MR扩散加权成像对前列腺癌的诊断价值

目的 探讨磁共振扩散加权成像(DWI)在前列腺癌的诊断及鉴别诊断中的应用价值.资料与方法 40例前列腺疾病中17例前列腺癌及23例前列腺增生.所有病例行MR DWI扫描,b值为800 s/mm2.分析各病例的DWI和表观扩散系数(ADC)图表现,并分别测量癌区、前列腺增生组织以及膀胱内尿液的ADC值,统计分析组间是否存在差异.结果 17例前列腺癌中15例在DWI上呈明显高信号,ADC图呈低信号,能直观显示肿瘤的范围.前列腺癌组织的平均ADC值为(1.03±0.32)×10-3 mm2/s,前列腺增生组织的平均ADC值为(1.62±0.16)×10-3 mm2/s,两者之间有统计学意义(P=0.002);前列腺癌与前列腺增生的膀胱内尿液的平均ADC值分别为(3.24±0.30)×10-3 mm2/s、(3.25±0.29)×10-3 mm2/s,两者之间无统计学意义(P=0.834).结论 DWI可显示前列腺癌的位置和侵犯范围;根据DWI信号特点以及ADC值可以提高前列腺癌的诊断准确率,对前列腺癌与前列腺增生具有较高的鉴别诊断价值.     

不同b值下前列腺外周带癌灶ADC值的初步定量分析

目的:探讨DWI在不同b值下前列腺外周带癌灶ADC值的参考值范围。方法:对28例前列腺外周带癌(PCa)的DWI在b值分别为300、600、8001、000 s/mm2时所得前列腺外周带癌灶和正常外周带ADC值进行定量分析。结果:b值分别为300、600、800、1000s/mm2下外周带癌灶的平均ADC值分别为(1.12±0.24)×10-3、(0.95±0.19)×10-3(、0.88±0.14)×10-3(、0.81±0.17)×10-3mm2/s,外周带非癌区平均ADC值分别为(1.93±0.39)×10-3、(1.78±0.23)×10-3、(1.61±0.21)×10-3、(1.53±0.21)mm2/s,同b值下2者比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。b值分别为300、600、8001、000 s/mm2下外周带癌灶ADC值参考范围分别为(0.63～1.61)×10-3(、0.56～1.34)×10-3(、0.59～1.17)、(0.46～1.16)×10-3mm2/s。结论:前列腺外周带癌区和非癌区ADC值随b值变化而变化,通过ADC值测量可以定量分析前列腺外周带癌,提高前列腺癌诊断的准确率。     

前列腺癌的磁共振DWI诊断价值

目的：分析前列腺癌（PCa）和良性前列腺增生（BPH）的MR扩散加权成像（DWI）和表观扩散系数（ADC）图的表现及其ADC值的差异,探讨DWI在PCa诊断中的价值。方法：对27例PCa,38例BPH进行MR扩散加权成像,分析DWI和ADC图表现,测量PCa区域、BPH的中央腺体区增生结节及外周带的ADC值。结果：PCa在DWI图上表现为高信号,ADC图上表现为低信号;BPH在DWI和ADC图上外周带信号较均匀,中央腺体信号欠均匀。前列腺癌Ca灶及中央腺体非癌灶区平均ADC值分别为（1.091±0.214）×10-3mm2/s和（1.497±0.318）×10-3mm2/s;前列腺增生外周带及中央腺体区增生结节的平均ADC值分别为（1.839±0.190）×10-3mm2/s和（1.509±0.225）×10-3mm2/s。PCa灶的ADC值明显低于BPH外周带及中央腺体区增生结节（P〈0.05）,其间ADC值差异具有显著性意义。结论：MR扩散加权成像对PCa有重要的诊断价值,在常规MRI形态学的基础上,结合DWI图上病变的信号特点及ADC值提供的病理变化信息,能提高对PCa的定性诊断,提高诊断准确率。     

MR扩散加权成像在前列腺病变中的诊断价值

目的：探讨DWI在前列腺病变诊断中的价值。方法：分别对30例前列腺癌（PCa）、30例良性前列腺增生（BPH）患者和30名健康志愿者进行前列腺DWI扫描,分析三者的DWI图、ADC图的信号表现,以及癌灶、增生结节灶、正常前列腺的ADC值,以及前两者病灶ADC值与其周围正常外周带ADC值的相对比值变化规律。所有BPH和PCa病例均经手术或穿刺活检病理证实。结果：①PCa、BPH患者和健康志愿者（各30例）DWI表现：PCa表现为高信号影为主;增生结节呈稍高信号为主,强度低于外周带,并且信号不均匀;健康志愿者外周带呈稍高信号为主,中央带呈等信号为主,外周带信号高于中央带,二者分界清晰;②PCa癌灶平均ADC值（0.878±0.056）×10^-3mm^2/s;BPH增生结节灶平均ADC值（1.379±0.201）×10^-3mm^2/s;健康者前列腺中央带平均ADC值（1.287±0.041）×10^-3mm^2/s;健康者前列腺外周带平均ADC值（1.636±0.064）×10^-3mm^2/s;③PCa癌灶、BPH增生结节灶（各30例）的平均ADC值与其周围正常外周带ADC值的相对比值平均分别为0.54±0.05,0.85±0.06。结论：正常前列腺外周带、BPH、正常前列腺中央带、PCa在DWI图像上信号有较大差别,PCa癌灶信号最高。正常前列腺外周带、BPH、正常前列腺中央带、PCa癌灶的ADC值依次下降。BPH、PCa癌灶ADC值与其周围正常外周带组织ADC值的相对比值有明显差别。ADC值≤0.97×10^-3mm^2/s,特别是同时ADC相对比值≤0.62,是PCa DWI诊断的可靠依据,有临床诊断意义。     

MR动态增强、扩散成像和波谱分析在前列腺癌诊断中的价值

目的探讨MR动态增强扫描(DCE-MRI)、扩散加权成像(DWI)和三维氢质子MR波谱分析(3D1H-MRS)在前列腺癌诊断中的价值。方法经穿刺活检、手术病理或随访证实的32例前列腺癌及64例前列腺增生患者,以及29例健康志愿者经MR常规扫描、DCE-MRI、DWI和MRS扫描,分别测量前列腺癌、前列腺增生病灶和正常前列腺中央腺区和正常周围带强化后的相对信号强度值、DWI信号强度值和表观扩散系数(ADC)值,以及胆碱／枸橼酸盐(Cho／Cit)和[Cho+肌酸(Cr)]／Cit比值,并经方差分析比较不同组织和病灶间差异。结果经DCE-MRI检查,22例前列腺癌患者中18例病灶区呈早期明显强化,并快速下降;40例前列腺增生患者中38例呈早期明显强化并逐渐上升至中晚期达峰值后缓慢下降,除0及120 s两时间段前列腺癌与前列腺增生组织两者之间差异无统计学意义(P>0．05)外,正常周围带、增生与癌三者的相对信号强度在其余每个时段均差异有统计学意义(P<0．05)。经DWI检查前列腺癌患者26例于ADC图上病灶呈明显低信号,ADC值为(104．23±26．15)×10-5mm2／s,43例前列腺增生患者病灶区平均ADC值为(175．21±64．86)×10-5mm2／s,除正常前列腺周围带与前列腺增生之间ADC值差异无统计学意义(P>0．05)外,前列腺癌、前列腺增生和正常前列腺中央腺区之间差异均有统计学意义(P<0．05)。MRS检查前列腺癌17例,其病灶区Cho／Cit比值为2．26±0．91,(Cho+Cr)／Cit比值为2．85±1．01,35例前列腺增生患者病灶区平均Cho／Cit比值为0．46±0．23,(Cho+Cr)／Cit比值为0．57±0．20。除正常前列腺周围带与正常前列腺中央腺区之间差异无统计学意义(P>0．05)外,前列腺癌、前列腺增生和正常前列腺组织其余各组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0．05)。DCE-MRI、DWI和MRS 3种检查方法在前列腺癌诊断敏感度、特异度和准确度均达70％以上,而通过3种检查方法的联合应用,其敏感度、特异度和准确度分别达87．50％、94．74％、92．59％。结论DCE-MRI、DWI和MRS 3种检查方法在前列腺癌诊断中具有特征性表现,而3种检查方法的联合应用又将极大地提高MRI诊断前列腺癌的正确诊断率。     

磁共振扩散加权成像和ADC值在前列腺癌诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨磁共振扩散加权成像（DWI）及表观扩散系数（ADC）在前列腺癌诊断中的应用价值。资料与方法回顾分析经组织病理学证实的前列腺癌49例患者资料,DWI采用单次激发平面回波序列（EPI）。感兴趣区（ROI）包括前列腺癌、前列腺良性增生（BPH）和正常前列腺周围带,并计算相应的ADC值。结果49例前列腺癌患者血清前列腺特异抗原（PSA）平均为49.1ng/ml。肿瘤病灶ROI的ADC值在X、Y和Z轴方向分别有41、9和13例获得;前列腺良性增生分别在3个方向为39、11和13例;正常前列腺周围带为31、9和10例。前列腺癌在X、Y和Z轴方向平均ADC值分别为2.282×10^-3mm^2/s、2.293×10^-3mm^2/s和3.017×10^-3mm^2/s;BPH各个方向平均ADC值分别为2.559×10^-3mm^2/s、2.812×10^-3mm^2/s和3.585×10^-3mm^2/s;正常前列腺外周区组织3个方向的平均ADC值分别为2.892×10^-3mm^2/s、3.303×10^-3mm^2/s和4.112×10^-3mm^2/s。前列腺癌在X轴方向的ADC值明显低于相同方向前列腺增生和正常周围带的ADC值（P〈0.005）。结论DWI和ADC值在前列腺癌的诊断中应用方便、易行,ADC值是区别前列腺癌组织和非肿瘤组织的可靠指标。     

扩散加权成像鉴别前列腺癌及良性前列腺增生的价值

目的探讨良性前列腺增生(BPH)和前列腺癌(PCa)的扩散加权成像(DWI)和表观扩散系数(ADC)图表现,及对PCa的鉴别诊断价值。方法分析18例BPH和25例PCa的DWI和ADC图表现,并分别测量癌肿区的ADC值及BPH的外周带(PZ)及中央腺体(CG)的ADC值,比较其间是否存在差异。结果BPH的DWI和ADC图上PZ信号近似均一,CG信号欠均匀。PCa在DWI上呈高信号,ADC图呈低信号,均能直观显示癌灶范围。受侵犯的精囊和骨盆骨转移灶DWI上呈高信号,ADC图呈低信号。PCa的ADC值[(0．49±0．09)×10-3mm2／s]与BPH的PZ及CG的ADC值[(1．27±0．14)×10-3mm2／s、(0．96±0．14)×10-3mm2／s]比较,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-52．46、-31．49,P值均<0．01),PCa的ADC值与BPH的PZ无重叠,与CG也仅有少量重叠(1／127,0．7％)。结论DWI和ADC图可显示PCa位置、范围及周围侵犯、转移情况;根据DWI和ADC图上病变的信号特点及ADC值可以鉴别BPH和PCa。     

MR扩散加权成像诊断膝关节骨关节病髌骨软骨病变的价值

目的探讨 MR 扩散加权成像(DWI)在膝关节软骨早期病变诊断中的临床应用价值。方法 18例正常健康志愿者36个膝关节、10例骨关节炎(OA)患者18个膝关节行常规序列及 DWI序列扫描。测量髌软骨各个感兴趣区的表观扩散系数(ADC)值,比较各组间的差异。结果正常健康志愿者组36个髌软骨 ADC 均值(ADCav)为(7.8±2.3)×10~(-4)mm~2/s,髌软骨上、中、下部的 ADC值分别为(7.9±2.3)×10~(-4)mm~2/s、(7.7±2.7)×10~(-4)mm~2/s、(7.9±2.5)×10~(-4)mm~2/s,之间差异无统计学意义(F=0.050,P=0.951)。OA 患者髌软骨 ADCav 为(10.5±4.1)×10~(-4)mm~2/s,髌软骨上、中、下部的 ADC 值分别为(10.8±4.1)×10~(-4)mm~2/s、(10.4±4.4)×10~(-4)mm~2/s、(10.5±4.2)×10~(-4)mm~2/s,之间差异无统计学意义(F=0.940,P=0.910)。但 OA 组的 ADC 值明显高于正常组,两组间差异有统计学意义(t=-2.577,P=0.017),其中以髌软骨内侧份 ADC 值改变最为显著。结论MR DWI 能发现常规 MR 软骨信号尚未改变的更早期软骨病变。     

3.0T磁共振DWI结合T2加权成像诊断前列腺癌侵犯膀胱

目的 探讨T2WI及DWI 2种成像序列对前列腺癌(PCa)侵犯膀胱的诊断价值.方法 68例经病理证实的PCa患者在行3.0T MR前列腺常规和DWI(b值分别为0、800 s/mm2)扫描后被诊断为PCa侵犯膀胱,所有患者均行膀胱镜检查.分析所有PCa癌灶、受侵膀胱和未受侵膀胱壁的MRI表现,比较其ADC值.采用5分制评分,将所得结果与膀胱镜病理结果对照,用SPSS11.5分别做受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析比较各组方法诊断的敏感度和特异度.结果 膀胱镜检查45例(66%)患者病理证实为PCa侵犯膀胱,PCa癌灶、受侵膀胱壁和正常膀胱壁的ADC值分别为(0.931±0.098)×10-3mm2/s,(0.963±0.155)×10-3mm2/s和(1.517±0.103)×10-3mm2/s,受侵膀胱壁的ADC值明显低于正常膀胱壁(P＜0.05),而PCa癌灶和受侵膀胱壁的ADC值之间无明显差异.分别应用T2WI和DWI诊断PCa侵犯膀胱的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)明显低于联合2种成像方法(P＜0.05).结论 PCa侵犯膀胱的ADC值明显低于正常膀胱壁;联合应用DWI和T2WI诊断PCa侵犯膀胱优于单独使用DWI或T2WI.     

腰椎溶骨型转移瘤MR扩散加权成像研究

目的探讨腰椎溶骨型转移瘤的扩散特性、扩散加权成像(DWI)检查技术及其应用价值。方法20例腰椎溶骨型转移瘤患者(病变组)及20例对照者(对照组),分别行矢状面SET1WI,快速SE(FSE)T2WI,脂肪抑制FSET2WI(fatsaturationFSET2WI,FS FSET2WI)及单次激发自旋回波回波平面DWI,比较病变组在各序列的对比噪声比(CNR)。同时评价病变组与对照组的信号衰减率(signalattenuationratio,SAR)和表观扩散系数(apparaentdiffusioncoefficient,ADC)。结果(1)常规MRI表现:20例腰椎溶骨型转移瘤患者,共23个椎体受累。在SET1WI上,病变均呈低信号,在FS FSET2WI和DWI上呈高信号。在FSET2WI上,病变分别呈混杂信号(5例)、等信号(12例)或稍高信号(6例);(2)CNR值:病变组CNR值在FSET2WI上(5.70±3.82)小于SET1WI(25.62±11.73)、FS FSET2WI(23.37±7.48)及DWI(b=600s/mm2)(24.69±9.87)(U值分别为5.393、6.359、5.547,P值均<0.05);(3)SAR值:在DWI上,病变组病变椎体、邻近正常椎体与对照组正常椎体的SAR值分别为:b=165s/mm2时,(33.21±7.76)%、(20.41±5.25)%、(22.09±5.21)%;b=360s/mm2时,(48.28±7.11)%、(27.18±5.04)%、(29.08±5.35)%;b=600s/mm2时,(59.64±7.37)%、(33.82±5.75)%、(34.02±4.50)%。成像条件相同时,病变椎体的SAR值明显高于正常椎体(q值分别为9.844、17.065、20.464、8.246、14.978、19.586,P值均<0.05)。随b值的增高,相同兴趣区(ROI)的SAR值逐渐增高(q值分别为7.344、5.952、4.392、17.084、12.013、10.596、9.739、6.601、6.204,P值均<0.05);(4)ADC值:在DWI上,病变组病变椎体、邻近正常椎体与对照组正常椎体的ADC值分别为:b=165s/mm2时,(2.49±0.70)×10-3mm2/s、(1.36±0.41)×10-3mm2/s、(1.51±0.41)×10-3mm2/s;b=360s/mm2时,(1.87±0.36)×10-3mm2/s、(0.88±0.19)×10-3mm2/s、(0.96±0.21)×10-3mm2/s;b=600s/mm2时,(1.54±0.30)×10-3mm2/s、(0.68±0.16)×10-3mm2/s、(0.70±0.12)×10-3mm2/s。成像条件相同时,病变椎体的ADC值明显高于正常椎体(q值分别为6.683、12.304、12.039、10.422、8.034、8.745,P值均<0.05)。b值越大,相同ROI的ADC值越小(q值分别为8.218、5.686、6.389、10.997、8.512、9.091、8.218、7.037、7.192,P值均<0.05)。结论DWI是以量化的方式,从分子水平对组织病变进行定性,比MR常规序列成像对组织进行定性诊断更加客观。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.