Experience in adult population in dengue outbreak in Delhi

A dengue outbreak has recently hit the Indian capital. We studied the clinical profile of adult patients. Five hundred and sixty patients of dengue infection were admitted in a specially created ward according to the criteria laid down by WHO. Haematemesis (28.28%), epistaxis (26.78%) and malena (14.28%) were some of the common presentations. Similarly lymphadenopathy, especially cervical (30.89%), palatal rashes (26.96%) and hepatomegaly (23.75%) were the most commonly encountered findings on physical examination. Most of the cases were of dengue fever with haemorrhage and only 2.5% cases were classified under dengue haemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. The average hospital stay was 3.4 days but only 9.8 hours in the eleven patients who died, suggesting their late arrival in preterminal situation giving little time for resuscitation. Thrombocytopenia was not a feature and only 12.85% patients had platelet count less than 70,000/cmm. Most of the patients who were admitted with thrombocytopenia, showed normalization in their platelet counts in next few days. Serological examination demonstrated evidence of recent dengue infection in 41.17% patients. Few patients required blood or platelet concentrate transfusion. Eleven patients died, three due to DIC, one of intracranial haemorrhage and seven due to massive gastric haemorrhage. Rest of the patients recovered completely. Thus we can conclude that recent outbreak in Delhi was of dengue fever with haemorrhage and mortality was very low in patients who came early to the hospital.     

Anticipated and unanticipated complications of severe dengue in a primigravida

As the incidence of dengue is rising among adults more cases of dengue fever are being reported during pregnancy. Physiological changes of pregnancy mask the pathognomonic features of severe dengue such as increased hematocrit, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia and a high index of suspicion are required in endemic areas. Massive hemorrhage may complicate operative deliveries in unsuspected patients. World Health Organization recommends that all patients with severe dengue should be admitted to a hospital with access to intensive care facilities and blood transfusion. We present the successful management of hemorrhage and unanticipated complications of severe dengue in a young primigravida admitted to the Intensive Care Unit after an emergency cesarean section.     

Distinguishing dengue fever from other infections on the basis of simple clinical and laboratory features: application of logistic regression analysis.

BACKGROUND: Dengue fever is a frequent cause of admission to hospital in South East Asia, however many of the clinical characteristics and abnormalities on laboratory investigations at presentation are found in other common infections. OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical and laboratory features of dengue fever and other common febrile illnesses in Singapore. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a prospective study of consecutive adult admissions to an infectious diseases hospital. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify symptoms, physical signs and laboratory features that differentiated dengue fever from other febrile illnesses within the first 2 days of admission. RESULTS: Of the 381 patients studied, 148 had serologically confirmed dengue fever. Most of these had uncomplicated dengue fever, and only 9% had dengue haemorrhagic fever. A model based on clinical features alone (including a variety of cutaneous signs, pulse rate and the presence of pharyngeal injection) was able to differentiate dengue fever from other infections with a sensitivity of 74% and specificity of 79%. A model based on clinical features (rash) and laboratory parameters (white cell count, haemoglobin, prothrombin time, creatinine and bilirubin levels), achieved a sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 85%. CONCLUSIONS: A combination of simple clinical and laboratory parameters are potentially able to predict dengue fever with a high level of accuracy in adults presenting to hospital with febrile illnesses in Singapore.     

Predictive factors of dengue shock syndrome at the children Hospital No. 1, Ho-chi-Minh City, Vietnam

The dengue shock syndrome (DSS) is primarily a complication of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) among children in South East Asia. A case-control study was carried out at the children hospital no 1 (Ho-Chi-Minh City, Vietnam) in May-July 2005, to identify the predictive factors of the DSS among 1-15 year patients with DHE Forty consecutive admitted cases and forty controls were studied. The associated features of DSS were the 7-12 year age group and the re-infection by the dengue virus. The vaccination against the Japanese encephalitis B was not associated statistically significantly with the shock syndrome. The clinical predictors of DSS gathered an abdominal tenderness, an hepatomegaly, a lethargy, a cold extremity presentation. DSS associated laboratory features were a value of hematocrit a 50 % and a platelet cell count < or = 75,000/mm3.     

Effect of prior dengue infection on severity and outcome of Japanese encephalitis

Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus and dengue virus are closely related flaviviruses but interaction between them is scarcely studied in humans. The objective of this study was to compare the outcome of JE patients who are positive and negative for dengue IgG antibodies. Patients of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) fulfilling predecided inclusion and exclusion criteria underwent a detailed standardized workup incorporating JE IgM testing in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or serum. Dengue IgG in serum was tested in all. Outcomes and clinical features were compared between JE patients who were dengue IgG positive and negative in hospital and after 3 months. A total of 182 patients of JE were enrolled over 3 seasons. After excluding equivocal cases, hospital outcome was compared between 105 dengue IgG-positive and 50 dengue IgG-negative patients. Dengue IgG-positive patients had a significantly better outcome (relative risk 1.4; 95% confidence interval 1.1–1.8). On follow-up after 3 months, again, outcome was significantly better among 95 dengue IgG-positive patient than 47 dengue IgG-negative patients (relative risk 1.3; 95% confidence interval 1.01–1.8). Presence of pre-existing dengue IgG antibodies in JE patients is associated with improved outcomes.     

Post-infectious fatigue syndrome in dengue infection.

BACKGROUND: Although the acute manifestations of dengue are well known, few studies have assessed the long-term consequences of dengue infection. We prospectively studied the incidence and factors associated with fatigue in a cohort of patients following dengue infection. METHODS: We included patients with serologically confirmed dengue infection admitted to the National University Hospital, Singapore, during a dengue outbreak from October-November 2005. The severity of dengue was graded as dengue fever, dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. A follow-up telephone interview was performed two months following hospital discharge, where a Fatigue Questionnaire was administered. The presence of significant fatigue was considered as the main outcome measure. Significance was assessed at P<0.05. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-seven patients, 71 (55.9%) males and 56 (44.1%) females, of mean age 36.06 years (range, 16-70; S.D., 13.722), participated in this study. Twenty-five (19.7%) patients had dengue haemorrhagic fever and the remaining 102 (80.3%) had dengue fever. In multivariate analysis, increased age, female sex, the presence of chills, and the absence of rashes were significantly associated with the development of fatigue post-dengue infection. There was no significant association between fatigue and dengue severity. CONCLUSIONS: This observation represents the first systematic evidence that dengue can result in clinical disease beyond the acute phases of infection. Host factors, such as age and sex may be important in the pathogenesis of this clinical entity.     

Causes of death among dengue patients causes of death among hospitalized adults with dengue fever in Tainan, 2015: Emphasis on cardiac events and bacterial infections

IntroductionThe 2015 dengue outbreak in southern Taiwan caused substantial mortality. We analyzed the causes of death among these patients.Materials and methodsThis retrospective study was conducted at a medical center in Tainan from August 2015 to December 2015. Dengue was diagnosed based on the detection of serum dengue NS1 antigen, IgM, or viral RNA in the blood. Causes of death were retrieved from chart reviews by three clinicians.ResultsThere were 4488 cases of dengue in the study hospital, with an in-hospital fatality rate of 1.3% (60 cases). The mean age of the 60 fatal cases was 73 years, among whom 90% were aged ≥65 years. Twenty-eight (46.7%) patients died of severe dengue, and 29 (48.3%) deaths were possibly related to dengue. Of the latter, 24 (40%) died of secondary infections. Thirteen cardiac arrest events, including out-of-hospital (5 events) and in-hospital (8) cardiac arrests in the emergency department, occurred during the dengue epidemic. Seven (53.8%) patients did not receive medical aid before the event. Of the 40 deaths that occurred within one week after hospitalization, 60% died of severe dengue. In contrast, 50% of 20 deaths that occurred one week after hospitalization were related to hospital-acquired infections, mainly pneumonia.ConclusionOf 60 fatal cases, with a predominance of elderly patients, deaths were related to severe dengue within the first week after admission and secondary infections thereafter. The absence of medical care before cardiac arrest events highlights the importance of health education for warning signs of dengue.     

Epidemiology and characteristics of the dengue outbreak in Guangdong,Southern China,in 2014

Dengue is a rapidly spreading mosquito-borne disease caused by the dengue virus (DENV) and has emerged as a severe public health problem around the world. Guangdong, one of the southern Chinese provinces, experienced a serious outbreak of dengue in 2014, which was believed to be the worst dengue epidemic in China over the last 20 years. To better understand the epidemic, we collected the epidemiological data of the outbreak and analyzed 14,594 clinically suspected dengue patients from 25 hospitals in Guangdong. Dengue cases were then laboratory-confirmed by the detection of DENV non-structural protein 1 (NS1) antigen and/or DENV RNA. Afterwards, clinical manifestations of dengue patients were analyzed and 93 laboratory-positive serum specimens were chosen for the DENV serotyping and molecular analysis. Our data showed that the 2014 dengue outbreak in Guangdong had spread to 20 cities and more than 45 thousand people suffered from dengue fever. Of 14,594 participants, 11,387 were definitively diagnosed. Most manifested with a typical non-severe clinical course, and 1.96 % developed to severe dengue. The strains isolated successfully from the serum samples were identified as DENV-1. Genetic analyses revealed that the strains were classified into genotypes I and V of DENV-1, and the dengue epidemic of Guangdong in 2014 was caused by indigenous cases and imported cases from the neighboring Southeast Asian countries of Malaysia and Singapore. Overall, our study is informative and significant to the 2014 dengue outbreak in Guangdong and will provide crucial implications for dengue prevention and control in China and elsewhere.     

北京市37例输入性登革热的临床特点及诊断思路分析

目的 回顾性分析北京地区输入性登革热患者的诊治经过、临床特征,探讨早期诊断方法.方法 统计北京地坛医院(以下简称我院)2001-2016年收治的登革热住院患者37例,分析患者诊治经过、流行病学史、临床症状、血常规、登革热抗体等指标,形成登革热规范诊治思路.结果 输入性登革热37例,以男性25例,女性12例,均无严重基础疾病,合并疟疾3例,均可追溯到明确的流行病学史,均在病前2周内在登革热流行区有停留史.患者到我院就诊时间为病程2～ 12d,平均5.5 d.半数以上患者出现典型症状体征,所有患者血登革病毒特异性IgM阳性.治疗主要给予保肝、对症支持治疗,预后好.结论 在登革热非流行区,接诊医师应对本病保持警惕,详细询问流行病学史,全面查体,及早行血登革病毒特异性IgM或登革热抗原(NS1)检测及病毒核酸检测,进行早期诊断,并给予及时治疗.     

广州市2009年登革热疫情监测结果分析

目的分析广州市2009年登革热疫情的流行病学特征。方法对广州市疫情监测与报告信息系统、实验室监测信息系统,以及相关的现场调查报告,疫情简报等数据信息进行统计与分析。结果广州市2009年报告登革热病例18例,本地感染病例3例,累计发病率0.08/10万,无死亡病例,输入性病例或来广州就诊病例占全年报告病例的83.33%（15/18）,实验室监测表明,2009年广州市病毒流行株为登革Ⅲ型病毒。结论 2009年广州市登革热流行处于散发流行状态,流行的登革病毒型别与往年监测结果有所不同,较多的输入性病例或异地来广州就诊的登革热病例对广州市登革热流行存在潜在风险。     

Acute pancreatitis in dengue hemorrhagic fever

We reported a case of acute pancreatitis as the complication of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). This complication can cause more severe fatal condition, and difficulties in treatment, although it is rare. Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is one of the endemic diseases and often come as an outbreak event in South East Asia including Indonesia. Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a global public health problem, because until now there has been no medicine to eradicate the dengue virus, no dengue vaccine and difficult to eradicate the mosquitoes as the contagious vector. Diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis as early as possible is important to improve the patient's condition and survival. The patient was a 59 year old male and had been treated conservatively. The patient was admitted to the hospital, oral fasting until the fourth day, given parenteral nutrition, antibiotic and other intravenous medicines. Initial oral liquid diet was given on the fifth day of hospitalization and changed gradually according to the condition. The patient was then improved and discharged from the hospital.     

Predictive value of simple clinical and laboratory variables for dengue hemorrhagic fever in adults

BACKGROUND: Singapore experienced its worst dengue outbreak in 30 years in 2004, with 9459 notified cases, of which 83% were hospitalized. OBJECTIVES: To determine predictors of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) upon first presentation to hospital to aid clinicians in determining need for admission. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective cohort study on dengue patients in Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore in 2004, with patients categorized into dengue fever (DF) and DHF. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory variables upon first presentation were compared to determine the likelihood of developing DHF. RESULTS: There were 1973 dengue patients-118 (6.0%) were DHF, of which 82 (4.2%) developed DHF during hospitalization. From the multivariate analysis, patients with bleeding had an odds of developing DHF 237.6 times that of DF, a unit decrease in total protein (g/L) had an odds of 1.28 times, a unit increase in blood urea (mmol/L) had an odds of 1.31 times, and a unit decrease in lymphocyte proportion had an odds of 1.08 times. The model had a sensitivity of 97.6%, specificity of 60.2%, and may reduce 1118 (56.7%) dengue admissions. CONCLUSIONS: A few easily available clinical and laboratory results may assist clinicians in determining dengue admissions.     

Epidemiologic surveillance of dengue fever: non specific alert system in the hospital milieu in Cayenne

A retrospective study was carried out in the General Hospital of Cayenne, the main city in French Guiana, where malaria is endemic and dengue fever constitutes a permanent threat. The aim of this study was to test an alert system for epidemic outbreaks of dengue fever. Patients attending the emergency ward and for whom a search of Plasmodium was prescribed were included. In 90% of cases, patients were febrile, presenting clinical symptoms compatible with malaria or dengue fever-like syndrome. The period of survey covered 39 months (January 1996 to March 1999). Three indices were studied; two non specific: EMN (Emergency Malaria Negative--UPN in French): number of negative malaria blood tests for patients having consulted the emergency ward; EMNT (Emergency Malaria Negative Thrombopenia--UPNT in French): UPN with platelets < 150.000; and one more specific; number of hospitalised dengue fever cases according to data from a hospital programme on medical systems information. EMN weekly follow-ups led to three epidemic alerts, two of which turned out to be crucial for dengue. Accounting for thrombopenia (EMNT) reinforced the specificity. This simple and reactive alert system should incite increased serological and virological surveillance and contribute to precocious antivectorial control measures in districts where several dengue fever cases are suspected.     

Dengue fever with acute liver failure

A virus belonging to the Flaviviridae group causes dengue haemorrhagic fever. Dengue presenting as acute liver failure is rare. Dengue is endemic in India. The last epidemic of dengue occurred in Delhi in 2003. During this epidemic, 2185 confirmed cases of dengue were reported. Dengue virus serotypes 2 and 3 were responsible for this epidemic. A 19-yr-old male presented to our hospital with the complaints of fever for 12 days, during this epidemic. He was diagnosed as having dengue shock syndrome, stage IV with acute liver failure. He had primary dengue infection. He made complete recovery with supportive management.     

Dengue vaccines: Challenges,development, current status and prospects

Infection with dengue virus (DENV) is the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease in the world. The clinical spectrum of dengue, caused by any of the four serotypes of DENV, ranges from mild self-limiting dengue fever to severe dengue, in the form dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Increased rates of hospitalization due to severe dengue, during outbreaks, result in massive economic losses and strained health services. In the absence of specific antiviral therapy, control of transmission of DENV by vector management is the sole method available for decreasing dengue-associated morbidity. Since vector control strategies alone have not been able to satisfactorily achieve reduction in viral transmission, the implementation of a safe, efficacious and cost-effective dengue vaccine as a supplementary measure is a high public health priority. However, the unique and complex immunopathology of dengue has complicated vaccine development. Dengue vaccines have also been challenged by critical issues like lack of animal models for the disease and absence of suitable markers of protective immunity. Although no licensed dengue vaccine is yet available, several vaccine candidates are under phases of development, including live attenuated virus vaccines, live chimeric virus vaccines, inactivated virus vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines and viral-vectored vaccines. Although some vaccine candidates have progressed from animal trials to phase II and III in humans, a number of issues regarding implementation of dengue vaccine in countries like India still need to be addressed. Despite the current limitations, collaborative effects of regulatory bodies like World Health Organization with vaccine manufacturers and policy makers, to facilitate vaccine development and standardize field trials can make a safe and efficacious dengue vaccine a reality in near future.     

Role of T cells, cytokines and antibody in dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever

Dengue infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. There is no vaccine for dengue and also there are no anti-viral drugs to treat the infection. Some patients, typically those experiencing a secondary infection with a different dengue serotype, may progress from an acute febrile disease to the more severe forms of disease, dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Here we discuss the significant immunopathological component to severe disease and how T cells, cytokines and cross-reactive antibody combine to contribute to the progression to dengue haemorrhagic fever. These events are thought to lead to vascular leakage, the signature event in dengue haemorrhagic fever, and are addressed in this review by incorporating the concept of heterologous T cell immunity. The need for effective measures against dengue and dengue-related illness is clear. We propose that drugs against dengue virus, or the symptoms of severe dengue disease, are a viable goal.     

The economic impact of dengue hemorrhagic fever on family level in Southern Vietnam

Dengue fever is a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes (Aedes Aegypti). WHO estimates that 40% of the world's population live in areas endemic for dengue fever, and that there are approximately 50 million cases of dengue infection worldwide every year. This study aims to measure the economic consequences of dengue hemorrhagic fever in Southern Vietnam on family level. Estimating the economic impact of dengue fever/dengue hemorrhagic fever is important in order to prioritize resources for research, prevention, and control. So far no studies from Vietnam concerning this subject have been published. The study is based on standardized interviews. The study includes 175 children at the age 0-15 years, hospitalized in Children's Hospital No 1 in Ho Chi Minh City during a 10-week period in the fall of 2005. The children's parents/caretakers were interviewed on expenses related to the child's disease. The study shows that the average family cost of treating one child is approximately 61 USD including direct and indirect costs. On average, the largest expenses were those related to the initial visit at a local general practitioner, the hospital bill from Children's Hospital No1 and lost income for the parents. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a large expense for a family and can rightly be considered as a substantial socio-economic burden in Southern Vietnam. Larger studies are needed for a more accurate estimate of the extent of the expenses related to both dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever.