下期内容预告

<正>本刊2015年第2期报道专题为脑血管病一级预防,重点内容包括:常见缺血性卒中发病机制和病理学特点;基因多态性与脑卒中相关性研究进展;脑小血管病研究进展;阿司匹林在脑卒中一级预防中的应用;脑血管病一级预防与健康教育;单侧症状性颈动脉狭窄致脑血流灌注改变空间模式的多模态研究;急性缺血性卒中Apo Eε4等位基因与血脂和预后相关性分析;HAT、SEDAN评分及相关脑血管病危险因素预测急性缺血性卒中溶栓后出血性转化临床研究;急性缺血性卒中患者血     

探讨ASPECTS、DRAGON和SEDAN评分对我国急性缺血性卒中患者静脉溶栓后急性期内出血转化的预测价值

目的探讨Alberta卒中项目早期CT评分(Alberta stroke program early CT score,ASPECTS)、DRAGON评分和SEDAN评分对我国急性缺血性卒中患者静脉溶栓后急性期内出血转化的预测价值。方法回顾性连续收集2012年12月-2017年12月在同济大学附属同济医院神经内科急诊收入的接受静脉溶栓治疗的急性缺血性卒中患者的临床资料,记录有关基线资料,并使用ASPECTS、DRAGON和SEDAN3个量表进行评分。以住院期间出血转化作为观察终点。应用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线评估量表对静脉溶栓后出血转化的预测诊断价值,ROC曲线下面积采用C值表示,通过C值比较3个量表的预测价值;使用Hosmer-Lemeshow(H-L)拟合优度[χ2(P)]检验法判断各模型与实际结果的拟合度;进行Logistic回归分析探讨各评分与溶栓后出血转化的关系。结果共纳入199例患者,ASPECTS、DRAGON和SEDAN评分在总体患者中C值分别为0.889、0.810和0.793;前循环中C值分别为0.889、0.823和0.788;男性组中C值分别为0.893、0.788和0.818;女性组中C值分别为0.882、0.808和0.720(均P0.05)。ASPECTS、DRAGON和SEDAN评分在总体患者中H-L拟合优度检验结果分别为8.253、2.685和7.511;在前循环中分别为9.875、4.330和6.441;在男性组中分别为8.966、1.697和3.049;在女性组中分别为4.284、6.548和7.669(仅前循环和男性组的ASPECTS评分P0.05,余P0.05)。Logistic回归分析ASPECTS、DRAGON和SEDAN评分的OR值在总体患者分别为0.588、1.839和2.229,在前循环分别为0.567、1.951和2.198,在男性组分别为0.595、1.969和2.675,在女性组分别为0.573、1.833和1.787(均P0.05)。结论 ASPECTS、DRAGON和SEDAN评分量表均可用于急性缺血性卒中患者静脉溶栓后出血转化风险的预测,ASPECTS评分要优于另外2种评分模型。     

阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗急性缺血性脑卒中后出血性转化的影响因素分析

目的探讨急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)经阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗后出血性转化(HT)的影响因素。方法选取2015-01—2017-07作者医院收治的经阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗的AIS患者348例,根据阿替普酶静脉溶栓后是否发生HT将患者分为出血组和未出血组。回顾性收集所有研究对象的临床资料(人口统计学、血管危险因素和实验室检查指标等),采用多因素Logistic回归分析探讨ALS经阿替普酶静脉溶栓治疗后发生HT的独立危险因素。结果出血组32例,未出血组316例。两组患者间基线血糖、基线美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institute of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分、发病至静脉溶栓治疗时间、心房颤动史、溶栓24h后收缩压以及抗血小板药物服用史差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,基线血糖(OR=3.781,95%CI:1.851~11.765)、基线NIHSS评分(OR=2.678,95%CI:1.384~10.441)、发病至静脉溶栓治疗时间(OR=2.436,95%CI:1.324~4.488)、心房颤动史(OR=4.538,95%CI:2.036~14.132)和溶栓24h后收缩压(OR=1.581,95%CI:1.071~6.415)是发生HT的独立危险因素(均P0.05)。结论基线血糖、基线NIHSS评分、发病至静脉溶栓治疗时间、心房颤动史和溶栓24h后收缩压是脑梗死患者静脉溶栓后发生HT的危险因素。     

CT早期梗死征象与急性脑梗死静脉rt-PA溶栓患者预后的关系

目的 CT早期梗死征象与急性脑梗死静脉rt-PA溶栓患者预后的关系,为临床治疗策略的选择提供理论参考。方法选取我院神经内科接受静脉内溶栓治疗的急性脑梗死患者73例,其中预后好36例,预后差37例,平均年龄(68.13±9.36)岁。对其相关因素,如有无CT早期梗死征象、心房颤动、入院NIHSS评分等18个因素进行调查。结果在单因素分析中,CT检查无早期梗死征象组预后好的几率明显高于CT检查有早期梗死征象组(60%vs 24%,P=0.006)。在多因素Logistic回归分析中,在经心房颤动、糖尿病等因素调整后,有无CT早期梗死征象与急性脑梗死静脉rt-PA溶栓患者预后无显著相关。结论 CT早期梗死征象对急性脑梗死静脉rt-PA溶栓患者预后无独立影响。     

氨基末端脑利钠肽前体与急性缺血性脑卒中患者rt-PA静脉溶栓后出血转化及预后的相关性

目的 探究NT-proBNP与缺血性脑卒中（CIS患者）rt-PA静脉溶栓后出血转化及预后的相关性。方法 选取2021-10—2022-12于盘锦市中心医院行rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗的60例CIS患者为研究对象。根据rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗后出血及预后情况对患者进行分组,比较组间患者的临床资料、出血转化危险因素、预后不良危险因素、血浆NT-proBNP水平等指标,并分析血浆NT-proBNP水平与患者预后之间的相关性。结果 与非出血组相比,出血组患者的基线舒张压、空腹血糖水平、NIHSS评分、NT-proBNP水平和心房颤动史显著升高,TOAST分型、卒中分布差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。与预后良好组比较,预后不良组患者的基线NIHSS评分、NT-proBNP、空腹血糖、基线收缩压、高血压史比率显著升高,TOAST分型差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;CIS患者静脉溶栓治疗后出血转化独立影响因素为NIHSS评分（1.071～1.205）、NT-proBNP (1.432～2.859)及卒中病灶分布情况（1.369～9.874）;不良预后独立影响因素为NIHSS评分（1....     

急性缺血性脑卒中患者静脉溶栓后不同部位出血转化的影响因素

目的分析急性缺血性脑卒中患者静脉溶栓后不同部位出血转化的影响因素。方法回顾性分析我院于2010-03—2013-09接受静脉溶栓治疗的300例急性缺血性脑卒中患者,按溶栓治疗后2个疗程内行头颅CT检查,根据脑内有无出血性转化分为HT组及无HT组,根据出血部位的不同HT组分为深部位HT组和浅部位HT组。采用单因素和Logistic回归多因素分析静脉溶栓治疗后出血性转化的危险因素。结果经Logistic回归单因素分析可知,发病到治疗时间/既往糖尿病史、梗死面积大小、TOAST分型、入院时GCS评分与入院时NIHSS评分等均是影响急性缺血性脑卒中患者溶栓治疗后出血转化的影响因素;经Logistic回归多因素分析可知,入院时NIHSS评分是影响深部位缺血性脑卒中患者出血转化的最危险因素,其次是既往糖尿病史、心源性栓塞型等,入院时GCS评分影响最小;既往糖尿病史是影响浅部位缺血性脑卒中患着出血转化的最危险因素,其次是入院时NIHSS评分、心源性栓塞型等,入院时GCS评分影响最小。结论既往糖尿病史、入院时NIHSS评分、心源性栓塞型等均是影响深部位和浅部位缺血性脑卒中患着出血转化的独立性因素,为临床诊断治疗提供参考依据。     

三七总皂苷对急性缺血性卒中患者重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物静脉溶栓疗效及出血性转化的影响

目的探讨三七总皂苷对急性缺血性卒中患者重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物(rt-PA)静脉溶栓疗效和出血性转化的影响。方法共200例急性(发病至入院时间4.50 h)缺血性卒中患者采用随机数字表法随机分为常规rt-PA静脉溶栓组(对照组,100例)和rt-PA静脉溶栓联合三七总皂苷治疗组(治疗组,100例),分别于治疗前、静脉溶栓后24 h和14 d检测缺血-再灌注损伤指标[丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)]、出血性转化指标[基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、纤维连接蛋白(FN)]和神经功能指标[美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)、Barthel指数(BI)],观察静脉溶栓后14 d药物不良反应和出血性转化发生率,评价静脉溶栓后12个月预后(病死率和BI评分)。结果治疗组患者血清SOD(P=0.000)和BI评分(P=0.000)高于,血清MDA(P=0.001)和MMP-9(P=0.001)、血浆FN(P=0.000)和NIHSS评分(P=0.006)低于对照组。rt-PA静脉溶栓联合三七总皂苷治疗后24 h,血清MDA(P=0.000)和MMP-9(P=0.000)、BI评分(P=0.000)升高,NIHSS评分降低(P=0.000);治疗后14 d,血清MDA(P=0.000)和MMP-9(P=0.000)反而降低,血清SOD(P=0.000)和BI评分(P=0.000)持续升高,血浆FN(P=0.000)和NIHSS评分(P=0.000)持续降低。静脉溶栓后14 d,治疗组患者出血性转化发生率低于对照组[9例(9%)对19例(19%);χ2=4.153,P=0.042)],药物不良反应发生率组间差异无统计学意义[14例(14%)对11例(11%);χ2=0.411,P=0.521]。静脉溶栓后12个月,两组病死率差异无统计学意义[5例(5%)对1例(1%);χ2=1.546,P=0.241],而治疗组生存患者BI评分高于对照组(88.51±11.49对84.47±9.83;t=2.451,P=0.015)。结论三七总皂苷可以减轻急性缺血性卒中患者rt-PA静脉溶栓后缺血-再灌注损伤,降低出血性转化发生率,改善患者预后,且安全性良好。     

脑白质T2高信号与缺血性卒中静脉溶栓后出血转化及神经功能的关系

目的 明确脑白质高信号(WMHs)的严重程度与急性缺血性卒中患者静脉重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)溶栓后的出血转化以及3个月后神经功能结局之间的关系.方法 连续收集就诊于我科并接受静脉rt-PA溶栓治疗的急性缺血性卒中患者144例,分析其临床资料,利用改良Schelten量表评定脑白质高信号严重程度,出血转化根据欧洲协作性急性卒中研究Ⅲ(ECASSⅢ)标准评定,改良Rankin评分≥2分定义为神经功能结局不利.结果 144例接受静脉rt-PA溶栓治疗的患者年龄为(66.6±12.6)岁,女性46例(31.9％),发病至溶栓时间为(241.9 ±88.4) min,溶栓前NIHSS为(12.31±5.98)分,脑白质高信号评分为(7.81±4.93)分.共28例(19.4％)影像学表现为溶栓后出血转化,其中18例(12.5％)为出血性梗死(HI)型,10例(6.9％)为脑实质出血(PH)型.经多元Logistic回归分析提示,WMHs严重程度不增加HI型风险(OR=1.017,95％ CI0.919 ～1.126,P =0.744),对PH型风险亦无增加(OR=1.025,95％CI0.895 ～1.175,P=0.716).二元Logistic回归分析提示,脑白质高信号严重程度是神经功能结局不利的独立危险因素(OR=1.135,95％ CI1.036 ～1.244,P=0.007).结论 严重WMHs不增加急性缺血性卒中静脉rt-PA溶栓后的出血转化风险,但与卒中后不利神经功能结局有关.     

区域软脑膜侧支循环评分与Tan侧支循环评分预测前循环缺血性卒中静脉溶栓预后

目的筛查急性前循环缺血性卒中静脉溶栓预后相关影响因素,并探讨基于CTA的两种侧支循环评价量表对急性前循环缺血性卒中静脉溶栓预后的预测能力。方法连续纳入136例急性缺血性卒中患者,均予重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物静脉溶栓,采用基于CTA的区域软脑膜侧支循环评分(r LMC)和Tan侧支循环评分(Tan)评价侧支循环,发病后3个月采用改良Rankin量表评价预后(以病残或病死为主要结局指标)。单因素和多因素逐步法Logistic回归分析筛查急性前循环缺血性卒中静脉溶栓预后不良相关危险因素,受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价Tan评分对急性前循环缺血性卒中静脉溶栓预后的预测能力。结果最终纳入122例行静脉溶栓治疗的急性前循环缺血性卒中患者,Logistic回归分析显示,发病至静脉溶栓时间180~270 min(OR=0.309,95%CI:0.134~0.713;P=0.006)和Tan评分0~1分(OR=7.339,95%CI:2.072~25.994;P=0.002)是急性前循环缺血性卒中静脉溶栓预后不良的独立危险因素。Tan评分预测急性前循环缺血性卒中静脉溶栓预后的ROC曲线显示,曲线下面积为0.753(P=0.021)。结论发病至静脉溶栓时间180~270 min和Tan评分0~1分是急性前循环缺血性卒中静脉溶栓预后不良的独立危险因素。与rLMC评分相比,Tan评分是一种相对简单且预测能力较好的侧支循环评价量表。     

伴有心房颤动的急性缺血性卒中患者重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂静脉溶栓的疗效及预后

目的 探讨伴有心房颤动急性缺血性卒中患者重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)静脉溶栓的疗效、安全性及影响预后不良的因素.方法 162例急性缺血性卒中患者在发病4.5h内接受rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗,根据患者既往史及入院时心电图结果将患者分为心房颤动组(45例)和非心房颤动组(117例),所有患者溶栓前行美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分,溶栓后3个月行改良Rakin量表(mRS)评分.结果 (1)心房颤动组的平均年龄(岁)高于非心房颤动组(69.2±11.6与62.5±12.9,t=-3.050,P=0.003),吸烟比例低于非心房颤动组[6.7％ (3/45)与28.2％(33/117),x2=8.723,P=0.003],其他基线资料比较差异无统计学意义.(2)溶栓前心房颤动与非心房颤动组NIHSS评分差异无统计学意义,心房颤动与非心房颤动组溶栓后3个月mRS评分0～1分的患者比例差异无统计学意义,心房颤动组的颅内出血比例[31.1％ (14/45)与14.5％(17/117),x2=5.774,P=0.016]及病死率[26.7％ (12/45)与12.0％(14/117),x2=5.213,P=0.022]明显高于非心房颤动组,但心房颤动与非心房颤动组症状性颅内出血比例差异无统计学意义.(3)45例心房颤动患者中,18例患者预后良好(mRS评分0～1分),预后不良27例(mRS评分2～5分).预后不良组入院时NIHSS评分(分)明显高于预后良好组(17.70±5.87与11.22 ±5.14,t=3.809,P=0.000),收缩压(mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)明显低于预后良好组(145.5±24.0与164.9 ±21.0,t=-2.788,P=0.008),其他基线资料比较差异无统计学意义.(4)多因素回归分析提示心房颤动(OR=1.380,95％ CI 0.217～7.017,P=0.698)不是溶栓后死亡的独立危险因素,心房颤动(OR=3.558,95％ CI1.246～10.158,P=0.018)是溶栓后颅内出血的独立危险因素.结论 心房颤动不影响急性缺血性卒中患者静脉溶栓治疗的远期疗效,心房颤动患者行静脉溶栓的颅内出血及死亡风险高于非心房颤动患者,但心房颤动不是溶栓后死亡的独立危险因素,不增加症状性颅内出血风险.入院时NIHSS评分高、收缩压低可能是心房颤动患者静脉溶栓治疗预后不良及死亡的危险因素.     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Opiate and digitalis receptor assays distinguish between neuroexcitant and inactive organochlorines and between anesthetics and convulsants

Specific binding of [3H]naloxone to rat brain tissue in vitro was inhibited by the excitant organochlorinated insecticides (OCI), by ether (E) and octanol (OCT), and by the convulsant indoklon (IND) and its anesthetic isomer, isoindoklon (ISO). In the presence of 100 mM NaCl the inhibition of naloxone binding by E, OCT and ISO was greatly potentiated, whereas that by OCI and IND was attenuated. KCl (100 mM) was equally effective as NaCl on the action of anesthetics, but the effect of the excitant drugs was, in contrast to NaCl, unaffected by KCl. Specific binding of [3H]ouabain in the absence of Na, was depressed by anesthetics and enhanced by neuroexcitants. In the presence of NaCl, which by itself inhibits ouabain binding to brain, both anesthetics and excitants enhanced ouabain binding. DDE, a non-insecticidal analog of DDT, and the dimethyl derivative of the OCI, lindane, were inactive in the receptor assays. These observations point to a unique isolated system which responds consistently to anesthetic agents as a class and, in a different way, to neuroexcitant compounds.     

Learning and forgetting new names and objects in MCI and AD

We studied how subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), early Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched controls learned and maintained the names of unfamiliar objects that were trained with or without semantic support (object definitions). Naming performance, phonological cueing, incidental learning of the definitions and recognition of the objects were tested during follow-up. We found that word learning was significantly impaired in MCI and AD patients, whereas forgetting patterns were similar across groups. Semantic support showed a beneficial effect on object name retrieval in the MCI group 8 weeks after training, suggesting that the MCI patients’ preserved semantic memory can compensate for impaired episodic memory. The MCI group performed equally well as the controls in the tasks measuring incidental learning and recognition memory, whereas the AD group showed impairment in this respect. Both the MCI and the AD group benefited less from phonological cueing than the controls. Our findings indicate that word learning is compromised in both MCI and AD, whereas long-term retention of newly learned words is not affected to the same extent. Incidental learning and recognition memory seem to be well preserved in MCI.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统 ,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达 ,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关。近年的研究表明 ,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白 ,能与多种因子如SV4 0大T抗原 ,腺病毒E1A ,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p5 3等结合 ,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb。necdin基因缺陷时 ,会引起脑内 ,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍。人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区 ,可能与PWS的一些症状有关。本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况 ,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述     

Satellite cells and myonuclei in young and elderly women and men

The overall aim of this study was to assess the effects of aging on the satellite cell population. Muscle biopsies were taken from the tibialis anterior muscle of healthy, moderately active young (age range, 20-32 years; n = 31) and elderly (age range, 70-83 years; n = 27) women and men with comparable physical activity pattern. Satellite cells and myonuclei were visualized using a monoclonal antibody against neural cell adhesion molecule and counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin. An average of 211 (range, 192-241) muscle fibers were examined for each individual. Compared with the young women and men, the elderly subjects had a significantly lower (P < 0.011) number of satellite cells per muscle fiber but a significantly higher (P < 0.004) number of myonuclei per muscle fiber. The number of satellite cells relative to the total number of nuclei [satellite cells/(myonuclei + satellite cells)] was significantly lower in the elderly than in the young women and men. These results imply that a reduction in the satellite cell population occurs as a result of increasing age in healthy men and women.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关.近年的研究表明,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白,能与多种因子如SV40大T抗原,腺病毒E1A,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p53等结合,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb.necdin基因缺陷时,会引起脑内,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍.人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区,可能与PWS的一些症状有关.本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述.     

Retrospective and prospective design and data

The study of the presentation, symptomatology and family characteristics of an exclusively adolescent sample of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) was undertaken. Twenty-four cases of borderline personality disorder, 20 females, 4 males, identified using chart review and meeting the criteria of the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB) and DSM III-R, were matched with psychiatric controls. Adolescents with borderline personality disorder were found to have high rates of affective symptomatology with Axis I diagnosis of major depressive disorder - MDD (DSM-III-R), and high rates of interpersonal psychopathology, i.e., manipulation, devaluation, and a pervasive sense of boredom. The latter seem to be characteristic as for adults with borderline personality disorder. The families were particularly angry and volatile.     

Cortisol levels and depression in men and women using heroin and cocaine

Abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are well documented in men using illicit drugs and/or infected with HIV; however, less is known about HPA function, or the health consequence of HPA dysfunction, in their female counterparts. People with depression exhibit hypercortisolemia, and depression is common in people with HIV or substance use problems. The current study investigated cortisol secretion in 209 demographically matched men and women, stratified by their HIV and drug use status. Self-reported depressive symptoms were evaluated using a standardized, validated questionnaire (CES-D). Women reported more depressive symptoms than men (p=.01). Male and female drug users exhibited higher cortisol concentrations (p=.03), and were more likely to report depressive symptoms (p=.04), than non-users. Depression was related to elevated cortisol concentrations for the study population (p=.03), and women with elevated cortisol concentrations were significantly more depressed than all other participants (p=.05). While it is unknown whether high cortisol concentrations precede depressive symptoms or vice versa, these data indicate that higher cortisol concentrations are associated with depressive symptoms in heroin and cocaine users, and that this association is more pronounced in women than men. HIV status did not act in an additive or synergistic way with drug use for either cortisol or CES-D measures in the current study. Unique therapies to treat the endocrine and mental health consequences of illicit drug use in men and women deserve consideration as depressive symptoms, and high cortisol concentrations associated with depressive symptoms, differ by gender.     

相关性和一致性：这对相仿概念和测量方法的回顾与阐明

概述：一致性(agreement)和相关性(correlation)是两个广泛使用的概念,用来评估变量之间的关联。虽然二者相似且相关,但是它们代表关联完全不同的概念。评估变量之间的一致性假设变量测量的是相同的结构,而在变量测量完全不同的结构时也可以评估它们之间的相关性。这种概念上的差异就要求使用不同的统计方法,并且当评估一致性或相关性时,统计方法根据数据的分布和研究者的兴趣可能会有所不同。例如, Pearson相关性,作为评估连续变量之间相关性的一种普遍测量方法,只有用于符合线性关系的变量时才能提供有用的信息;当用于不符合线性关系的变量时就无法提供准确信息甚至会产生误导。同样地,内部相关性,作为一种评估连续变量之间一致性的常用方法,如果一致性不好的实质正好是研究兴趣所在,那么该测量就不能为研究者提供充分的信息。本报告回顾了一致性和相关性的概念,并讨论了几种常用方法在应用中的差异。