非小细胞肺癌肿瘤新生血管数目与生物学行为…

目的：探讨非小细胞肺癌（ＮＳＣＬＣ）肿瘤新生血管与生物学行为和预后的关系。方法：随访１９８５￣１９９１年间８５例原发性非小细胞肺癌术后病例，采用Ⅷ因子相关原免疫组化显示新生血管对其病例进行研究。结果：病人的平均年龄５５．６±８．４岁，３年、５年总体生存率分别为６６％和６１％，中位记时间为４７个月。有淋巴结两平均微血管数目为８０±３７．９，无淋巴结转移病人平均微血管数目为６５．６±３４．３，两组之间     

成人海马结构微血管密度的形态计量学研究

用碱性磷酸酶血管染色法对成人海马结构内微血管密度进行了形态计量学研究。结果表明，海马皮质各层的微血管密度，以分子层最高，以下依次为锥体细胞层和多形细胞层，而腔隙层最低。海马皮质各区和齿状回的微血管密度，以ＣＡ２区最高，ＣＡ３和ＣＡ１区居中，ＣＡ４区次之，齿状回最低。微血管直径以海马锥体细胞层最大（８．２０±２．１μｍ），多形细胞层最小（７．１２±０．９μｍ）。ＣＡ２区的微血管直径最大（７．５９±１     

乳腺癌血管生成及组织蛋白酶D表达与转移的关系

目的：探讨乳腺癌组织微血管密度（ｍｉｃｒｏｖｅｓｅｌｄｅｎｓｉｔｙ，ＭＶＤ）及组织蛋白酶Ｄ（ｃａｔｈｅｐｓｉｎＤ，ＣＤ）表达与转移的关系。方法：应用免疫组织化学方法对乳腺癌组织的ＭＶＤ及ＣＤ进行定量和半定量研究。结果：乳腺癌组织ＭＶＤ及ＣＤ表达与淋巴结转移密切相关，腋下淋巴结转移组的ＭＶＤ（１３１．８±３９．８）明显高于腋下淋巴结阴性乳腺癌（ｎｏｄｅｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅｂｒｅａｓｔｃａｎｃｅｒ，ＮＮＢＣ）组的ＭＶＤ（７８．１±２７．１）（Ｐ＜０．００１）；腋下淋巴结转移组ＣＤ高表达者（３３／３６，９１．７％）明显多于ＮＮＢＣ组（１６／３６，４４．４％）（Ｐ＜０．０１）。乳腺癌组织ＭＶＤ与ＣＤ表达关系密切；远处转移及早期死亡者ＭＶＤ较高且ＣＤ表达极强。结论：乳腺癌组织ＭＶＤ的增加及ＣＤ高表达可能协同促进肿瘤转移。富于微血管及ＣＤ高表达的乳腺癌应作为远处转移及早期死亡的高危患者加以重视。     

乳腺癌微血管数与预后因素淋巴结状态,pS2的关系

目的：探讨乳腺癌中微血管数与预后因素淋巴结状态、ｐＳ２的关系。方法：用ＬＳＡＢ法检测浸润性乳腺癌（ＩＢＣ）中的微血管数（ＭＶＣ）和ｐＳ２表达。结果：在７６例ＩＢＣ中ＭＶＣ的均数是５７．８２±２２．２２；淋巴结阳性５２例中有远处转移２３例，无远处转移２９例，ＭＶＣ分别为６８．０２±２０．１２与５５．１８±１９．０８，差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。腋淋巴结阴性２４例中，有远处转移９例，无远处转移１５例，ＭＶＣ分别为７０．７７±１１．１１与４２．６２±２３．５４，差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。原发癌ｐＳ２阳性与阴性的病例，ＭＶＣ分别为５６．７５±１９．０６与６７．０８±２０．３３，差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：ＭＶＣ可作为乳腺癌一项预后指标，无论腋淋巴结阳性或阴性，原发癌ＭＶＣ越高越易形成远处转移；ＭＶＣ与ｐＳ２表达呈负相关     

食管鳞状细胞癌中VEGF与肿瘤浸润性树突状细胞的关系

目的探讨食管鳞癌中血管内皮细胞生长因子(vascu lar endothelial growth factor,VEGF)与肿瘤浸润性树突状细胞(tumor infiltrated dendritic cell,TIDC)的关系。方法运用原位杂交和免疫组化方法检测食管鳞癌组织中VEGF蛋白和mR-NA的表达、S-100蛋白标记的TIDC的密度。结果(1)46例食管鳞癌组织中VEGF蛋白在不同浸润深度、不同转移状态的肿瘤中表达阳性率差异有显著性。(2)食管鳞癌中S-100蛋白阳性树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)平均密度为(19.83±13.91)个/HP;不同分化肿瘤之间S-100蛋白阳性TIDC密度分别为(18.50±17.27)个/HPF、(28.08±14.05)个/HPF、(15.740±10.38)个/HPF,差异有显著性;不同浸润深度的肿瘤之间TIDC密度分别为(32.78±16.60)个/HPF、(15.20±11.96)个/HPF、(19.83±13.92)个/HPF,差异有显著性;VEGF阳性组TIDC密度为(14.93±12.83)个/HPF,显著低于VEGF阴性组的(26.79±12.61)个/HPF,VEGF表达与DC密度之间存在显著的负相关性(r=-0.462)。结论(1)VEGF蛋白表达和食管鳞癌浸润转移之间有一定的相关性。(2)首次探讨了食管鳞癌中DC密度与VEGF蛋白表达之间的关系,发现VEGF影响鳞癌组织中DC的密度,可能影响宿主的抗肿瘤免疫能力和肿瘤的浸润转移。     

实验性牙龈炎局部微血管压及微区血流量的观测

建立大鼠齿龈炎模型。用无损伤性方法测量大鼠牙龈微血管压和微区血流量。结果：实验前（正常龈）微血管细动脉压为４．０８９±０．４９ｋＰａ，细静脉压为２．５６±０．２６ｋＰａ；微区血流量为１８．８９±４．１６（ｍＶ）实验后细动脉压为５．０５±１．０４ｋＰａ，细静脉压为２．９３±０．７５ｋＰａ；微区血流量为（ｍＶ）。提示：①无损伤毛细血管压测定仪测量齿龈微血管压（１６．２３±４．９７）测量结果稳定；②大鼠齿龈炎时微血管压升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），而用激光多普勒微区血流测定仪测量牙龈微区血流量无明显改变     

先天性心脏病并发肺动脉高压患者血浆前列腺素E_2的变化及意义

对２７例左向右分流先天性心脏病病人及１２例非癌症普胸病人，用放射免疫分析测定了血浆前列腺素Ｅ２（ＰＧＥ２），结果发现先心病肺高压组病人的血浆ＰＧＥ２（３２．０±５．２ｎｇ／Ｌ），显著高于无肺高压组（２３．０±４．４ｎｇ／Ｌ）及普胸对照组的（１９．１±３．９ｎｇ／Ｌ）；且轻度肺高压组（３０．９±４．８ｎｇ／Ｌ）及中重度肺高压组（３３．０±８．３ｎｇ／Ｌ）血浆ＰＧＥ２均显著高于无肺高压组的，而轻度肺高压组和中重度肺高压组血浆ＰＧＥ２比较，则差异不显著。先心病肺高压病人血浆ＰＧＥ２的增加，可能是对肺动脉压力升高的一种代偿机制，而肺动脉高压的发病是代偿不全及其它因素作用的结果。     

非小细胞肺癌肿瘤新生血管数目与生物学行为和预后的相关性

目的：探讨非小细胞肺癌（ＮＳＣＬＣ）肿瘤新生血管与生物学行为和预后的关系。方法：随访１９８５～１９９１年间８５例原发性非小细胞肺癌术后病例，采用Ⅷ因子相关抗原免疫组化显示新生血管对其病例进行研究。结果：病人的平均年龄５５．６±８．４岁，３年、５年总体生存率分别为６６％和６１％，中位随访时间为４７个月。有淋巴结转移病人平均微血管数目为８０±３７．９，无淋巴结转移病人平均微血管数目为６５．６±３４．３，两组之间有差别（Ｆ＝３．１１，Ｐ＜０．０５）。在３１例腺癌中，有淋巴结转移组微血管数目为１０７．８±３７．３，无淋巴结转移组微血管数目为６３．９±３２．７，两组之间有显著性差别（Ｆ＝１０．５４，Ｐ＜０．０１），单变量生存分析显示，随着微血管数目的增加，病人的生存率明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：新生血管密度与非小细胞肺癌（ＮＳＣＬＣ）的生物学行为有关并有重要的预后意义。     

雌激素拮抗胰岛素在中枢胆碱能神经的生物效应

雌性ＳＤ大白鼠２０只，于鼠脑顶皮质作宽２ｍｍ的冠状损伤切口，分为胰岛素脑室内注射组（０．６ｕ／次／３日），雌二醇肌注射组（１００μｇ／ｋｇ／２日），胰岛素和雌二醇联合应用组（用药同前），损伤对照组和正常对照组。术后存活４周，用Ｈｅｄｒｅｅｎ推荐的染色方法显示ＡＣｈＥ阳性纤维，结合网格计算分析切口嘴、尾侧区胆碱能纤维的再生和抽芽情况．结果是：（１）胰岛素用药组嘴、尾侧纤维密度（１５９．９±１６．８，９２．７±１１．７）和雌二醇用药组嘴、尾侧的纤维密度（１５０．４±１６．５，８０．１±１１．０）均高于损伤对照组（１３６．９±１１．６，６８．３±７．１）（Ｐ＜０．０１）；（２）胰岛素和雌二醇联合用药组嘴、尾侧纤维密度（１００．８±１４．１，４８．９±８．６）低于损伤对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示：胰岛素、雌激素对皮质胆碱能纤维损伤后的再生和抽芽有促进作用，但联合应用雌激素和胰岛素显示出拮抗效应，结果使损伤后皮质胆碱能纤维的再生和抽芽受到抑制．     

正常及内毒素休克时胆囊收缩素的肺内清除

应用＾１２５Ｉ标记８肽的胆囊收缩素（ＣＣＫ－８）和＾５１Ｃｒ标记兔红细胞一次通过肺循环的方法，研究了正常和内毒素性休克（ＥＳ）家兔肺对ＣＣＫ的清除作用，结果表明，ＥＳ组肺循环时间延长，心输出量减少，肺对ＣＣＫ－８的清除率正常组平均为３８．９５±３．４０％，ＥＳ组为３０．８６±６．２４％（ｘ±ｓ）有非常显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０１），提示在ＥＳ时家兔肺清除ＣＣＫ减少。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.