原发性高血压血清瘦素水平变化

将76例原发性高血压患者按有无糖代谢异常及肥胖分为单纯高血压组、高血压 糖代谢异常组及高血压 肥胖组;健康体检者68例按体质量指数(BMI)分为正常对照组、单纯肥胖组.检测各组血清瘦素、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、空腹血糖(FBG)及餐后血糖(PBG)、总胆固醇、甘油三酯水平.发现高血压各亚组血清瘦素水平均高于正常对照组;直线相关分析显示,瘦素分别与BMI、SBP、DBP、FINS呈正相关;多元逐步回归分析示,瘦素与性别、FBG、FINS、SBP、BMI、WHR相关.认为原发性高血压患者血清瘦素水平明显高于正常人群,血清瘦素水平增高与高血压、胰岛素抵抗关系密切.     

老年代谢综合征患者血清瘦素水平与胰岛素抵抗的研究

目的：探讨老年代谢综合征患者血清瘦素水平与血糖、血脂、胰岛素和胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法：根据相应的诊断标准，分别收集老年2型糖尿病患者49例，血脂异常患者39例，代谢综合征104例，以同期门诊体检人员49例作为对照组，测定体重指数（BMI）、腰臀比（WHR）、空腹血糖、空腹血清胰岛素（FINS）、空腹血清三酰甘油、瘦素水平等，以稳态模型公式计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR）．并分析瘦素与各参数问的相关性。结果：与正常对照组相比，代谢综合征患者HOMA—IR、血清瘦素水平和FINS均显著增高（t分别为11．849、2．839、3．280，均P〈0．01）。与糖尿病组和血脂异常组相比．代谢综合征组患者的血清瘦素水平（t=3．058，t=2．911，P〈0．01）、FINS（t=2．750，P〈0．01；t=2．482，P〈0．05）和HOMA—IR值（t=3．072，t=7．749，P〈0．01）亦显著增高。直线回归相关分析显示瘦素水平与BMI呈正相关（r=0．418，P〈0．01），校正BMI和性别后与WHR无相关性（r=0．042，P〉0．05），但与FINS、HOMA—IR呈正相关（r：0．257，P〈0．01；r=0．124，P〈0．05）。结论：老年代谢综合征患者中普遍存在高胰岛素血症及胰岛素抵抗：瘦素水平与BMI、FINS及HOMA—IR的相关性提示瘦素是胰岛素抵抗、代谢综合征发生的重要相关因素之一。     

血清瘦素与糖尿病性心肌病的关系

目的探讨血清瘦素与糖尿病性心肌病（DC）的相关性。方法将65例2型糖尿病患者分为DC组35例、单纯糖尿病（DM组）30例;另选30例体检健康者作为正常对照组。检测并比较三组空腹血糖（EPG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、血脂及血清瘦素,分析血清瘦素与DC的相关性。结果 DC组、DM组血清瘦素、FPG、FINS、TC、TG、LDL-C均高于对照组（P均〈0.05）;瘦素水平与DC患者的BMI、FPG、FINS、TC、TG、LDL-C呈正相关,与HDL-C呈负相关（P均〈0.01）,高瘦素水平是DC的独立危险因素。DC患者治疗后血清瘦素明显下降（P〈0.05）。结论 DC患者血清瘦素升高,瘦素与其发病密切相关。     

血浆内脂素水平与糖代谢异常相关性研究

目的测定2型糖尿病（T2DM）、空腹血糖受损（IFG）及糖耐量减低（IGT）患者血浆内脂素水平,探讨内脂素与体质量指数（BMI）、血糖、血脂及胰岛素抵抗的相关性。方法选取T2DM患者30例、IFG患者30例、IGT患者30例及正常对照组30例。采血测定内脂素、空腹血糖（FPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、血脂各项指标及空腹胰岛素（FINS）水平,计算BMI和腰臀比（WHR）,并以稳态模型计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR）及胰岛素分泌指数（HOMA-B）。结果T2DM组、IFG组及IGT组内脂素水平高于正常对照组,且IGT组高于IFG组。内脂素水平分别与BMI、WHR、FINS和HOMA-IR呈正相关,与HOMA—B呈负相关。逐步回归分析表明WHR、FPG、TG和BMI分别是影响血浆内脂素水平的独立相关因素。结论血浆内脂素水平与糖代谢状态有关,在T2DM的发生发展中具有一定的作用。     

血清内脂素与肥胖和2型糖尿病的关系

目的 探讨血清内脂素与肥胖和2型糖尿病（T2DM）的相关性.方法 采用ELISA法检测100例T2DM患者（T2DM组）和80例健康者（对照组）的血清内脂素;测量其BMI及腰臀比（WHR）,检测空腹胰岛素（FINS）、空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（2 h PG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、血脂及胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）;分析内脂素与BMI、WHR、血糖、血脂、HOMA-IR的关系.结果 T2DM组肥胖者（A1组）与非肥胖者（A2组）内脂素水平均高于对照组（P＜0.01）,且A1组高于A2组（P＜0.05）;内脂素水平与BMI、WHR、HbA1c、HOMA-IR、LDL-C呈负相关,与HDL-C呈负相关（P＜0.01或＜0.05）.结论 T2DM患者血清内脂素升高,并与肥胖相关;内脂素可能参与T2DM和肥胖的发病机制.     

2型糖尿病患者瘦素、生长激素释放肽与胰岛素抵抗的相关性研究

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者血清瘦素（Leptin）和生长激素释放肽（Ghrelin）与胰岛素抵抗的相关性.方法 随机选定62例2型糖尿病患者和48例正常对照人群,并根据BMI将糖尿病人群分为肥胖糖尿病组和非肥胖糖尿病组,均测定身高、体重、空腹血糖（FPG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、Leptin、Ghrelin和血脂,计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）,分析Leptin、Ghrelin与HOMA-IR的相关性.结果 与对照组比较,糖尿病组Ghrelin水平明显下降（P＜0.001）,而Leptin水平无显著性差异（P＞0.05）;与非肥胖糖尿病组比较,肥胖糖尿病组Leptin水平明显增高（P＜0.001）,而Ghrelin无显著性差异（P＞0.05）.糖尿病患者中HOMA-IR与Ghrelin呈负相关（r=-0.372,P=0.043）;与Leptin呈正相关（r=0.389,P=0.034）,Ghrelin与Leptin呈负相关（r=-0.362,P=0.049）.结论 2型糖尿病患者血清Leptin和Ghrelin与胰岛素抵抗密切相关.     

胰岛素泵强化治疗前后血清CRP水平变化

测定36例2型糖尿病患者和30例正常人的血清CRP水平，并与糖尿病相关代谢指标（FBG、BMI、WHR、HbA1c、SBP、DBP）比较分析；结果：2型糖尿病组患者的血清CRP浓度显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）；2型糖尿病患者血清CRP水平与病程、空腹血糖、BMI及WHR呈正相关；糖尿病组CSII治疗2周后，血糖明显下降，CRP水平也明显降低（P〈0．01）；结论对于存在严重胰岛素抵抗和分泌不足的血糖明显增高的2型糖尿病患者，短期使用CSII强化胰岛素治疗，快速有效地控制血糖，也使CRP水平明显下降，提示胰岛素本身的抗炎症作用。     

无症状性高尿酸血症患者胰岛β-细胞功能变化及意义

测定40例无症状性高尿酸血症患者（HUA组）空腹胰岛素、血糖以及口服75g葡萄糖耐量后的2h血糖,计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）和胰岛素分泌指数（ISI）,同时计算体重指数（BMI）和腰臀比（WHR）,与正常对照组38例进行比较。结果除空腹血糖外,HUA组HOMA-IR、ISI、FINS、BMI、WHR均明显高于对照组（P均〈0.01）。提示HUA患者存在胰岛素抵抗。     

糖尿病周围神经病变的危险因素分析

目的探讨糖尿病周围神经病变的危险因素。方法比较46例1型糖尿病（T1DM组）和49例2型糖尿患者（T2DM组）糖尿病周围神经病变的发生率、空腹血糖（FPG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、餐后2 h胰岛素（2 hINS）、空腹C肽（FCP）、餐后2 h C肽（2 h CP）、TG、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C、体质量指数（BMI）、腰臀比（WHR）、血压水平的差异;用多元回归方法对影响周围神经病变的因素进行分析。结果两组糖尿病患者周围神经病变的发生率、FPG、FINS、2 h INS、FCP、2 h CP、TG、BMI、WHR、SBP比较有统计学差异（P均〈0.05）;多元回归分析示糖尿病周围神经病变发生率与FCP、2 h CP、FINS、2 h INS呈负相关（P〈0.05）。结论血清C肽及胰岛素水平降低是糖尿病周围神经病变发生的主要危险因素。     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者血清瘦素水平与炎症及胰岛素抵抗的研究

目的分析老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者血清瘦素水平与C反应蛋白（CRP）、空腹血糖（FBG）、胰岛素抵抗及体质量指数（BMI）的关系。方法选取住院的老年COPD患者60例,按病程分为急性加重期和临床稳定期,在不同时期测定空腹血清瘦素、CRP、FBG、胰岛素（FINS）、动脉血氧分压（PaO2）,测量身高、体质量,计算BMI、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）。选择同期健康老年人50例作为对照。结果 （1）COPD急性加重期血清瘦素、CRP、FBG、FINS、HOMA-IR均显著高于临床稳定期及对照组（P〈0.01）。（2）COPD临床稳定期FINS和HOMA-IR显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）。（3）各组中瘦素与FBG、FINS、HOMA-IR、BMI均呈显著正相关（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;在急性加重期,瘦素还与CRP呈显著正相关（P〈0.01）,均衡FBG、FINS、HOMA-IR、BMI后进行偏相关分析,瘦素与CRP的相关性不再显著（P〉0.05）。结论老年COPD急性加重期患者血清瘦素、CRP水平升高并伴一定的胰岛素抵抗,瘦素与CRP、FBG、胰岛素抵抗及BMI存在一定的相关性,瘦素可能参与COPD急性加重期的炎症反应。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.