肺部感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 探讨肺部感染致病菌类型及耐药性特点,为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据.方法 回顾性分析重症医学科(ICU)及呼吸内科肺部感染患者的痰病原菌细菌谱及药物敏感性试验结果 .结果 ICU共分离出病原菌1281株,其中革兰阴性菌占76.7％,革兰阳性菌占16.1％,革兰阳性菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)152株,占革兰阳性菌73.8％.革兰阴性菌中,铜绿假单胞菌所占比例最高,其次为黏质沙雷菌和鲍氏不动杆菌.呼吸内科共分离出病原菌852株,其中革兰阴性菌占72.8％;革兰阳性菌占21.4％.结论 ICU及呼吸内科肺部感染患者的病原菌均以革兰阴性菌为主,且ICU较呼吸内科所占比例更高.两者均呈多重耐药.革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主.了解细菌种类分布和耐药趋势,对合理使用抗生素有指导意义.     

呼吸机相关肺炎的临床分析

目的观察呼吸机相关肺炎(ventilator associated pneumonia,VAP)的病原菌、药物敏感试验及其耐药性的情况,为临床抗感染药物的正确应用提供参考。方法对呼吸科监护病房使用呼吸机的24例患者的临床资料、病原菌组成及药物敏感试验、细菌对抗生素耐药性结果进行回顾性分析。结果24例VAP患者共培养出致病菌46株,其中革兰阴性菌30株(65.21%),革兰阳性菌11株(23.91%),真菌5株(10.8%)。单纯革兰阴性菌感染3例,单纯革兰阳性菌感染2例,两种或两种以上混合感染19例,其中合并真菌感染5例。占前5位的病原菌分别是:铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和大肠埃希氏菌,药敏结果显示这些菌株耐药严重。结论VAP以革兰阴性菌感染为主,念珠菌属仍为真菌感染的主要致病菌,细菌的耐药率普遍较高,临床上应注重病原菌培养及药敏试验,加强抗生素的合理使用。     

116例肺癌患者伴肺部感染痰液标本中细菌培养结果及耐药性分析

目的:探究肺癌患者伴肺部感染痰液标本中细菌培养结果及其对抗菌药物的耐药性。方法:抽取2017年1月—2019年10月间收治的肺癌伴肺部感染患者116例资料;统计其患者痰液标本中细菌培养及药敏结果,分析其病原菌的分布情况及其对抗菌药物的耐药性。结果:116例患者痰液标本中,培养分离出致病菌190株,其中革兰阴性菌112株占58.95%、革兰阳性菌65株占34.21%和真菌13株占6.84%;革兰阴性菌中铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南的耐药性为最低(耐药率<15%),而其对氨苄西林的耐药率为最高(≥80%);革兰阳性菌中金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌对万古霉素的耐药率为最低(均为0.00%),其对青霉素、红霉素的耐药率较高(均>65%);真菌中白假丝酵母菌、热带念珠菌、曲霉菌对酮康唑、伊曲康唑、氟胞嘧啶的耐药率均为0.00%(均敏感,无耐药性)。结论:肺癌患者伴肺部感染痰液中致病菌谱呈现多样性,但以革兰阴性菌为主,其次为革兰阳性菌;且部分患者呈交叉感染,临床应强化药敏试验,以针对性治疗,减少耐药菌的产生,以确保患者治疗的有效性。     

肺癌并发肺部感染患者痰培养分离的病原菌分布特征及耐药性特征研究

目的探讨分析肺癌并发肺部感染患者痰培养分离的病原菌分布特征及耐药性特征。方法 321例肺癌并发肺部感染患者,进行痰培养并对阳性结果进行病原菌分布特征及耐药性特征的统计分析。结果痰培养中革兰阴性菌占47.15%,革兰阳性菌占12.46%,真菌占40.39%;前五位病原菌为白色念珠菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌。病原菌的耐药谱分析显示,大多数革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌表现为多重耐药,真菌对常规抗真菌药敏感性高。结论本院近3年肺癌并发肺部感染患者的痰培养分离的病原菌以革兰阴性菌和真菌为主,细菌多重耐药情况普遍存在,真菌药敏感性较高。     

呼吸重症患者肺部感染的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的:探讨呼吸重症患者肺部感染的病原菌分布和耐药性.方法:所选研究对象为本院收治的呼吸重症肺部感染患者,年限为2015年2月～2017年2月,符合标准的有68例.患者及其家属均知情同意.所有患者进行痰液标本菌株鉴定,并实施药敏试验,分析耐药性.结果:本组患者共分离144株病原菌,其中,108株为革兰阴性菌(所占比例为75.0％),36株为革兰阳性菌(所占比例为25.0％),革兰阴性菌所占比例高于革兰阳性菌,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);革兰阴性菌中,对氨苄西林、左氧氟沙星耐药性较强的有铜绿假单胞菌;鲍氏不动杆菌对氨苄西林、头孢吡肟耐药性较强;铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的敏感性均较高.革兰阳性菌中,34例耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌;未发现对替考拉宁和万古霉素的耐药株.结论:革兰阴性菌是呼吸重症患者肺部感染的主要病原菌,且分离菌极易呈现多药耐药性,而药敏试验能促使合理应用抗菌药物.     

开放性骨折患者术后感染耐药菌的分布及其药敏结果分析

目的:分析开放性骨折患者术后耐药菌感染的分布及其药敏结果。方法:选取医院2016年6月-2018年5月间收治的开放性骨折患者82例资料,统计其患者术后伤口分泌物细菌培养与鉴定及其药敏结果,分析其伤口感染菌株对不同药物的耐药性。结果:82例开放性骨折患者标本中,培养出155株感染病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌94株占60.65%,革兰阳性菌51株占32.90%,真菌10株占6.45%;氨苄西林对主要革兰阴性菌的敏感率均较低,大肠埃希菌对其完全耐药;亚胺培南、美罗培南及万古霉素对主要革兰阴性菌的敏感性均较高,尤其是万古霉素对4种主要革兰阴性菌的敏感率均为100.00%;呋喃妥因、利福平、万古霉素及替考拉丁对主要革兰阳性菌敏感率均较高,尤其是万古霉素和替考拉丁,两者的敏感率均为100.00%;金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素G和红霉素完全耐药,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对其的耐药率也较高。结论:开放性骨折患者术后感染致病菌以革兰阴性菌感染为主,其中又以大肠埃希菌占大多数,每种药物对不同病原菌的敏感性有差异,临床应根据药敏结果合理使用抗菌药物。     

ICU重型颅脑外伤出现肺部感染80例临床观察

目的了解ICU重型颅脑外伤出现肺部感染的临床情况,观察ICU重型颅脑外伤引发肺部感染的临床表现。方法对80例ICU重型颅脑外伤出现肺部感染的患者的临床诊治资料进行回顾性分析。结果 ICU重型颅脑外伤出现肺部感染的发生率高,其与通气时间,革兰阴性杆菌感染和抗生素耐药有关。其中,其中革兰阴性菌73株,占72.3%,革兰阳性菌23例,占22.8%,真菌5株,占4.9%。其对亚胺培南和万古霉素的敏感率最高,经过治疗,所有病例均完全缓解。结论 ICU重型颅脑外伤出现肺部感染的致病菌以革兰阴性菌为主,且多重耐药严重,合理控制抗生素使用刻不容缓。     

下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及耐药性的分析

目的分析近两年我院下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及对抗生素的耐药性，为临床治疗提供有效的依据。方法从1056例下呼吸道感染患者痰标本中分离出致病菌879株，对879株细菌纸片扩散法（KB法）行药敏测定分析。结果下呼吸道感染的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主，占69．1％。主要为大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、变形菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌；革兰阳性菌占18．1％。主要为葡萄球菌、肠球菌、肺炎链球菌；真菌占8．5％，主要为白念珠菌。大多数革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南较敏感。对头孢菌素类、青霉素类、氨曲南均有不同程度的耐药。革兰阳性菌对万古霉素敏感，对其他抗生素有不同程度的耐药。结论革兰阴性菌构成下呼吸道感染的主要致病菌．细菌耐药率明显增强，出现多重耐药菌，应该提倡科学地、合理地应用抗生素。     

126例尘肺病伴有肺部感染患者痰液标本中致病菌的分布及其对抗菌药物的耐药性分析

目的:探究尘肺病伴有肺部感染患者痰液标本中细菌培养及药敏结果,分析其病原菌的分布及其耐药性。方法:选取医院2017年1月—2020年1月间收治的尘肺病伴有肺部感染患者126例临床资料,统计其患者痰液标本中致病菌的培养和药敏试验结果,分析其病原菌的分布以及主要病原菌对抗菌药物的耐药率。结果:126例尘肺病伴有肺部感染患者标本中,检出病原菌124株(其中革兰阴性菌占82.26%、革兰阴性菌占12.10%和真菌占5.65%);革兰阴性菌中铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦钠、亚胺培南、氨曲南的耐药率均低于20%,肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林高度耐药(大于90%),而其对亚胺培南的敏感率较高(达100.00%);革兰阳性菌中金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌对青霉素G、头孢噻肟、头孢唑林的耐药率均达100.00%,而对万古霉素的敏感率为100.00%。结论:了解了尘肺病伴有肺部感染患者痰液中感染病原菌的药敏结果,以指导临床抗菌药物的合理使用。     

呼吸机相关肺炎60例病原菌及其耐药性分析

目的：观察呼吸机相关肺炎（VAP）病原菌及其耐药性。方法：回顾分析60例VAP的临床资料、病原菌的构成及其耐药性。结果：60例VAP患者共培养出致病菌126例,其中革兰阴性菌77株,占61.1%,其中以铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌为主,对多种抗生素耐药。革兰阳性菌18株,占14.3%,以金黄色葡萄球菌最常见;真菌31株,占24.6%,以白色念珠菌为主。结论：VAP病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,其对多种抗生素耐药严重。临床上应重视病原菌培养和药敏结果,合理应用抗生素。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.