七氟醚吸入麻醉对肾脏功能的影响

七氟醚麻醉患者３０例手术前，术终，术后４，２０，７０，７２，１６８小时检测血ＢＵＮ，肌酐，尿酸，Ｋ＾＋，Ｎａ＾＋，Ｃｌ＾＿及血，尿β－２微球蛋白，并与１０例异４氟醚麻醉者对照发现，其术后２０小时尿β２－ＭＧ显著升高，术后１６８小时降至术前水平，两组间无显著差异。     

氧化亚氮对七氟醚吸入浓度的影响

目的了解新鲜气流中加入氧化亚氮对七氟醚吸入浓度的影响。方法20例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级的患儿于全身麻醉下行择期骨科手术,运用自身对照方法分别先后吸入纯氧(Ⅰ组)和氧气-氧化亚氮(Ⅱ组),充分去氮,静脉诱导气管插管,控制呼吸,维持PETCO235～40mmHg。调节新鲜气体流量:Ⅰ组氧气2L/min;Ⅱ组氧气和氧化亚氮各1L/min。七氟醚蒸发器开至2%刻度,于吸入麻醉开始、麻醉后30s、1min、2min、3min直至达到目标浓度时的各个时间点测定患者七氟醚的吸入浓度及达到目标浓度的时间、MAP、HR、SPO2、PETCO2。结果(1)两组七氟醚吸入浓度逐渐升高,麻醉后6minⅠ组浓度明显高于Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。(2)吸入浓度达到目标吸入浓度的时间Ⅰ组明显短于Ⅱ组(P<0.01)。结论新鲜气流中加用氧化亚氮可减慢吸入七氟醚浓度的上升速度,应用纯氧可更快达到目标吸入浓度。     

小儿全麻诱导吸入七氟醚和异氟醚的临床研究

目的比较七氟醚和异氟醚用于儿童患者全麻时的诱导，评估其安全性和麻醉效果。方法选择50例需全麻插管麻醉下行择期手术的患儿，随机分为七氟醚组和异氟醚组。所有患儿均不给术前药，人手术室后面罩分别直接吸人七氟醚或异氟醚复合纯氧（1-2L·min^-1），直至患儿睫毛反射消失，所有患儿均行气管插管，可合用阿曲库铵0．6mg·kg^-1保证肌松。结果诱导成功率均为100％，七氟醚组患儿睫毛反射和疼痛反应消失的时间明显短于异氟醚组（P〈0．01）。且不良反应较轻。结论小儿使用高浓度七氟醚的吸入诱导平稳而快速，与用异氟醚相比，睫毛反射消失时间和疼痛反应消失时间均明显缩短，麻醉满意，安全可控。     

低浓度七氟醚复合全麻对上腹部手术应激反应的影响

目的探讨硬膜外阻滞复合低浓度七氟醚吸入对上腹部手术应激反应的影响。方法选择上腹部手术病人20例,入室后常规监护ECG、血压、血氧饱和度,进行中心静脉穿刺及桡动脉穿刺测压后,进行快速诱导插管（芬太尼0．03mg／kg,阿曲库铵0．5mg／kg,异丙酚2mg／kg）,记录患者麻醉前、插管后即刻、手术开始即刻、手术开始后30min及术毕的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、双频谱指数（BIS）血浆皮质醇（Cot）和肾素活性PRA、血管紧张素Ⅱ。结果术中SBP、MAP、HR、Cor较麻醉前有明显降低,PRA、AⅡ较麻醉前无显著变化。结论硬膜外阻滞复合低浓度七氟醚吸入全麻用于上腹部手术苏醒快且安全,有效抑制手术的应激反应。     

短时间吸入七氟醚对幼鼠海马神经元的影响

目的研究短时间吸入七氟醚对发育中大鼠海马神经元凋亡的影响。方法 78只1个月龄SD大鼠按随机数字表法随机分为3组,空气对照组(Sa,26只),载气对照组(Sc,26只),3%七氟醚吸入2 h组(S2,26只),建立七氟醚吸入模型,吸入结束后12 h用旷场实验和T迷宫进行神经行为学测试,同时断头取海马组织,苏木素-伊红染色观察海马神经元形态学改变,用流式细胞仪检测凋亡,激光共聚焦显微镜测神经元细胞内游离钙离子浓度。结果 S2组海马凋亡神经元数目以及神经元内游离钙离子相对荧光像素值均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);但神经行为学检测无明显差别。结论七氟醚可诱导幼龄大鼠海马神经元凋亡,可能通过升高细胞内钙离子浓度而触发凋亡。但单次、短时间吸入(<2 h)七氟醚引起的神经元凋亡无明显神经行为学意义。     

七氟醚吸入麻醉对妇科腔镜患者低体温的影响

目的探讨七氟醚和丙泊酚不同麻醉方法对妇科腔镜患者体温的影响。方法40例接受妇科腔镜子宫全切手术患者随机分为七氟醚组（S组）和丙泊酚组（P组），每组20例。完成气管插管麻醉维持，监护仪体温探头插入食道中部10min后为T1，气腹开始30min为T2，60min为T3，手术结束为T4，结束后60min为T5。5个时间点分别记录患者血压，心率，中心体温、臂-指温差和体表温度。结果在T2，T3点上，S组心率（HR）高于P组；血压（平均动脉压MBP）S组低于P组，其他各点无差异。即T3，T4点两组患者中心体温都出现不同程度的下降，体表体温出现上升。结论七氟醚吸入麻醉对妇科腔镜手术患者低体温的影响与七氟醚无关，和丙泊酚麻醉无差异。     

七氟醚吸入麻醉在小儿唇腭裂手术中的应用

目的探讨七氟醚吸入麻醉在小儿唇腭裂手术中的应用。方法 60例小儿唇腭裂患儿,随机分为七氟醚吸入组和异氟醚吸入组,各30例,观察两组患儿的疗效。结果七氟醚吸入组的拔管时间以及苏醒时间和恢复室停留时间均明显短于异氟醚吸入组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论七氟醚是一种具有芬芳气味、诱导迅速、麻醉平稳、苏醒快、且在手术中不需肌松药物的吸入麻醉剂,是小儿唇腭裂手术较为理想的麻醉选择。     

学龄儿童七氟醚吸入全麻诱导浓度探讨

目的 探讨学龄儿童七氟醚吸入全麻诱导浓度.方法 45例择期行气管插管全麻患者,随机分成3组(n=15):A组为七氟醚8%浓度组,B组为七氟醚8%~6%~4%浓度递减组,C组为七氟醚4%组.三组以不同浓度诱导,以脑电双频指数(BIS)值降至45以下为标准进行气管插管并记录睫毛反射消失时间、疼痛反应消失时间、不良事件发生率,同时记录患者不同时间点的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR).结果 C组睫毛反射消失时间和疼痛反应消失时间要明显长于A组和B组(P<0.05).A组插管前MAP低于B组与C组(P<0.05),插管后C组上升最大(P WTBZ<0.05).B组不良反应发生率要低于A组和C组(P<0.05).HT5"H结论 七氟醚诱导平稳,推荐吸入浓度为8%~6%~4%递减,其可提供良好的麻醉质量,适合学龄儿童全麻诱导.     

用七氟醚和异氟醚维持麻醉对吸烟者气道反应性影响的观察

目的探讨在异丙酚诱导以后用七氟醚和异氟醚进行诱导后吸烟者的气道副反应的发生率。方法选择40例ASA为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级17～75岁的每天吸烟支数不少于3支拟在全麻下进行手术病人,用异丙酚2～3mg/kg的静脉注射诱导后随机分配为两组:异氟醚组采用异氟醚维持麻醉,七氟醚组采用七氟醚维持麻醉。记录在麻醉维持过程中的气道副反应发生情况。结果吸烟者采用七氟醚进行诱导的副反应发生率10%,而异氟醚进行麻醉维持的副反应的发生率为45%(P<0.05)。结论全麻病人在用异丙酚静脉麻醉诱导后,用七氟醚维持麻醉较异氟醚维持麻醉具有更低的气道副反应的发生率,值得临床推广。     

七氟醚吸入麻醉和氯胺酮静脉麻醉对照探究

目的 对七氟醚吸入麻醉和氯胺酮静脉麻醉进行比较.方法 将我院行外科手术患儿80例分为七氟醚组(40例)与氯胺酮组(40例),对两种麻醉方法 做出评价.结果 七氟醚组诱导5min、10min的HR明显高于氯胺酮组(P<0.05);七氟醚组的疼痛反射、睫毛反射消失时间明显长于氯胺酮组(P<0.05),而睁眼或体动、出室时间明显短于氯胺酮组(P<0.05);七氟醚组不良反应发生率12.5%明显少于氯胺酮组40%(P<0.05).结论 七氟吸入麻醉具有苏醒快、易调控管理、不良反应少等优点,患儿容易接受,是小儿手术的优选麻醉方法 .     

Effects of chronic deoxynivalenol exposure on p53 heterozygous and p53 homozygous mice

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a secondary metabolite associated with Fusarium species pathogenic to important food crops. A two-year feeding study reported that DON was non-carcinogenic in B6C3F1 mice. The present study was conducted to further characterize the chronic effects of DON by exposing cancer-prone transgenic p53 heterozygous (p53+/−) male mice and p53 homozygous (p53+/+) male mice to 0, 1, 5, or 10 mg DON/kg in diet for 26 weeks. Gross and microscopic organ-specific neoplastic and non-neoplastic changes and expression profiles of key hepatic and renal genes were assessed. Few toxicologic differences between p53+/+ and p53+/− mice were observed, and no tumours were observed due to DON. The results indicated that DON was non-carcinogenic and that reduced expression of the p53 gene did not play a key role in responses to DON toxicity. The lack of inflammatory and proliferative lesions in mice may be attributed to the anorectic effects of DON, which resulted in dose-dependent reductions in body weight in p53+/+ and p53+/− mice. Hepatic and renal gene expression analyses confirmed that chronic exposure to DON was noninflammatory. The effects of 26-week DON exposure on p53+/+ and p53+/−mice were consistent with those previously seen in B6C3F1 mice exposed to DON for two years.     

醋酸铅体外染毒对移植后小鼠胚泡发育的影响

目的　用胚胎移植技术评价醋酸铅对啮齿类动物的生殖毒性。方法　采用 2 0和 40 μg mL浓度的醋酸铅对小鼠着床前胚胎进行体外染毒 ,将染毒后可胚泡化的胚胎移植于假孕母鼠体内继续生长发育 ,观察出生前胎鼠形态学改变和出生后子鼠的行为改变 ,并对子鼠大脑进行病理检查。结果　 ( 1)在实验剂量下 ,各染毒组出生前胎鼠形态学检查未见异常。 ( 2 ) 40 μg mL醋酸铅染毒组子鼠出现行为异常 ;回旋运动、阴性趋地运动、翻正反射和断崖回避阳性日均迟于阴性对照组 (P <0 0 5、P <0 0 1、P <0 0 5、P <0 0 5 ) ;悬挂时间明显短于阴性对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;10日龄游泳积分低于阴性对照组 (P <0 0 1)。 ( 3 )电镜超微结构显示各染毒组子鼠大脑中毒性损伤。结论　小鼠植入前胚泡体外醋酸铅染毒影响移植子鼠的行为功能 ,并引起中枢神经组织病理损伤 ;胚胎移植技术用于检测化学物胚胎毒性 ,排除母体因素的干扰 ,是一重要研究手段     

Effects of oocyte exposure to local anesthetics on in vitro fertilization and embryo development in the mouse.

The effect on fertilization and development of local anesthetics routinely used during ultrasound-guided oocyte retrieval in women undergoing in vitro fertilization was examined in a mouse in vitro fertilization system. Mouse oocytes were exposed in vitro to lidocaine, chloroprocaine, and bupivacaine at concentrations of 0 (control), 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, 100.0 micrograms/mL for 30 min, washed, and then inseminated. In vitro oocyte fertilization at 24 and 48 h and embryo development at 72 h were determined. Bupivacaine adversely affected mouse in vitro fertilization and embryo development only at the highest exposure concentration, 100 micrograms/mL, while lidocaine and chloroprocaine produced adverse effects at concentrations as low as 1.0 and 0.1 microgram/mL, respectively. Furthermore, an adverse dose-related effect on fertilization and embryo development was shown for lidocaine and chloroprocaine, but not for bupivacaine. These data demonstrate that the local anesthetics, lidocaine (L), chloroprocaine (C), and bupivacaine (B), adversely affect mouse in vitro fertilization and embryo development in the order of C greater than L greater than B.     

Effect of combined exposure to silica nanoparticles and cadmium chloride on female zebrafish ovaries

Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) and cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) are two important environmental pollutants. In previous research, found that SiNPs in zebrafish larvae can amplify the cardiovascular damage caused by cadmium. Whether SiNPs in the ovaries can amplify the adverse effects of cadmium on the zebrafish ovaries is worth studying problem. In this study, sexually mature female zebrafish were used as model organisms and exposed to 1 μmol/L CdCl₂ and/or 25 μg/mL SiNPs for 30 days. The results showed that the structure and function of ovaries in the sole and combined exposure groups changed significantly, resulting in reduced ovarian quality, decreased number of mature oocytes, and the development of malformed offspring. A deep-sequencing analysis showed that organisms’ lipid metabolism and transportation, estrogen metabolism, and response to the maturation, meiosis, and vitellogenin synthesis of oocytes were significantly affected by single exposure or combined exposure. These findings provide further insights into the harm of cooperation of CdCl2 and/or SiNPs to the aquatic ecosystems.     

Preconceptional paternal glycidamide exposure affects embryonic gene expression: single embryo gene expression study following in vitro fertilization

Recognition of early determinants of disease onset has sparked an interest in paternally transmitted factors and their impact on the developing embryo. Acrylamide (AA), a widely distributed xenobiotic compound, is converted to its active metabolite glycidamide (GA) by the CYP2E1 enzyme. Based on its capacity to induce dominant lethal mutations, we hypothesized that paternal GA exposure would have a negative impact on embryonic genome activation, via GA-DNA and protamine adducts persisting in the fertilizing sperm. Using a combination of in vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques and RT-qPCR single embryo gene expression (SEGE), we studied the expression of key DNA repair genes and genes important for embryo development, at the 1-, 2-, 4- and 8-cell stage of the developing mouse embryo. Compared to controls paternal GA-exposure gave rise to an altered pattern of embryonic gene expression, with an initial reduced expression at early stages followed by increased expression at the 8-cell stage.     

Effects on the offspring of chronic low exposure carbon monoxide during mice pregnancy.

This research is primarily concerned with the effects of chronic low doses of carbon monoxide on fetal development. Carbon monoxide was administered daily by inhalation to female Swiss Webster mice from the beginning of gestation until term. Daily weights were recorded and carbon monoxide blood levels determined every 4 days. The number of offspring in each litter was recorded. At weaning, two males and two females from each litter were randomly picked for maze running studies. When the mice were 6 weeks old, they were tested daily, ten trials per day, in the maze until learning had occurred. The number of days required to learn the maze and the number of incorrect trials were recorded. While there was no significant increase in the number of days needed to learn the maze, there was a significant increase in the number of errors made by the experimental group during this time. This indicated that an increased effort was needed to learn the maze.     

Effects of acute and chronic exposure to cobalt on male reproduction in mice

Chronic exposure of male mice to cobaltous chloride dramatically affected their reproductive potential, while acute administration had minimal effects. Acute exposure, followed by evaluation weekly over a 7-week period, revealed no significant changes in epididymal sperm concentration or testicular weight. However, small but significant decreases in fertility at weeks 2 and 3 of the study were observed. Sperm motility was depressed only during the first week of the study. In chronic studies, cobalt affected fertility in a time- and dose-dependent manner. There was a decrease in testicular weight, epididymal sperm concentration, and fertility. Sperm motility was also depressed. Serum testosterone levels were dramatically increased in cobalt treated animals, while FSH and LH serum levels were normal. It appears that cobalt is directly or indirectly interfering with spermatogenesis and with local regulatory mechanisms in testosterone synthesis.     

Effects of long-term exposure to manganese chloride on fertility of male and female mice

The effect of long-term ingestion of manganese (II) chloride tetrahydrate was investigated on fertility of male and female Swiss mice. Adult male or female mice ingested a solution of manganese chloride along with drinking water at concentrations of 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 mg/l for 12 weeks. Fertility was significantly reduced in male mice exposed to manganese chloride solution at a concentration of 8000 mg/l, but not at the other concentrations. There were no treatment-related effects on the number of implantation sites, viable fetuses or the number of resorptions in female rats impregnated by males who had ingested manganese chloride. Fertility was not significantly reduced in female mice exposed to manganese chloride solution at all concentrations used in this study. However, the numbers of implantations and viable fetuses were significantly reduced in females exposed to manganese chloride solution at a concentration of 8000 mg/l. There was no significant effect on the number of resorbed fetuses in females exposed to manganese chloride solution compared to their control counterparts. Absolute body weight was not significantly affected in females exposed to manganese chloride solutions. However, ovarian weight was significantly increased in females exposed to manganese chloride solution at concentrations of 4000 and 8000 mg/l. A significant increase in the uterine weight was also observed at all concentrations used in the study. These results indicate that ingestion of manganese chloride by adult male and female mice causes some adverse effects on fertility and reproduction.     

Tumour induction in mice following exposure to aristolochic acid

After treatment for 3 weeks with aristolochic acid (AA) in daily doses of 5.0 mg/kg mice were kept under observation for approximately 1 year. During this period papillomatous changes occurred in the forestomach. At a later stage, squamous cell carcinomas were observed in all the animals. In one case, an adenocarcinoma was found in the glandular stomach. In addition, malignant lymphomas were found, as well as adenomas of the kidneys, carcinomas of the lungs, and haemangiomas of the uteri.This is a short report on the experiments conducted. All results are available from the author on request     

Effects of low-dose perinatal cadmium exposure on tissue zinc and copper concentrations in neonatal mice and on the reproductive development of female offspring

It has been suggested that the toxic effects of cadmium (Cd) are the result of interactions with essential metals, such as zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu). Previous studies have shown altered Zn and/or Cu levels in the tissues of rodents that drank water supplemented with >50 ppm Cd. To evaluate the effects of lower level Cd exposure on maternal and neonatal Zn and Cu levels and on the reproductive organs of female offspring, mice were exposed to 0, 1 and 10 ppm Cd in the drinking water from conception to 10 days after birth. The Cd concentrations in the brains of the offspring were higher in the exposed group than in the control group at birth. In the kidneys and livers, the Cd concentrations were higher in the Cd-exposed group 10 days after birth. At birth, increased Zn concentrations were observed in the kidneys and livers of the Cd-exposed offspring, although the Cd concentrations in these tissues did not differ between the exposed and non-exposed groups. The hepatic Cu concentrations of the exposed mice tended to be lower than those of the control mice at birth and were significantly lower 10 days after birth. In addition, Cd exposure tended to delay the timing of vaginal opening and perturbed the estrous cycles of the female offspring. These findings suggest that perinatal Cd exposure, even at low levels, affects the Zn and Cu concentrations of neonates and the reproductive functions of female offspring.