胆囊管解剖变异的MRCP诊断

目的:探讨磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)对胆囊管解剖变异的诊断价值及临床意义.方法:搜集2002年8月～2006年8月期间行MRCP检查的900例病例进行分析,对显示不清的胆囊管视为正常.所有病例经胆囊切除术(783例)或逆行胰胆管造影术(117例)证实.结果:MRCP清晰显示胆囊管801例(89%),根据Taoureal胆囊管解剖变异分型标准:胆囊管变异53例,变异率为5.9%,其中胆囊管汇入左右肝管分叉处21例(2.3%),汇入右肝管10例(1.1%),与肝总管并行9例(1.0%),胆囊管低位插入8例(0.9%),旋前插入肝总管7例(0.8%),旋后插入肝总管3例(0.3%),过短1例(0.1%),囊状扩张1例(0.1%),合并胆囊分隔6例(0.7%),先天性胆总管囊肿6例(0.7%).部分患者合并2种或2种以上的变异.其中假阴性2例,显示不清2例.结论:MRCP能显示各种胆囊管解剖变异,术前了解这些变异有助于减少腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的胆道损伤.     

MRCP诊断胆囊管低位汇入的价值(附30例分析)

目的探讨磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)诊断胆囊管低位汇入的价值。方法收集2012年10月~2014年3月期间行MRCP检查的271例患者的图像进行回顾性分析,测量肝总管的长度和胆总管的长度,二者的比值大于1时诊断胆囊管低位汇入,分析低位胆囊管的汇合部位及其有无胆囊炎、胆囊结石。结果 271例患者中胆囊管低位汇入者30例(11.1%),其中胆囊管低位汇入肝外胆管右侧壁者5例(17.7.0%),后壁者9例(30.0%),左侧壁者16例(53.3%)。结论 MRCP检查有助于发现和诊断胆囊管低位及其并发症,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

胆囊管解剖及变异:磁共振胰胆管成像研究

目的 探讨采用磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)显示胆囊管的正常解剖及各种变异.方法 在149例MRCP图像上,多角度、多方位观察并测量胆囊管长度及管径,观察并统计胆囊管走行、汇入位置、汇入方向及各种解剖变异.结果 MRCP上胆囊管显示清晰合计122例(82%),长度为(20.83±8.92)mm,直径为(2.82±1.04)mm.70%呈管状走行,30%呈扭曲状走行.66%胆囊管在肝外胆管全长中1/3汇入胆总管,上1/3占31%,下1/3占3%.右侧汇入占74%,左侧占3%,前和后占23%.73%斜角汇入,15%螺旋状,12%平行状.胆囊管变异占20%,其中54%平行走行,17%低位汇入,17%中间汇入,4%长胆囊管,4%胆囊管囊肿,4%变异右肝管.结论 MRCP可以较好地显示胆囊管解剖及各种变异,在临床上具有重要的应用价值.     

MRCP对Mirizzi综合征的诊断价值

目的 :分析MRCP在Mirizzi综合征的诊断价值及影像特点。方法 :对经MRI和MRCP检查的 15例Mirizzi综合征患者 ( 8例手术证实 ,7例临床随访证实 )进行回顾性分析。结果 :15例中 2例为胆囊切除术后 ,13例伴慢性胆囊炎 ;Ⅰ型 7例 ,表现为胆囊管或胆囊颈部结石压迫肝总管 ,造成以上部位扩张 ,胆总管不扩张 ,Calot三角区结构清楚 ;Ⅱ型8例表现为胆囊管或胆囊颈部结石压迫肝总管 ,造成以上部位扩张 ,胆总管不扩张 ,Calot三角区结构不清楚。 15例肝内胆管形态均呈枯枝状。结论 :MRCP可提高Mirizzi综合征的术前诊断符合率 ,对选择合适的术式 ,避免医源性胆道损伤有很大意义。     

Mirizzi综合征的CT和MRI诊断

目的 探讨CT和MRI,特别是MRCP对Mirizzi综合征的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析23例经手术证实的Mirizzi综合征CT和MRI表现.18例患者接受MR检查,8例患者接受CT检查,其中3例患者同时接受CT和MR检查.结果 18例MR检查中,6例于动态增强观察到肝内有一过性动脉期强化,MRCP于全部患者中能观察到肝总管外源性压迫和临近肝总管的胆囊管或胆囊颈部结石.8例CT扫描中,2例观察到肝内有一过性动脉期强化,临近肝总管的胆囊管或胆囊颈部结石4例,肝内胆管扩张6例.结论 CT和MRI,特别是MRCP,对于Mirizzi综合征术前正确诊断及指导临床治疗有重要意义.     

MRCP在双胆囊畸形中应用价值及误诊分析

目的 探讨双胆囊畸形磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)影像特征及误诊原因.方法 对术前MRCP疑诊为双胆囊畸形的8例患者行回顾性分析,所有病例均行胆囊切除术.结果 术后诊断符合双胆囊畸形2例:1例为H型,副胆囊较小,副胆囊颈管紧邻右肝管起始处;1例为Y型,副胆囊呈梭条状横位胆囊,跨越肝总管两侧;2例正常胆囊窝区见形态正常的胆囊,未见结石;而副胆囊均位于肝门区、内见结石.术前误诊双胆囊6例,4例为胆囊折叠或分隔,1例为胆囊周围脓肿,1例为十二指肠降部壁内段结石性肿块.结论 双胆囊畸形少见,除胆囊数目变异外,合并副胆囊位置、形态及颈管的发育变异,副胆囊位置较高,较正常胆囊窝区胆囊更易发生结石;误诊双胆囊畸形的常见原因为胆囊折叠或分隔.术前MRCP可显示双胆囊畸形分型和复杂解剖变异,有利于避免二次手术及医源性胆道损伤.     

胆囊管变异与胆囊结石相关性的MRI研究

目的:利用磁共振胰胆管造影(M RCP)及常规M R I序列,探讨胆囊管变异与胆囊结石发生的相关性。方法:回顾性分析符合纳入标准的382例患者的MRI及临床资料,比较常见变异胆囊管与正常胆囊管患者胆囊结石患病率差异。胆囊管变异由两位影像医师根据MRI常规及2D-MRCP序列独立盲法诊断,胆囊结石经手术或MRI和B超检查共同证实。结果:正常胆囊管154例,胆囊管变异228例(变异率59.7%),其中胆囊管高位汇合20例,汇合于肝总管前或后壁130例,中间汇合24例,低位汇合16例,平行胆囊管20例,胆囊管低位汇合伴胆囊管平行走行11例,短胆囊管7例。变异胆囊管中,胆囊管低位汇合和胆囊管低位汇合伴胆囊管平行走行患者结石患病率(分别为68.8%、63.4%)较正常胆囊管患者差异有统计学意义(P=0.000、0.003),胆囊管高位汇合、汇合于肝总管前或后壁、中间汇合、平行汇合、短胆囊管患者胆囊结石患病率(分别为20.0%、26.9%、25.0%、40.0%、0)较正常胆囊管患者差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:胆囊管变异率较高,变异胆囊管中,胆囊管低位汇合、胆囊管低位汇合伴胆囊管平行走行是促进胆囊结石形成的危险因素。     

带蒂胆囊瓣修复胆管缺损体会

1988年以来,我院采用带蒂胆囊瓣修复结石所致的胆管缺损5例,随访1～3年,无临床症状,效果满意,报告如下。 1 临床资料 1.1 一般资料:男性1例,女性4例。年龄33～51岁,平均43.4岁。 1.2 缺损部位及原因:胆囊结石所致胆囊肝总管瘘和胆囊肝总管胃瘘各1例。先天性胆囊管过短、胆囊直接开口于胆管、结石嵌顿于胆管壁开口处,取出结     

胆囊管及肝外胆管ERCP图像分析及意义

目的 通过对100例胆囊及肝外胆管（肝总管与胆总管）正常结构尚存在的患者ERCP图像资料进行归纳和分析，探讨胆囊手术（尤其是LC）术前了解肝外胆道系统形态及变异的重要性。方法 选出100例胆囊及肝外胆管正常结构尚存在的患者图像，对其形态、汇合位置进行分析。结果 100例患者图像中肝外胆管显示清晰者97例（97％），3例因胆总管下端开口松弛导致大量气泡进入胆道，但肝外胆管大体形态显示尚清晰，胆囊及胆囊管显示清晰者87例（87％），13例（13％）仅部分显示胆囊或胆囊管。结论 ERCP可以清晰显示肝外胆管及胆囊管的形态及变异情况，对于胆囊手术术前了解肝外胆道系统形态及变异有重要价值。     

口服枸橼酸铁铵在MRCP评价胆囊切除术后残余胆囊管显像中的价值

目的:探讨口服枸椽酸铁铵对MRCP评价胆囊切除术后残余胆囊管显像的价值。方法:采用呼吸导航3DFSE T2WI及单次屏气2D厚层FSE T2WI对55例胆囊切除术后患者进行检查,其中27例口服枸椽酸铁铵,28例空腹检查,比较2组患者残余胆囊管显示效果及胃十二指肠伪影情况。结果:27例口服枸椽酸铁铵3D MRCP残余胆囊管显示率为96.3%(26/27),2D MRCP为92.6%(25/27),均出现胃十二指肠伪影2例(7.4%)。28例空腹组3D MRCP残余胆囊管显示率为85.7%(24/28),2D MRCP为46.4%(13/28),均出现胃十二指肠伪影27例(96.4%)。结论:口服枸椽酸铁铵可明显消除胃液影响,明显提高MRCP对胆囊切除术后残余胆囊管的显示率及图像质量。     

Congenital anomalies and variations of the bile and pancreatic ducts: magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography findings, epidemiology and clinical significance

Purpose

The objective of this paper is to document the magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) findings and the epidemiology of congenital anomalies and variations of the bile and pancreatic ducts and to discuss their clinical significance.

Materials and methods

Three-hundred and fifty patients of both sexes (150 females, 200 males, age range 0–76 years, average age 38 years) underwent MRCP for clinically suspected lithiasic, neoplastic or inflammatory disease of the bile and pancreatic ducts. Patients were imaged with a 1.5-T superconductive magnet (Magnetom Vision, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany), a four-channel phased-array body coil, breath-hold technique, with multislice T2-weighted half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin echo (HASTE), MIP reconstructions, and a single-shot T2-weighted turbo-spin-echo sequence rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) with different slice thicknesses. Studies in oncological patients were completed with fat saturation 3D T1 gradient-echo sequences during the intravenous injection of gadolinium diethylene triamine pentaacetate acid (DTPA) (0.2 ml/kg).

Results

MRCP demonstrated recurrent and therefore normal bile and pancreatic ducts in 57% of patients. In the remaining 42.3%, it documented anatomical variants (41%) and congenital anomalies (1.3%). Variants of the intrahepatic bile duct were seen in 21% of cases: crossover anomaly (6.7%), anterior branch of the right hepatic duct draining the IV and VII segments that flow together with the left bile duct (3.1%) and anterior and posterior branches of the right hepatic duct that flow together with the common hepatic duct (3.3%). Variants of the extrahepatic bile ducts were present in 8.8% of patients: low insertion of the cystic duct into the common hepatic duct (4.5%), emptying of the cystic duct into the right hepatic duct (2.7%) and a second-order large branch draining into the cystic duct (1.6%). MRCP identified a double gall bladder in 3% of patients and anatomical variants of the biliopancreatic system in 8.2%: pancreas divisum (5.2%) and a long sphincter of Oddi (3%). Finally, congenital anomalies were diagnosed in 1.3% of cases: bile duct cysts (0.3%), atresia of the bile ducts (0.3%) and multiple biliary hamartomatosis (0.7%).

Conclusions

The congenital anomalies and anatomical variants of the bile and pancreatic ducts present a complex spectrum of frequent alterations, which are worthy of attention in both the clinical and surgical settings and are readily identified by MRCP.     

核磁共振胰胆管水成像对腹腔镜胆囊切除术后综合征的诊断价值

目的：探讨磁共振胰胆管水成像(MRCP)对腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)后发生胆囊切除综合征(PCS)的诊断价值。方法：对比分析26例LC术后出现PCS和11例未出现PCS的患者的MRCP表现。结果：PCS组的胆总管扩张的发生率为65．38％(17／26)，对照组为18．18％(2／11)。PCS组的胆囊管残留过长的发生率为53．85％(14／26)，对照组为18．18％(2／11)。PCS组胆道结石的发生率为30．76％(8／26)，对照组为0％(0／11)。PCS组1例(3．84％)有胆总管狭窄，对照组没有。结论：对于诊断LC术后出现的PCS，MRCP是一种十分有效的检查方法。     

腹腔镜胆囊术后影像学表现

目的探讨30例腹腔镜胆囊术后胆道系统的影像学特点。方法回顾性分析腹腔镜胆囊术后影像学资料完整的30例,其中16例行转开腹手术,14例腹腔镜胆囊术后出现并发症。结果 5例胆总管结石MR显示胆总管内有低信号改变,"T"管造影为充盈缺损区。3例胆汁漏显示对比剂浓聚及肝包膜下积液。2例腹腔镜胆囊术后小胆囊系胆囊管遗留稍长;1例腹腔镜术后胆结石脱落到胆囊窝附近,1例误扎胆总管MRCP为胆总管下端剪切样改变。结论影像学检查对发现腹腔镜胆囊术后并发症具有重要作用。     

3.0T磁共振钆塞酸二钠磁共振胆管造影术在胆管疾病中应用

目的探讨3.0T磁共振钆塞酸二钠(Gd-EOB-DTPA)磁共振胆管造影术(MRC)在胆管疾病中的诊断价值。方法选取2016年7—12月解放军309医院收治的20例患胆道梗阻或其他病变需行Gd-EOB-DTPA MRC检查的患者,采用3.0T超导磁共振扫描仪,对所有20例患者行常规上腹部平扫+磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)+Gd-EOB-DTPA动态增强扫描,以及肝胆特异期、T1容积内插体部检查(VIBE)冠状位+轴位扫描,并将冠状位图像进行最大密度投影(MIP)重建,获得胆管树图像。对各序列的影像学特征做出诊断,并与穿刺、手术病理、内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术及相关临床资料进行对照。结果本组20例患者中,胆管解剖变异者7例。其中,胆囊管经胆总管前方汇入胆总管左侧壁1例,经胆总管后方汇入胆总管左侧壁3例,胆囊管开口于肝外胆管下1/3处2例,胆囊管汇入右肝管1例。胆管梗阻11例,其中,完全性梗阻8例(肝门部胆管恶性占位5例、胆总管恶性占位1例、胆总管下端结石1例,胆总管周围淋巴结转移1例);部分梗阻3例(胰头占位1例,胆总管结石1例,胃窦癌侵及胆总管1例)。胆漏2例。硬化性胆管炎1例。其中,1例患者同时有胆漏及胆囊管汇入右肝管变异。结论 Gd-EOB-DTPA MRC检查能够直接显示肝内外胆管系统解剖结构以及胆管通畅情况,能为胆管疾病的诊断提供更多的信息,可以进一步应用于胆管疾病的检查。     

Post-cholecystectomy syndrome: hepatobiliary scintigraphy and cholangiopancreatography with magnetic resonance in 5 consecutive patients. Comparison of results and integrated diagnosis

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical effectiveness of combined hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HBS) and MR-cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) studies in the postcholecystectomy syndrome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: June 1997, to February 1998, we examined with HBS and MRCP five women, three of them submitted to surgical and two to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. All patients had biliary pain but no changes in cholestasis and liver function blood parameters. After at least 4 hours' fasting HBS was performed dynamically, for one hour, injecting a 185 MBq 99mTc-mebrofenin bolus i.v. A fatty meal was given at the end of the basal test and serial static images were acquired till complete biliary washout. RESULTS: MRCP was normal in one case while in the others it showed biliary tree dilation, severe stricture of the distal common bile duct (CBD) and marked enlargement of the remnant cystic duct (RCD), which lodged a 6-mm stone in one patient. Pancreatic ducts were regular. HBS showed delayed biliary transit in all patients, which was however completed within 3 hours of injection, favored by the fatty meal. The RCD was not injected in three cases. Finally, HBS detected an early liver dysfunction in three cases. DISCUSSION: HBS and MRCP allow to evaluate the biliary tree function and anatomy, respectively, adding further data on liver function and pancreatic duct morphology. We detected associated functional and organic biliary alterations which were the likely cause of postcholecystectomy pain, such as severe spasm in Oddi's sphincter, nonpatent enlarged RCD and RCD stones. Moreover, HBS detected an early liver dysfunction in three cases. In conclusion, combined HBS and MRCP studies make a noninvasive, simple and accurate diagnostic approach in postcholecystectomy syndrome and for the screening of patients needing prompt surgical treatment.     

Preoperative evaluation of the cystic duct for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: comparison of navigator-gated prospective acquisition correction- and conventional respiratory-triggered techniques at free-breathing 3D MR cholangiopancreatography

Objective

To evaluate the quality of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) images obtained with a three-dimensional navigator-gated (NG) technique and compare findings with conventional respiratory-triggered (RT) images in pre-laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients.

Methods

Turbo-spin-echo (TSE) RT-MRCP (average 242 s) and balanced turbo-field-echo (bTFE) NG-MRCP (average 263 s) were acquired at 1.5-T MRI for 49 pre-laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients. Two radiologists independently assessed image quality, visibility of anatomical structures, common bile duct (CBD) stones, and signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Interobserver agreement was also evaluated.

Results

The anatomical details of the cystic duct were clearly demonstrated in 33 (67.3 %, reader A) and 35 (71.4 %, reader B) patients on RT-MRCP, and in 45 (91.8 %) and 44 (89.7 %) patients on NG-MRCP. On NG-MRCP, visualisation of the cystic duct (3.22/3.12), its origin (3.57/3.55), and the gallbladder(3.61/3.59) was statistically better than on RT-MRCP (2.90/2.78, 3.29/3.12, 2.98/2.88, respectively). The overall image quality was statistically better on NG-MRCP than RT-MRCP. Each technique identified the presence of CBD stones in all affected patients. The SNR was significantly higher on NG-MRCP (CHD 22.40, gallbladder 17.13) than RT-MRCP (CHD 17.05, gallbladder 9.30). Interobserver agreement was fair to perfect.

Conclusion

Navigator-gated MRCP is more useful than respiratory-triggered MRCP for evaluating the gallbladder and cystic duct in patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Key Points

? Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) provides important cystic duct information before laparoscopic cholecystectomy. ? Navigator-gated (NG) MRCP images were better than conventional respiratory-triggered (RT) MRCP. ? The signal-to-noise ratio was significantly higher for NG-MRCP than for conventional RT-MRCP. ? Balanced turbo-field-echo NG-MRCP is useful for evaluating the gallbladder and cystic duct.     

HASTE MR cholangiopancreatography in the evaluation of intraductal papillary-mucinous tumors of the pancreas

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) of intraductal papillary-mucinous tumors. METHOD: Thirteen patients with intraductal papillary-mucinous tumors were examined by breath-hold MRCP using a half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin echo (HASTE) sequence with a body phased-array coil. RESULTS: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and MRCP completely imaged the entire main pancreatic duct in 12 and in all 13 patients, respectively. ERCP demonstrated the whole opacification of the cystic lesion in only one patient. MRCP depicted the whole of the cystic lesion in all 11 patients who had cystic lesions. ERCP and MRCP source images depicted a communicating duct between the main pancreatic duct and the cystic lesion in 8 and in all 11 patients, respectively. ERCP depicted papillary projections in the main pancreatic ducts in two patients. MRCP source images depicted papillary projections in the main pancreatic ducts or cystic lesions in five patients. CONCLUSION: MRCP may be more useful to reveal the main pancreatic duct, cystic lesion, communicating duct between the main pancreatic duct and cystic lesion, and papillary projections than ERCP in patients with intraductal papillary-mucinous tumors of the pancreas.     

磁共振胰胆管造影诊断胆管系统结石

目的：评价磁共振胰胆管造影在胆管系统结石中的诊断价值。材料和方法：对１００例胆管系统结石的患者进行了ＭＲＣＰ检查,采用不屏气快速自旋回波（ＦＳＥ）序列重Ｔ２加权成像,并用呼吸触发、脂肪抑制和最大信号强度投影（ＭＩＰ）的三维重建方法。对ＭＲＣＰ的诊断结果与手术或临床作了对照分析。结果：本组病例均获得了诊断质量的ＭＲＣＰ图像;１００例胆道结石的患者共有１５８处结石：肝内胆管结石２６例次,胆囊结石５６例次,总胆管结石７３例次和总肝管结石３例次。胆管系统结石的主要ＭＲＣＰ表现为：圆形或卵圆形信号缺失（充盈缺损）;倒杯口征;靶征;铸型样结石。ＭＲＣＰ结合原始图像对胆管系统结石诊断总检出率为９０％,而ＭＲＣＰ对胆管系统结石诊断部检出率为８２％两者比较（Ｐ〈０．０５）。结论：ＭＲＣＰ结合原始图像对胆管系统结石的诊断有较高的准     

Comparative diagnostic evaluation with MR cholangiopancreatography, ultrasonography and CT in patients with pancreatobiliary disease

Purpose

The aim of this study was to directly compare the results of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) with those of ultrasonography (US) and multislice computed tomography (MSCT) in the diagnosis of pancreaticobiliary diseases.

Materials and methods

A total of 70 patients (41 men, 29 women) aged 22-89 years were studied either before (n=59) or after cholecystectomy (n=11) for biliary lithiasis. Clinical signs and symptoms were jaundice (n=15), abdominal pain (n=37) and proven biliary lithiasis (n=18). MRCP was performed in all patients, whereas abdominal US was performed in 55 (group 1) and MSCT in 37 (group 2) patients. A regional evaluation of the main structures of the pancreaticobiliary system was performed: gallbladder and cystic duct, intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts and main pancreatic duct. Histology (n=27), biopsy (n=5), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (n=28) and/or clinical-imaging follow-up (n=10) were considered standards of reference. In particular, patients were classified as showing benign (n=47) or malignant (n=12) lesions or normal biliary anatomy (n=11).

Results

In group 1, the results of MRCP and US were concordant in the majority (92%) of cases; however, statistically significant discordance (p<0.01) was found in the evaluation of the extrahepatic ducts, with nine cases (16%) of middle-distal common bile duct stones being detected on MRCP only. In group 2, the results of MRCP and MSCT were also concordant in most cases (87%). However, findings were significantly discordant when the intra- and extrahepatic ducts were analysed, with seven (19%) and six (16%) cases, respectively, of lithiasis being detected on MRCP only (p<0.01 for both).

Conclusions

The results of our study confirm the diagnostic potential of MRCP in the study of the pancreaticobiliary duct system. In particular, the comparison between MRCP and US and MSCT indicates the superiority of MRCP in evaluating bile ducts and detecting stones in the common bile duct.