饮酒对尿2 -硫代噻唑烷-4-羧酸排泄的影响

目的观察饮酒对二硫化碳(CS2)接触者及非接触者尿2-硫代噻唑烷4羧酸(TTCA)排泄的影响。方法(1)男性非接触CS2志愿者10人,一次饮用38。白酒150ml或250ml,高效液相色谱法观察其尿TTCA排泄动态;(2)CS2作业男工152人,非接触者60人,分别收集班末尿和晨尿进行TTCA测定并进行问卷调查;同时进行个体空气采样和CS2浓度气相色谱法测定。结果非接触者一次饮白酒150ml后3h尿TTCA水平达峰值,12h后降至饮前水平(餐前0．5h,饮酒后1、3、12h中位数分别为0．045、0．068、0．099、0．046mg/gCr,n=10);TTCA水平随饮白酒剂量的增加而增高,饮0、150、250ml白酒者TTCA水平(中位数)分别为0．036、0．064、0．609mg/gCr(n=5,饮后3h)。CS2浓度为≤10．0、10．1～50．0、>50．0mg/m3时,CS2接触者TTCA有随CS2浓度增高而上升的趋势;对照组中饮白酒和啤酒者TTCA水平似高于不饮者,而接触组TTCA水平则随饮酒指数的增加而呈降低趋势。结论大量饮酒可影响尿TTCA水平,在进行CS2生物监测时,应避免在大量饮酒后12h内采集尿样,以避免饮酒对监测结果的干扰作用。     

劳动卫生

03 0 5 91　接触二硫化碳工人辨色错误得分水平及尿代谢物含量分析 /汪春红…∥中国公共卫生 2 0 0 1 ,1 7( 9) 779～ 781为探讨长期接触CS2 工人色觉功能及尿 2_硫代塞唑烷_4_羧酸 (TTCA)水平。应用FM1 0 0_HUE方法检测工人辨色能力 ,高效液相色谱测定工人班末尿中TTCA含量。结果 ,CS2 暴露组接触CS2 时间加权平均浓度为 1 5 5 3± 6 2 9mg/m3 。常规眼科检查未见特异损伤 ;FM1 0 0_HUE检查男、女工主要在 5年～工龄段总错误得分水平、绿色及蓝色区带得分水平均显著高于同工龄段对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。暴露组女工尿TTCA含…     

职业接触二硫化碳生物接触限值的探讨

目的 探讨我国职业接触二硫化碳(CS2)的生物接触限值.方法 用高效液相色谱法测定工人班末尿中2-硫代噻唑烷-4-羧酸(TTCA)含量,用气相色谱法测定接触CS2工人作业场所空气中CS2浓度,探讨二者的相关关系,比较生物接触限值和PC-TWA判定结果.结果 CS2作业工人班末尿中TTCA含量与其接触的工作场所空气中CS2浓度呈正相关,回归方程式Y=0.265X-0.165 (r=0.91,P＜0.01).基于本次研究的回归方程,根据GBZ 2.1-2007《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值第1部分:化学有害因素》规定的CS2的PC-TWA 5 mg/m3推算,CS2接触工人班末尿中TTCA浓度生物限值为1.2 mgTTCA/g Cr.结论 建议我国CS2生物接触限值修订为1.2 mg TTCA/g Cr.     

接触二硫化碳工人辨色错误得分水平及尿代谢物含量分析

目的为探讨长期接触CS2工人色觉功能及尿2-硫代塞唑烷-4-羧酸(TTCA)水平.方法应用FM100-HUE方法检测工人辨色能力,高效液相色谱测定工人班末尿中TTCA含量.结果CS2暴露组接触CS2时间加权平均浓度为15.53±6.29mg/m3.常规眼科检查未见特异损伤;FM100-HUE检查男、女工主要在5年～工龄段总错误得分水平、绿色及蓝色区带得分水平均显著高于同工龄段对照组(P＜0.05).暴露组女工尿TTCA含量低于男工(P＜0.01);15年工龄以上工人尿TTCA含量显著增高;10～15年工龄段男工尿TTCA含量与绿色区带的错误得分水平有一定相关性(P＜0.05).结论CS2对作业工人辨色力有一定影响,提示FM100-HUE辩色检查可作为低浓度CS2对视觉系统毒作用敏感的健康监测指标.     

尿TTCA作为二硫化碳作业工人生物监测指标的探讨

本文研究了作业工人CS_2接触与尿中2-硫代噻唑烷-4-羧酸(TTCA)浓度的关系。选取某化纤厂长丝车间(CS_2 10.5mg/m~3)、短丝车间(18.3mg/m~3)工人分别35和30名为接触组,厂外不接触CS_2者50人为对照组,结果,接触组较对照组,高浓度接触纽较低浓度组、以及接触组班末较班前尿TTCA浓度均显著增高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。工人脱离CS_2接触12～24小时后尿TTCA增高已无显著意义。提示,尿TTCA与CS_2的接触密切相关,尿TTCA可作为反映工人近期接触CS_2良好的生物监测指标。     

粘胶工人尿2-硫代噻唑烷-4-羧酸浓度与神经传导速度的相关性研究

目的 探讨尿中－2硫代噻唑烷－4－羟酸（TTCA）含量作为内暴露指标在我国二硫化碳（CS2）接触工人神经系统功能职业健康监护方面的实际应用价值。方法 应用高效液相色谱法测定工人8h班末尿TTCA含量,选取尿中TTCA＜5mg/gCr者作为研究对象;应用常规方法测定工人腓总神经和腓肠神经传导速度及腓总神经F波最短潜伏期;用SAS软件包进行多元回归统计分析。结果 暴露组与对照组比较,工人神经传导速度的相关指标存在组间差异：暴露组运动神经元端及近端动作电位波幅降低（偏回归系数分别为－1．0985、－0．9557）,F波最短潜伏期延长（偏回归系数为1．6830）。结论 就周围神经系统功能而言,尿TTCA含量作为我国CS2接触工人的一项敏感的内暴露指标。     

职业性铅接触尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性的变化

目的研究铅接触者尿N-乙酰-β-D.氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)活性变化。方法对某蓄电池厂135名铅作业工人及52名非接触者进行了尿铅含量及尿NAG活性测定。结果接触组工人尿NAG[(13.91±1.62)U/gCr]活性明显高于对照组[(7.82±1.55)U/gCr]。随着尿铅水平升高,尿NAG活性有升高趋势。接铅1～3年组尿NAG活性开始上升,7年以上明显增加。结论尿NAG活性似可作为铅致肾损害的早期生物标志物。     

职业接触苯工人尿中黏糠酸测定方法与生物限值研究

目的推荐我国职业接触苯尿中反-反式黏糠酸（uMA）生物限值并建立相应的高效液相色谱（HPLC）测定方法。方法选择职业苯接触者56人和非苯接触者24人，应用活性炭吸附管采集工人呼吸带空气、CS2洗脱、毛细管气相色谱法检测个体外暴露水平，同时采集当日工作班前和班末尿样本，应用HPLC测定尿中uMA以观察内暴露水平。尿样经2mol／L盐酸酸化、香草酸为内标、乙酸乙酯萃取预处理，采用ODS柱、冰乙酸：四氢呋喃：甲醇：水（体积比1：2：10：87）为流动相、流速0．9ml／min、紫外检验波长264nm、柱温25℃的色谱条件分离测定尿中uMA。结果uMA的线性范围为0．10～10．00mg／L，检出限为0．10mg／L，加标平均回收率为95．1％～100．5％，批内、批间精密度变异系数分别为4．4％～7．5％和6．2％～8．8％。接苯工人空气苯浓度范围0．332～146．000mg／m^3，平均浓度41．8mg／m^3，班末尿uMA与个体苯接触量存在良好线性关系y（mg／gCr）=2．103＋0．177x（mg／m^3），r=0．791，P〈0．01，将我国职业苯接触限值PC—TWA=6mg／m^3代入回归方程，推算工作班末尿中uMA含量为3．165mg／gCr。结论建立的HPLC测定uMA方法简便、快速、灵敏，可用于职业接触苯的生物监测，参考国内外文献和国外相关标准，建议我国职业接触苯生物限值班末尿uMA为2．4mmol／molCr（3．0mg／gCr）。     

毛细管区带电泳测定尿中反，反-粘康酸方法的建立及应用

目的　建立毛细管区带电泳 (Capillaryfreezoneelectrophoresis,CFZE)测定尿中反 ,反 粘康酸 (t,t MA)的方法 ,并评价其在苯接触工人健康监护中的应用价值。方法　应用CFZE方法 ,以“Z”型高灵敏检测器直接定性定量测定尿中t,t MA。并以此方法测定 1 5 5名苯作业工人 (其中 84人的接触水平为 0 .5～ 1 1 .2mg/m3 ,71人的接触水平为 6 .7～2 5 .6mg/m3 )和 5 1名管理人员 (对照组 )尿中t,t MA含量。结果　该法的平均回收率和相对标准差为 94 1 %和 5 1 5 %。最低检测限为 30 μg/L。接触组尿中t,t MA含量远高于对照组 [厂 1为 ( 1 .72± 1 .0 1 )mg/g肌酐、厂 2为 ( 4.87± 2 .34 )mg/g肌酐、对照组为 ( 0 .1 4± 0 .0 9)mg/g肌酐 ,P <0 .0 0 0 1 ]。接触组中 ,尿中t,t MA与空气中苯浓度呈现相关 (r =0 .86和r=0 .89,P <0 .0 0 0 1。在对照组中 ,吸烟者尿中t,t MA含量也较不吸烟者为高 [( 0 .1 8± 0 .1 4)mg/g肌酐与 ( 0 .1 2±0 0 3)mg/g肌酐 ,P =0 .0 2 ]。结论　以CFZE测定苯作业工人尿中t,t MA的方法具有简便、精密的特性 ,所得结果与文献报道数值相近 ,证明以本方法测定接触者尿中t,t MA可以反映苯的接触。     

接触低剂量汞工人尿中β2-微球蛋白水平调查

目的 了解长期接触低剂量汞蒸气对工人肾小管功能的影响.方法 收集某光源生产企业接触汞作业工人尿液,检测其汞水平、尿中β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)水平;并收集该厂2004-2009年汞作业工作场所空气中汞质量浓度资料.结果 车间空气中汞时间加权平均浓度(TWA)为0.001～ 0.007 mg/m3,短时间接触浓度(STEL)为0.001～0.008mg/m3,将接触汞工人工龄(分为＜5年和≥5年)与尿汞水平、尿β2-MG水平进行相关性分析,发现工龄与尿汞水平、尿β2-MG水平之间,尿汞水平和尿β2-MG之间均无明显相关性(P>0.05).结论　在工作场所汞蒸气质量浓度低于国家规定卫生标准的情况下,长期接触汞对工人的肾小管功能尚未发现明显影响.     

Accumulation of carbon disulphide metabolites

Summary Biological monitoring for carbon disulphide (CS₂) exposure performed using the iodine-azide test (IAT) and 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) test in urinalysis of workers with high exposure to CS₂ (112–142 mg/m³, n = 34), workers with low exposure (4–7 mg/m³, n = 16), and non-exposed university workers (n =10). Pre-shift and post-shift urine specimens were collected on three consecutive days in the exposed and for only one day in the non-exposed. According to the findings the specificity and the sensitivity seem to be low for the IAT and high for the TTCA test. Contrary to a previous report all pre-shift urine samples showed negative IATs. The TTCA test was positive in pre-shift urine even after 32 to 63.5 h without exposure, and values tended to increase during consecutive days of exposure in highly exposed workers.The possible health implications of these findings should be further investigated.     

接触二硫化碳男工血清性激素水平及尿代谢物含量分析

为探讨长期接触二硫化碳（ＣＳ２）的粘胶纺丝男工血清性激素及尿２－硫代－噻唑啶－４－羧酸（ＴＴＣＡ）水平,应用放射免疫法测定接触工人血清性激素水平及用高效液相色谱法测定工人班末尿中ＴＴＣＡ含量。以多功能气体红外监测仪定点连续监测车间ＣＳ２浓度为（１４．４０±４．６２）ｍｇ／ｍ３（６．０１～２５．３０ｍｇ／ｍ３）,平均接触工龄为１０．４年。结果显示（１）接触组血清促卵泡激素〔ＦＳＨ：（１０．９４±７．３５）ＩＵ／Ｌ）〕明显高于对照组〔（７．５０±５．０７）ＩＵ／Ｌ〕;催乳素〔ＰＲＬ（５．７２±４．１８）ｎｇ／Ｌ〕则显著低于对照组〔（６．８９±４．６２）ｎｇ／Ｌ〕;血清促黄体激素（ＬＨ）、睾丸酮（Ｔ）等两组间均无统计学显著差异。但随着暴露工龄延长,ＨＬ含量明显下降。班的轮换不影响性激素水平。（２）在该接触浓度下工人班末尿ＴＴＣＡ为（１．０７２±１．０１３）ｍｇ／ｇ肌酐,随尿ＴＴＣＡ排出量增加,血清ＦＳＨ含量明显下降,存在接触－反应关系。本研究表明,现有接触水平对男工内分泌系统功能已造成一定损害。     

Biological monitoring of carbon disulphide: kinetics of urinary 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) in exposed workers

The objectives of this study was to establish the kinetics of urinary 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (U-TTCA) for workers exposed to carbon disulphide (CS2) and to investigate the effects of volume and creatinine adjustment methods for urine measurement. Ten workers in the spinning department of a rayon factory were individually monitored for airborne CS2 concentrations, with consecutive urine samples collected for 24-38 hours after termination of exposure. The U-TTCA, urine volume and creatinine level were measured for each sample. First-order and biphasic kinetics were determined using the curve-fit method, for the measurement series. For the first-order kinetics linearity fit, statistically significant correlation coefficients of 0.74-0.98 and 0.86-0.99 were derived for the volume- and creatinine-adjusted methods, respectively. For the biphasic kinetics approach, the overall correlation coefficients were 0.544-0.999 and 0.171-0.999 for the first and second phases of the creatinine-adjusted method, respectively. A post-shift U-TTCA of 3.0 mg/g Cr. equivalent, 40% below the current BEI setting at nearly PEL exposed level, was found. In conclusion, first-order kinetic response was confirmed for U-ITCA. Both volume- and creatinine-based urine adjustment are satisfactory for TTCA assessment as a biomarker of individual CS2 exposure although the correlation for creatinine-based measurement was modestly superior to the volume-based analogue. Based on the results of this study,we recommend a re-evaluation of the current biological exposure index of 5 mg/g creatinine at a CS2 exposure level of 10 ppm.     

Biological monitoring of workers exposed to 4,4′-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) in 19 French polyurethane industries

OBJECTIVES: To study the range of urinary levels of 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA), a metabolite of methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), across factories in the polyurethane industries and to evaluate the validity of this biomarker to assess MDI occupational exposure. METHODS: Workers exposed to MDI, as well as non-occupationally exposed subjects, were studied and pre- and post-shift urine samples were collected from 169 workers of 19 French factories and 120 controls. Details on work activities and practices were collected by a questionnaire and workers were classified into three job categories. The identification and quantification of the total urinary MDA were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC/EC). RESULTS: For all the factories, MDA was detectable in 73% of the post-shift urine samples. These post-shift values, in the range of <0.10 (detection limit)-23.60 microg/l, were significantly higher than those of the pre-shift samples. Urinary MDA levels in the control group were in the range of < 0.10-0.80 microg/l. The degree of automation of the mixing operation (polyols and MDI) appears as a determinant in the extent of exposure levels. The highest amounts of MDA in urine were found in the spraying or hot processes. The excretion levels of the workers directly exposed to the hardener containing the MDI monomer were significantly higher than those of the other workers. In addition, skin exposure to MDI monomer or to polyurethane resin during the curing step were always associated with significant MDA levels in urine. CONCLUSIONS: Total MDA in post-shift urine samples is a reliable biomarker to assess occupational exposure to MDI in various industrial applications and to help factories to improve their manufacturing processes and working practices. A biological guiding value not exceeding 7 microg/l (5 microg/g creatinine) could be proposed in France.     

尿中2—硫代噻唑烷—4—羧酸排泄规律初探

对１５名二硫化碳（ＣＳ２）作业工人与１４名非接触者进行了尿２硫代噻唑烷４羧酸（ＴＴＣＡ）排泄规律研究。结果表明，随ＣＳ２接触时间与接触量的增加，ＴＴＣＡ水平逐渐增高（班前、班中、班末ＴＴＣＡ几何均数分别为１．２５７４、１．６１２０、２．１８０５／ｇｃｒ），呈剂量效应关系。停止接触后ＴＴＣＡ排泄较快，１６ｈ后基本降至前一天班前水平。班末尿ＴＴＣＡ能灵敏地反映个体近期ＣＳ２接触量。４２个非接触者尿样中有３２个检出微量ＴＴＣＡ（７６．２％），其ＴＴＣＡ排泄无明显特征，但摄入白酒可影响尿ＴＴＣＡ的排泄     

Cross sectional observation of the effects of carbon disulphide on arteriosclerosis in rayon manufacturing workers

OBJECTIVE: A prospective cohort study was designed to clarify the relations between occupational exposure to carbon disulphide (CS2) and its effects on arteriosclerosis in workers in 11 Japanese rayon manufacturing factories. This report is a cross sectional baseline observation in the first study year. METHODS: Study subjects were 432 male rayon workers (mean (range) age 35.5 (19.1-47.8); duration of exposure 13.4 (0.3-29.0)) and 402 male referent workers (age 35.8 (18.9- 49.8)). Exposure to CS2 was assessed by determining the concentration of 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) in urine. Mean (SD) TTCA was 3.42 (2.73) mg/g creatinine (Cr) (n = 422). About a quarter of the urine samples were > 5 mg/g Cr, a biological exposure index recommended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Health effects on arteriosclerosis were evaluated by measuring blood pressure, serum lipids, pulse wave velocity of the aorta, stiffness and blood flow of the carotid artery, and blood coagulation and fibrinolysis indices, and by use of brain magnetic resonance imaging, electrocardiogram (at rest and after exercise), ophthalmograph, and Rose's questionnaire. Information on potential confounding factors was collected by self administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Prevalence of microaneurysm of the retinal artery was significantly higher in workers exposed to CS2 (8.1%) than in referent workers (3.4%), and increased with age. Other examinations did not show any differences between the two groups even after allowance for confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: Significant effects of CS2 on arteriosclerosis were not found in current rayon manufacturing workers, with the exception of induction of microaneurysm of the retinal artery.

 

     

Cardiovascular function of workers exposed to carbon disulphide

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to verify that exposure to carbon disulphide (CS(2)) up to 10 ppm results in a negative inotropic effect on cardiovascular function. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study a total of 325 workers exposed to CS(2) in the rayon-producing industry and 179 controls from the same plants were examined. The exposure assessment was based on personal air sampling and biological monitoring (2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) in urine) for all persons. The examination consisted of a standardised questionnaire, physical examination, assessment of body fat mass, ergometric test with the determination of work capacity at heart rates of 100, 130, 150 and 170 beats/min, and electrocardiography. RESULTS: The mean external exposure was 6.04 ppm CS(2) (range: 0.03-91.08); the mean internal exposure was 1.14 mg TTCA/g creatinine (range: 0.02-11.50). The workers exposed to CS(2) showed better physical fitness. The diameters of the left heart chamber of the exposed persons were not significantly different when compared with occupationally non-exposed workers, but there was a tendency of increasing diameters for the exposed employees. In the multiple linear regression the diameters showed physiologically plausible correlations with the body mass index, body fat mass, alcohol consumption, and physical fitness, but not, however, with the exposure, neither with the exposure group in all persons nor with the internal or external exposure within the exposed workers. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, differences in the heart chamber diameters between exposed persons and controls could not be confirmed. Differences in physical fitness and constitution can explain differences in heart chamber diameters.     

职业性苯暴露反-反式粘糠酸生物接触限值研究

目的研究职业性苯暴露反．反式粘糠酸（t,t—MA）生物接触限值。方法实验室建立生产环境空气中苯浓度的气相色谱检测方法及作业工人尿中t,t—MA含量的高效液相色谱检测方法,并通过检测苯暴露现场工人8h苯暴露水平及班前、班后尿中t,t．MA含量,研究其相关性。结果苯暴露者班前、班后尿中t,t—MA含量与其苯暴露水平有明显的相关关系。班前y（mg／gCr）=0．924＋0．108X（me／m^3）,r=0．62,P〈0．01;班后y（mg／gCr）=2．103＋0．177X（mg／m^3）,r=0．791,P〈0．01。结论根据我国作业场所空气中苯的国家卫生标准,按回归方程推导出职业接触苯生物接触限值,推荐职业暴露苯的生物接触限值为工作班班后尿t,t．MA含量为3．0mg／gCr,下一班班前尿t,t．MA含量为1．5mg／gGr。     

Ambient monitoring and biomonitoring of workers exposed to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in an industrial facility

Objectives: The exposure of seven workers and three on-site study examiners to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was studied in an adhesive bonding compound and glue production facility. Methods: Airborne NMP was analysed by personal and stationary sampling on activated charcoal tubes. NMP and its main metabolites, 5-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (5-HNMP) and 2-hydroxy-N-methylsuccinimide (2-HMSI), were analysed in pre-shift and post-shift spot urine samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The workers were examined with respect to irritation of the eyes, the mucous membranes and the skin, and health complaints before and after the work-shift were recorded. Results: The time-weighted average concentration of NMP in most work areas varied between 0.2 and 3.0 mg/m³. During the manual cleaning of stirring vessels, valves and tools, 8-h TWA exposures of up to 15.5 mg/m³ and single peak exposures of up to 85 mg/m³ were observed. NMP and its metabolites were detected in two pre-shift urine specimens. NMP and 5-HNMP concentrations in post-shift urine samples of five workers and three on-site study examiners were below 125 μg/g creatinine and 15 mg/g creatinine, respectively, while two vessel-cleaning workers showed significantly higher urinary NMP concentrations of 472 and 711 μg/g creatinine and 5-HNMP concentrations of 33.5 and 124 mg/g creatinine. 2-HMSI was detectable in four post-shift samples (range: 1.6–14.7 mg/g creatinine). The vessel cleaner with the highest NMP exposure reported irritation of the eyes, the upper respiratory tract and headaches. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate a relatively low overall exposure to NMP in the facility. An increased uptake of NMP occurred only during extensive manual vessel cleaning. Health complaints associated with NMP exposure were recorded in one case and might be related to an excessive dermal exposure due to infrequent and inadequate use of personal protective equipment.