气管导管套囊充气辅助纤维支气管镜引导经鼻气管插管的配合

纤维支气管镜在处理困难气管插管中的“金标准”地位已为麻醉界所认同，成功做好纤维支气管镜导向下经鼻气管插管，护理参与起着关键作用隅。2005年10月至2007年12月，本院麻醉科对20例需要进行纤维支气管镜引导气管插管的患者辅以气管导管套囊充气，同时加强围插管期的护理配合，取得了很好的效果，现报告如下。     

纤维支气管镜引导经鼻气管插管在抢救COPD呼吸衰竭中的护理

目的了解经鼻气管插管与经口气管插管的优劣比较.方法通过对42例COPD呼吸衰竭患者在纤维支气管镜引导下作气管插管的护理配合,用纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管和经口气管插管进行机械通气,手术过程中充分做好术前准备、术中加强生命体征、血氧饱和度监测,熟练配合.结果纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管较经口插管时间短,减少镇静剂的应用,避免了肌松剂对呼吸中枢抑制,提高了抢救成功率,减少死亡率.结论经鼻气管插管优于经口气管插管.     

纤维支气管镜引导经鼻气管插管在抢救COPD呼吸衰竭中的护理

目的 了解经鼻气管插管与经口气管插管的优劣比较。方法 通过对42例COPD呼吸衰竭患者在纤维支气管镜引导下作气管插管的护理配合，用纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管和经口气管插管进行机械通气，手术过程中充分做好术前准备、术中加强生命体征、血氧饱和度监测，熟练配合。结果 纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管较经口插管时间短，减少镇静剂的应用，避免了肌松剂对呼吸中枢抑制，提高了抢救成功率，减少死亡率。结论 经鼻气管插管优于经口气管插管。     

纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻紧急气管插管的护理配合

[目的]总结纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻紧急气管插管的护理配合。[方法]对50例严重呼吸困难病人给予纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻紧急气管插管,同时加强护理配合。[结果]50例病人均顺利完成气管插管,操作中及操作后未出现较严重并发症。[结论]充分的准备、良好的配合、细致的护理是纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管成功的保证。     

床边纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管的护理

[目的]总结急慢性呼吸衰竭病人行床边纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管的护理。[方法]对23例急慢性呼吸衰竭病人行床边纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管,同时加强术前准备、术中配合及术后护理。[结果]本组病人本组23例病人经鼻气管插管均一次成功,插管时间为30s至5min,未发生喉痉挛、严重心律失常、心搏骤停等严重并发症。[结论]加强围术期的护理及配合是纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管成功的保证。     

床边纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管的护理

[目的]总结急慢性呼吸衰竭病人行床边纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管的护理.[方法]对23例急慢性呼吸衰竭病人行床边纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管,同时加强术前准备、术中配合及术后护理.[结果]本组病人本组23例病人经鼻气管插管均一次成功,插管时间为30 s至5 min,未发生喉痉挛、严重心律失常、心搏骤停等严重并发症.[结论]加强围术期的护理及配合是纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管成功的保证.     

一次性导尿管在经鼻气管插管致鼻腔出血中的应用

纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管具有成功率高、创伤小,便于固定,利于口腔护理,且病人易于耐受,导管留置时间长等优点,目前已成为建立人工气道的首选方法。由于插管时管腔型号选择不合适、插管力度过大等原因易造成鼻黏膜出血。我科近期发生例经纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管致鼻腔大     

床旁纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管的护理

目的探讨床旁纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管规范化护理流程及有效的护理措施.方法总结分析我科275例(367次)老年呼吸衰竭患者纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管的护理过程.结果纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管具有快速准确、损伤小、并发症少、成功率高的优点,本组275例(367次)均一次插管成功.结论插管前周密的准备、术中熟练的配合,可有效的缩短插管时间,提高救治的成功率.     

床旁纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管的护理

目的 探讨床旁纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管规范化护理流程及有效的护理措施。方法 总结分析我科275例(367次)老年呼吸衰竭患者纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管的护理过程。结果 纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管具有快速准确、损伤小、并发症少、成功率高的优点，本组275例(367次)均一次插管成功。结论 插管前周密的准备、术中熟练的配合，可有效的缩短插管时间，提高救治的成功率。     

纤维支气管镜在口腔颌面外科困难插管中的应用

目的 探讨纤维支气管镜（简称纤支镜）在口腔外科全麻过程中插管困难患者中的应用.方法 使用Olympus P30型纤维支气管镜引导,经鼻将气管导管插入气管.结果 15例盲插失败或插管困难的病例均在纤维支气管镜引导下快速顺利成功插入气管导管,且无任何并发症.结论 纤维支气管镜引导下气管插管几乎无创伤,操作时间短;避免了气管切开插管对患者产生的恐怖感和由此可能产生的各种并发症以及术后各种繁杂的护理工作,同时为颈清扫或颈部手术创造无污染、无障碍的手术环境,也避免了盲插过程中可能造成的损伤出血.     

纤维支气管镜引导经鼻气管插管救治老年急性呼吸衰竭

目的：探讨纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）引导经鼻气管插管对老年急性呼吸衰竭（呼衰）抢救的应用价值。方法：对３５例老年急性呼衰患者用纤支镜引导经鼻气管插管６３例次。患者取平卧位，选择较通畅的一侧鼻腔，先用１％地卡因行鼻腔及咽部粘膜喷雾麻醉３次，再用１％麻黄素液鼻腔粘膜喷雾以收缩鼻腔粘膜血管，减少或防止局部出血。纤支镜及导管内均涂以无菌硅油或液体石腊，将无菌气管导管套于纤支镜外。按纤支镜常规操作方法，由鼻腔插入气管，助手将气管导管沿纤支镜插入气管内，然后退出纤支镜。结果：纤支镜引导经鼻气管插管６３例次均获得成功。插管过程一般为２０秒～２分钟。结论：纤支镜引导经鼻气管插管抢救老年急性呼衰患者既安全，又迅速，值得推广。     

经口或经鼻纤支镜引导插管对心血管的影响

目的：观察经口或经鼻纤支镜引导插管对心血管的影响。方法：16例择期手术病人,均系插管困难,随机分为经口组和经鼻组,在神经安定镇痛麻醉（NLA）加表麻下进行插管,监测插管前后血氧饱和度,血压及心率的变化。结果：与插管前相比,插管后SPO2显降低（P＜0．01）,HR,SBP,DBP,MAP,RPP均显增高（P＜0．05或P＜0．01）,插管后经鼻组与经口组相比,HR,SBP,MAP,RPP上升更显（P＜0．01）,SPO2和DBP变化不显（P＞0．05）,结论：NLA加表麻下纤支镜插管心血管反应较大,其中经鼻途径更甚于经口途径。     

Fiberbronchoscopic retrieval of iatrogenically introduced endobronchial foreign body.

Although the traditional management of aspiration of foreign bodies has been extraction with the open tube bronchoscope, an expanding array of these have now been removed with the flexible bronchofiberscope. Accidental introduction of a foreign body into the tracheobronchial tree is a poorly recognized, but potentially common hazard of topical anesthetic preparation before endotracheal intubation. We demonstrate that this can be safely and rapidly managed by bedside fiberbronchoscopy. Circumstances favoring the use of the fiberbronchoscope for foreign body extraction are suggested.     

经鼻与经口气管插管机械通气抢救呼吸衰竭的比较

目的：探讨经鼻和经口气管插管的临床应用价值。方法：采用一次性附有低压高容气囊的气管插管，对１０７例急性呼吸衰竭患者进行经纤维支气管镜引导下插管，经鼻与经口明视插管或盲插管，并进行两种插管方法的比较。结果：经鼻插管６２例次，经口插管５４例次（共１１６例次）；留管时间：经鼻插管平均１１．８天，经口插管平均６．６天，两组比较Ｐ＜０．００５；气管切开率：经鼻插管组为１２．９％，显著低于经口插管组４２．６％（Ｐ＜０．００１）；而拔管率经鼻插管组为５９．７％，则明显高于经口插管组４０．７％（Ｐ＜０．００５）。结论：经鼻气管插管机械通气优于经口插管气管插管机械通气，前者具有患者耐受性好、留管时间较长、并发症少等优点，可避免或减少气管切开。     

纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管机械通气在COPD并呼吸衰竭中应用

目的探讨纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管机械通气在COPD并呼吸衰竭中应用。方法2008年1月至2009年10月收治的慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）并发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭120例分为纤维支气管镜插管组60例采用纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管,经口气管插管组60例采用经口气管插管,进行观察。结果纤维支气管镜插管组纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管全部病例均一次插管成功,一次性插管成功率100％,插管时间1—2min,无一例插管时发生心跳、呼吸骤停,血压下降,气管破裂,气管损伤,咯血等并发症。经口气管插管组由于患者气道分泌物过多、肥胖等原因咽喉暴露不充分出现插管困难7例;插管时发生发生心跳、呼吸骤停3例。结论纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管明显优于经口管插管具有操作简单,创伤小,并发症发生少,同时可以清理呼吸道,以迅速纠正阻塞、改善通气。     

Alternatives to endotracheal intubation for patients with neuromuscular diseases

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of continuous noninvasive mechanical ventilation and mechanical coughing aids to avoid endotracheal intubation and tracheostomy during episodes of acute respiratory failure in patients with neuromuscular disease. DESIGN: We conducted a prospective cohort study at the respiratory medicine ward of a university hospital to study the success rate of the use of continuous noninvasive mechanical ventilation and manually and mechanically (CoughAssist) assisted coughing to avert endotracheal intubation in 24 consecutive episodes of acute respiratory failure for 17 patients with neuromuscular disease. The noninvasive mechanical ventilation and coughing aids were used to reverse decreases in oxyhemoglobin saturation and relieve respiratory distress that occurred despite oxygen therapy and appropriate medication. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation was delivered by volume ventilators (Breas PV 501) alternating nasal/oronasal and oral interfaces. RESULTS: Noninvasive management was successful in averting death and endotracheal intubation in 79.2% of the acute episodes. There were no significant differences in respiratory function between the successfully treated and unsuccessfully treated groups before the current episode. Bulbar dysfunction was the independent risk factor for failure of noninvasive treatment (P < 0.05; odds ratio, 35.99%; 95% confidence interval, 1.71-757.68). CONCLUSIONS: Intubation can be avoided for some patients with neuromuscular disease in acute respiratory failure by some combination of noninvasive mechanical ventilation and mechanically assisted coughing. Severe bulbar involvement can limit the effectiveness of noninvasive management.     

Emergency Endotracheal Intubation With a Rigid Stylet of an Infant With Severe Subglottic Stenosis

BackgroundSubglottic stenosis is a frequent complication of endotracheal intubation in children and can create a difficult airway situation for subsequent respiratory illnesses. Difficult airway algorithms are an essential aid when dealing with respiratory failure in clinical situations where ventilation or intubation is unsuccessful.Case ReportA 4-month-old infant with a history of previous endotracheal intubation required endotracheal intubation for stridor and respiratory failure due to croup. There was difficulty intubating the trachea due to severe subglottic stenosis that developed following the previous episode of endotracheal intubation. Successful intubation was facilitated by the use of a rigid endotracheal tube stylet to facilitate passage of an endotracheal tube through the stenotic segment.Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This?Difficult airway algorithms recommend the use of invasive airway access only as a last resort and noninvasive airway access should be explored prior to their use. The use of a readily available rigid stylet as an alternative method for tracheal intubation should be considered only after more conventional techniques and potential complications have been considered.     

纤支镜引导插管在急诊困难气管插管中的应用

目的：评价纤支镜引导插管在急诊困难气管插管中的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析困难气管插管患者经纤支镜引导下经鼻气管插管26例的临床资料。结果：所有喉镜明视下经口插管失败的患者改用纤支镜引导下经鼻气管插管均获成功。结论：纤支镜引导插管对急诊困难气管插管有一定的临床应用价值。     

Endotracheal tube intraluminal volume loss among mechanically ventilated patients

OBJECTIVE: To measure endotracheal tube intraluminal volume loss among mechanically ventilated patients. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Medical intensive care unit (19 beds) of an urban university-affiliated teaching hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 101 patients with acute respiratory failure requiring >24 hrs of mechanical ventilation. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Acoustic reflectometry was employed to measure the intraluminal volume of 13-cm endotracheal tube segments. The endotracheal tube segment volumes were statistically smaller among endotracheal tubes used in patients compared with unused endotracheal tubes (5.4 +/- 0.7 vs. 6.0 +/- 0.6 mL, p <.001). The average percentage difference in endotracheal tube segment volumes, between the unused endotracheal tubes and the endotracheal tubes used in patients, was 9.8% (range, 0-45.5%). The percentage difference in the endotracheal tube segment volumes increased significantly with increasing duration of tracheal intubation (r2 =.766, p <.001). The minimum diameter of the endotracheal tube segments was also statistically smaller among endotracheal tubes used in patients compared with the unused endotracheal tubes (7.5 +/- 0.4 vs. 6.7 +/- 1.2 mm, p <.001). CONCLUSIONS: Endotracheal tube intraluminal volume loss is common among patients with acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation and increases with prolonged tracheal intubation.