, with an intermediate age at onset and female preponderance.