Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in southern Asian women

AIM: To compare fasting plasma glucose (FPG) against 2-h postprandial plasma glucose (PPPG), following a carbohydrate meal, for screening of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in southern Asian women with one or more risk factors. METHODS: A comparative study was conducted at a university obstetric unit in Sri Lanka. Two hundred and seventy one women undergoing oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) according to the WHO criteria of 1999 had a 2-h PPPG performed within the following week. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and correlation coefficients for predicting a diagnosis of GDM and areas under receiver-operator curves (ROC) were calculated for FPG and PPPG. The ability to predict GDM and to reduce the need for OGTT were the main outcome measures. RESULTS: The mean period of gestation was 26.43 weeks (SD = 5.4) Seventy-five (27.7%) women were diagnosed with GDM. The optimal threshold for FPG was 4.4 mmol/L and for PPPG 4.7 mmol/L. At these, sensitivity was 92.0% and 90.7%, specificity 48.7% and 25.4% and the areas under the ROC 0.82 and 0.73 for FPG and PPPG, respectively. Nine (12%) women could be diagnosed as having GDM on the basis of the FPG being above the threshold. CONCLUSIONS: FPG is superior to 2-h PPPG for screening high-risk women for GDM. Nine women were diagnosed as having GDM on the basis of having an FPG above 7 mmol/L. FPG could reduce the number of OGTT needed by 40.9%, compared to 20.6% by PPPG. FPG is a less cumbersome and cost-effective screening test.     

Fasting capillary glucose as a screening test for gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective  To evaluate fasting capillary glucose as a screening test for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) compared with traditional risk factors and repeated random capillary glucose measurements.
Design  Cross-sectional, population-based study.
Setting  Maternal Health Care Clinics in Örebro County, Sweden.
Population  An unselected population of women without diabetes.
Methods  Fasting capillary glucose levels were measured at gestational weeks 28–32. Random capillary glucose levels were measured four to six times during pregnancy. Traditional risk factors for GDM were registered. GDM was diagnosed using a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test.
Main outcome measures  Sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios.
Results  In 55 of 3616 women participating in the study, GDM was diagnosed before 34 weeks of gestation. For fasting capillary glucose cutoff values between 4.0 and 5.0 mmol/l, sensitivity was in the range between 87 and 47% and specificity between 51 and 96%. Using a combined screening model of traditional risk factors with fasting capillary glucose at various cutoff values increased the sensitivity only slightly compared with using fasting capillary glucose alone.
Conclusion  In this Swedish, unselected, low-risk population, fasting capillary glucose measurements were found to be an acceptable and useful screening test for GDM.     

妊娠期糖尿病空腹血糖筛查的意义及其对妊娠结局的影响

妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)的发生率逐年上升,不良妊娠结局与血糖水平相关,即使妊娠妇女的血糖水平在正常范围,随着血糖水平的升高,大于胎龄儿、剖宫产率、新生儿低血糖、新生儿高胰岛素血症及生后糖尿病的发生等母儿不良预后的发生率增加,尽早诊断及治疗GDM有助于改善不良妊娠结局。利用空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)筛查GDM越来越受关注。其具有操作简单,价格低廉,可重复率高并且容易被妊娠妇女接受等优点。近年来许多研究证实,妊娠早期FPG与葡萄糖负荷试验(glucose challenge test,GCT)及口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)的血糖水平呈正相关,且显著降低了需要行OGTT检查的人数。故FPG筛查对GDM有较高的价值。     

早孕期空腹血浆血糖与妊娠期糖代谢异常的相关性

目的 探讨早孕期空腹血浆血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)与妊娠期糖代谢异常的相关性.方法 选取2009年1月1日至2009年5月31日在北京大学第一医院妇产科产前保健及分娩的单胎非孕前糖尿病且早孕期5～13周检测FPG、资料齐全的孕妇656例,对其早孕期FPG孕24周后50 g葡萄糖负荷试验结果(glucose challenge test,GCT)、75 g葡萄糖耐量试验结果(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)、妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)和妊娠期糖耐量受损(gestational impaired glucose tolerance,GIGT)发病情况进行受试者工作特性(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)分析.结果 (1)早孕期FPG与孕24周后GCT的ROC分析:最大曲线下面积0.539,95%CI:0.493～0.586,两者无明显相关性(P=0.057).(2)早孕期FPG与孕24周后FPG异常的ROC分析:最大曲线下面积0.796(95%CI:0.672～0.920),如取5.05 mmol/L为界值,敏感性为54.5%,特异性为83.2%,两者存在相关性(r=0.432,P=0.000).(3)早孕期FPG与孕24周后OGTT 1、2、3 h血糖无相关性(r=0.093、0.036和0.107,P=0.122、0.549和0.074),OGTT服糖前与服糖后1、2、3 h血糖分别呈正相关(r=0.493、0.421和0.368,P均=0.000).(4)本研究中共656例早孕期孕妇的FPG值均＜6.1 mmol/L,诊断GDM 22例,GIGT 27例,早孕期FPG对预测最终发生GDM及GIGT无相关性.结论 早孕期FPG不能取代现有的50 g GCT作为孕期糖代谢异常的早期筛查指标,但早孕期FPG的检测是必要的.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the relationship between early pregnancy fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and gestational glucose metabolism disorders. Methods Six hundred and fifty-six pregnant women who were singleton, non-diabetes before pregnancy and had FPG examined during 5-13 weeks of pregnancy were admitted into this study from January 1, 2009 to May 31, 2009. All these subjects had routine prenatal examination and finally delivered in the Department of Obstetrics of Peking University First Hospital. The FPG, 50 g glucose challenge test (GCT) after 24 weeks of pregnancy, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM),gestational impaired glucose tolerance (GIGT) were analyzed with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results (1) Relationship between FPG and GCT were analyzed with ROC curve.The maximum area under curve was 0. 539 (95% CI: 0. 493-0. 586) and there was no correlation between the FPG and GCT results(P=0. 057). (2) Relationship between early pregnancy FPG and abnormal FPG examined after 24 gestational weeks were also analyzed . The maximum area under curve was 0. 796(95% CI: 0. 672-0. 920). If 5. 05 mmol/L was taken as the cutoff value, the sensitivity and specificity was 54. 5% and 83. 2%, respectively. There was significant relationship between the two values (r=0. 432, P=0. 000). (3) There were no relationship between early pregnancy FPG and the blood glucose value of 1, 2 and 3 h in 75 g OGTT (r=0. 093, 0. 036 and 0. 107, P=0.122, 0. 549 and 0. 074 respectively). OGTT 0 h value was positively related to OGTT 1, 2 and3 h glucose level (r=0.493, 0.421 and 0.368, P=0.000, respectively). (4) All early pregnant FPG values in this study were under 6.1 mmol/L. Twenty-two GDM and 27 GIGT patients were diagnosed in this study. Early pregnancy FPG did not relate to the GDM and GIGT diagnosis.Conclusions Early pregnancy FPG could not replace 50 g GCT as an early screening for glucose metabolic abnormality in pregnancy, but FPG during early pregnancy is necessary.     

Use of oral glucose tolerance test in early pregnancy to predict late-onset gestational diabetes mellitus in high-risk women

AIM: To evaluate if any single plasma glucose level from the four values of the normal 100-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in early pregnancy (< or =20 weeks of gestation) could predict gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosed from a second OGTT in late pregnancy (28-32 weeks). METHODS: Glucose levels of pregnant women at high-risk for GDM, who had had a normal early OGTT, and who underwent the second test in late pregnancy, were studied. Each of the four plasma glucose values of the early OGTT was determined for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). The receiver operating characteristic curves of these four OGTT values were then constructed to find the optimal value to predict late-onset GDM. RESULTS: Of 193 pregnant women who had had a normal early OGTT, 154 also had a normal OGTT in late pregnancy while 39 had an abnormal test and were diagnosed with GDM. Among the four glucose values of the early OGTT, the 1-h value yielded the best diagnostic performance to predict late-onset GDM. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and area under the curve achieved from its optimal cutoff level of > or =155 mg/dL (8.6 mmol/L) were 89.7%, 64.3%, 38.9%, 96.1%, and 0.77, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A 1-h glucose value > or =155 mg/dL at the early OGTT yielded the best diagnostic performance. However, the low specificity and PPV rendered it suboptimal to predict late-onset GDM. Nevertheless, a considerable number of high-risk women could avoid the second OGTT in late pregnancy due to its high sensitivity and NPV.     

对孕妇行重复性血糖筛查必要性的研究

目的　探讨对孕妇行重复性血糖筛查的必要性及相关因素。方法　 2 0 0 1年 12月 1日至 2 0 0 2年 12月 31日 ,选取自孕早期开始在我院行产前检查并分娩的单胎、初产孕妇 714例 ,在孕中期行口服 5 0 g葡萄糖负荷试验 (GCT) ,对其中的 6 39例在孕晚期行第 2次 5 0 gGCT ;5 7例第 2次直接进行 75g葡萄糖耐量试验 (OGTT)。妊娠期糖尿病的诊断以国内董志光等的标准为准 ,并与美国糖尿病资料组 (NDDG)标准进行比较。同时对发生妊娠期糖尿病相关因素进行分析。结果　 (1)以5 0 gGCT 1h血糖≥ 7 8mmol/L为异常 :第 1次 5 0 gGCT异常 190例 ,异常率为 2 6 6 % ,正常 5 2 4例 (73 4 % ) ;第 2次 5 0 gGCT异常 2 2 5例 ,异常率为 35 2 %。 5 0gGCT异常组孕妇年龄大于正常组(P <0 0 5 ) ,而两组孕妇在家族史及体重指数 (BMI)间比较 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。第 2次 5 0 gGCT异常组的新生儿出生体重及巨大儿例数均比正常组明显增加 (P <0 0 5 )。 (2 )按董志光的标准 ,第 1次 5 0 gGCT筛查出妊娠期糖尿病 2 8例 ,葡萄糖耐量低减 4 0例 ;第 2次 5 0gGCT又新筛查出妊娠期糖尿病 15例 ,葡萄糖耐量低减 2 7例。按NDDG的标准 ,第 1次 5 0 gGCT筛查出妊娠期糖尿病 14例 ,葡萄糖耐量低减 2 4例 ;第 2次 5 0 g     

Metabolic effects of breastfeeding in women with previous gestational diabetes diagnosed according to the IADPSG criteria

Background: Some studies have already investigated about the short-term favorable metabolic effects of breastfeeding in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Aim: The aim of our study is to confirm whether the positive effects reported are maintained in the larger cohorts of patients with mild form of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) because recently diagnosed according to IADPSG criteria.

Materials and methods: This retrospective study includes 97 evaluable consecutive women with prior GDM who have the follow-up oral glucose tolerance test at least 3 months after delivery. Fasting and 2-h plasma glucose values, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol, and triglycerides were obtained in pregnancy and during the post-partum control.

Results: These patients were divided in 81 (83.5%) who lactate until 3 months and 16 (16.5%) who did not lactate. During pregnancy, there are no significant differences between the two groups for age, BMI, fasting and 2-h plasma glucose values, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol and triglycerides. At the postpartum control, we have at univariate analysis significant differences for all these parameters except total cholesterol. After adjustment for confounders we still have, in the breastfeeding group, HOMA-IR reduction (OR 0.370; 95% CI 0.170–0.805; p?Conclusion: These encouraging results confirm our determination to warmly advice the women affected by GDM to breastfeeding at least for 3 months.     

Diagnostic of gestational diabetes mellitus and the prevalence of LGA (Large for Gestational Age)

OBJECTIVES: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance, first time detected in pregnancy. Early diagnosis of the disease may reduce fetal exposure to maternal hyperglycemia and decrease the risk of LGA. The aim of the study was to examine the influence of time and diagnostic method of GDM on the prevalence of LGA and pregnancy outcome among patients with gestational diabetes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted among 211 women with gestational diabetes mellitus, the patients of 1st Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Medical University in Warsaw. We have reviewed the results of fasting plasma glucose, 50-g glucose screening test (GCT) and 2 hour 75-g glucose tolerance test in GDM patients with LGA and eutrophic newborns. The t-student or the Mann-Whitney test was used in order to compare both groups. P<0.05 was deemed statistically significant. RESULTS: LGA was diagnosed in 10.4% of patients. We did not find any significant differences in gestational age when GDM was diagnosed, results of fasting glucose GCT and OGTT among LGA (M) and control (K) group. However, when we compared the percentage of LGA in groups of women with different time of GDM diagnosis, the highest prevalence was noted in the group of first trimester diagnosis and between 28 and 32 weeks of pregnancy, which we found interesting. We compared the women and the results of the diagnostic tests with the group of standard time of GDM diagnosis (24-28 week of pregnancy) and the only difference was the late diagnosis. If 75-g glucose tolerance test had not included 1-hour after load glucose assignment, GDM would not have been diagnosed at all in 18.2% of female patients with LGA. We have not found any correlations between the results of the diagnostic tests, the time of the diagnosis or the mode of treatment GDM (diet alone or with insulin) and the birth weight. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Results of fasting glucose and glucose tolerance tests are not useful in the prediction of LGA in GDM pregnancies. 2. Diagnosis of GDM during the recommended period (between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy) may decrease the prevalence of LGA (comparing to later diagnostics). 3. 75-g glucose tolerance test should provide fasting, 1 and 2-hour after load glucose assignment.     

GDM孕中、晚期及子代胰岛素抵抗与正常妊娠的对照研究

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GMD)与正常妊娠孕中、晚期及子代胰岛素抵抗、胰岛β细胞功能及胎儿脐血流的差异。方法选择上海交通大学医学院附属国际和平妇幼保健院产检、分娩的70例GDM产妇及其子代为GDM组,同期产检、分娩的70例健康母子配对样本为对照组。两组孕妇孕24~28周OGTT筛查时行胰岛素释放试验、孕33~34周、孕37~38周检测空腹血糖、胰岛素及C肽;比较两组稳态模型评估的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR);B超测定孕晚期胎儿脐血流;分娩时检测脐血血糖、胰岛素及C肽值并获取胎儿出生体重、胎龄等资料;比较两组母子配对样本间各项指标的差异。结果 GDM组OGTT时胰岛素峰值较对照组延迟1h;GDM组孕33~34周母血空腹胰岛素、C肽高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);孕37~38周母血空腹胰岛素、C肽虽仍高于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);GDM组孕中、晚期HOMA-IR高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);GDM组新生儿脐血胰岛素、C肽高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组间孕晚期胎儿脐动脉S/D值、搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 GDM患者孕中、晚期胰岛素抵抗较正常孕妇增加,并出现胰岛β细胞功能下降,其胎儿在宫内已发生糖代谢异常,但脐血流未受到显著影响。     

妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇血清瘦素水平及其与胰岛素和血糖关系的研究

目的　探讨妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇血清瘦素水平及其与胰岛素和血糖的关系。方法　采用放射免疫法 ,测定 36例妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇 (糖代谢异常组 )和 2 4例正常孕妇 (正常妊娠组 )的空腹及口服 50g葡萄糖后 3h的血清瘦素水平 ;采用电化学发光法测定两组孕妇的空腹血清胰岛素水平 ;采用低压液相色谱分析法测定两组孕妇的糖化血红蛋白 ;采用葡萄糖氧化酶法测定两组孕妇的口服 50g葡萄糖后 1h的血糖水平。结果　 (1 )糖代谢异常组孕妇血清瘦素水平为 (1 4 9± 4 3) μg/L ,正常妊娠组为 (1 0 0± 1 8) μg/L ,两组比较 ,差异有极显著性 (P <0 0 1 ) ;(2 )糖代谢异常组孕妇空腹血清胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、服糖后 1h血糖水平分别为 (1 2 9± 4 3)mU/L、 (6 1± 1 1 ) %、(1 1 0±1 4)mmol/L ;正常妊娠组孕妇分别为 (8 6± 3 2 )mU/L、(4 5± 1 0 ) %、(7 8± 1 2 )mmol/L。糖代谢异常组孕妇血清瘦素水平与空腹血清胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、服糖后 1h的血糖水平呈明显的正相关关系 ,相关系数 (r)分别为 0 835、0 758、0 561。结论　妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇空腹血清瘦素水平升高 ,其瘦素水平的高低与空腹血清胰岛素及血糖水平相关     

Iron supplement in pregnancy and development of gestational diabetes—a randomised placebo-controlled trial

Objective  To test the hypothesis that iron supplement from early pregnancy would increase the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
Design  Randomised placebo-controlled trial.
Setting  A university teaching hospital in Hong Kong.
Population  One thousand one hundred sixty-four women with singleton pregnancy at less than 16 weeks of gestation with haemoglobin (Hb) level between 8 and 14 g/dl and no pre-existing diabetes or haemoglobinopathies.
Methods  Women were randomly allocated to receive 60 mg of iron supplement daily ( n = 565) or placebo ( n = 599). Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were performed at 28 and 36 weeks. Women were followed up until delivery.
Outcome measures  The primary outcome was development of GDM at 28 weeks. The secondary outcomes were 2-hour post-OGTT glucose levels, development of GDM at 36 weeks and delivery and infant outcomes.
Results  There was no significant difference in the incidence of GDM in the iron supplement and placebo groups at 28 weeks (OR: 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.7–1.53 at 90% power) or 36 weeks. Maternal Hb and ferritin levels were higher in the iron supplement group at delivery ( P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). Elective caesarean section rate was lower in the iron supplement group (OR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.37–0.89). Infant birthweight was heavier ( P = 0.001), and there were fewer small-for-gestational-age babies in the iron supplement group (OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.24–0.85).
Conclusion  Iron supplement from early pregnancy does not increase the risk of GDM. It may have benefits in terms of pregnancy outcomes.     

Gestational diabetes: fasting and postprandial glucose as first prenatal screening tests in a high-risk population

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the value of fasting (FPG) and 2-hour postprandial (PPG) plasma glucose as screening tests for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in a high-risk population during early pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: At their first prenatal visit, 708 women underwent FPG and PPG for universal screening for GDM, with the diagnosis confirmed by the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (World Health Organization criteria). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to analyze the performance of the 2 screening tests. RESULTS: Of 184 (25.9%) women with GDM, 79 (42.9%) were identified before 18 weeks. The AUC for FPG to predict GDM was 0.579 (95% CI 0.531-0.627). Though a threshold of 85 mg/dL achieved minimally acceptable sensitivity, 79.9%, the corresponding specificity remained poor, 27.5%, with a false positive rate (FPR) of 72.5%. The AUC for PPG was 0.717 (95% CI 0.670-0.765); a cutoff of 95 mg/dL achieved a sensitivity of 79.9% and FPR of 53.1%. CONCLUSION: Though GDM could be diagnosed in > 40% women in early pregnancy at their first prenatal visit, the poor specificity and high FPR of FPG and PPG, alone or in combination, make them unsuitable screening tests for GDM.     

Fasting glucose concentrations and associations with reproductive history over 40 years of follow-up

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the onset or first recognition of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy. We aimed to assess for trends in fasting blood glucose levels across the life-course among a cohort of women by reproductive history: nulligravid women, gravid women with and without a history of GDM. Women who had participated in the Bogalusa Heart Study as children were interviewed about their reproductive history, including GDM (n?=?358). We compared fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) measured after last pregnancy (or after age 40 among nulligravid women) across reproductive history groups in linear models adjusted for prepregnancy fasting blood glucose, body mass index, race, parity, and age at outcome measure. We fit a log-Poisson model to estimate the associations with prediabetes risk after age 40. After adjustments, mean fasting glucose after age 40 was not different between gravid women without GDM history and nulligravid women. However, women with a history of GDM had mean fasting glucose 27?mg/dL greater than nulligravid women (95% CI?=?12.35, 41.64). Heterogeneity by race indicated Black women with a history of GDM had disproportionately elevated mean fasting glucose after age 40. Fasting blood glucose trends over the life-course differ among women by reproductive history and race.     

Differences in insulin sensitivity in pregnant women with overweight and gestational diabetes mellitus.

AIM: The purpose of the present study was to investigate changes in insulin sensitivity using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) in normal-weight and overweight women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during pregnancy. METHODS: Ninety-two pregnant women in the first trimester, 202 in the second trimester and 154 in the third trimester were enrolled in this study. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were measured in all women in the first, second and third trimesters. HOMA indices (insulin resistance, HOMA-IR and beta-cell function, HOMA-beta) and QUICKI were calculated from fasting glucose and insulin concentrations. RESULTS: HOMA-IR values in overweight women with NGT and in women with GDM were significantly (p < 0.01) higher than those in normal-weight women with NGT. HOMA-IR in women with GDM increased significantly (p < 0.05) during pregnancy, but HOMA-IR values in normal-weight and overweight women with NGT did not change significantly with advance of gestation. QUICKI values in overweight women with NGT and in women with GDM were also significantly (p < 0.01) lower than those in normal-weight women with NGT, and QUICKI in women with GDM decreased significantly (p < 0.05) during pregnancy. HOMA-beta in normal-weight women with NGT increased significantly (p < 0.01) during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: We showed that insulin sensitivities determined by using HOMA-IR and QUICKI in overweight women with NGT and women with GDM were lower than those in normal-weight women with NGT, and that insulin sensitivity in women with GDM declined with advance of gestation.     

Why do Asian-born Women Have a Higher Incidence of Gestational Diabetes? An Analysis of Racial Differences in Body Habitus, Lipid Metabolism and the Serum Insulin Response to an Oral Glucose Load

Summary: We have observed a higher incidence of gestational diabetes (GDM) in Asian-born than in Caucasian women. Body habitus, serum lipid levels and the serum insulin response to a glucose load in pregnancy were compared in 15 women with normal glucose tolerance, 16 Caucasian women with GDM and 19 Asian-born women with GDM. Caucasian women with GDM, unlike Asian-born women with GDM, were obese compared with control women as measured by body mass index (p = 0.022). Both groups of GDM women had similar patterns of insulin response to oral glucose with a delayed insulin peak and an elevated 2-hour insulin level (p = 0.0021). In addition, the insulin response per unit of glycaemic stimulus (incremental insulin area/incremental glucose area at 1 hour) was reduced in both GDM groups (p = 0.035). Fasting serum triglyceride levels were higher in women with GDM although this was only significant in the     

Effect of vitamin D deficiency on the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test screening and insulin resistance

Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), is the most common medical complications of pregnancy. This study aimed to clarify the effect of second-trimester vitamin D deficiency on the 75?g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) screening and insulin resistance. A total of 120 pregnant women with a singleton pregnancy at a gestational age of 26–28?weeks were analyzed. Participants were divided into two groups according to 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels; vitamin D deficiency, and control groups. For GDM scan, 75?g OGTT was preferred. GDM prevalence was 17.5% in vitamin D deficiency group and 13.75% in control group, there is no significant difference in GDM prevalence (p?=?0.149). Fasting plasma glucose and 1-h plasma glucose levels were significantly higher in the vitamin D deficiency group than in the control group (p?<?.001 and p?<?.001, respectively). No significant differences were observed between 2-hour plasma glucose levels (p?=?.266). The HOMA-IR level was significantly higher in the vitamin D deficiency group than in the control group (p?<?.001). The findings of the present study suggested that vitamin D deficiency in the second trimester was inversely correlated with fasting and 1-h plasma glucose after 75?g glucose challenge test; also, low 25 OHD₃ levels were associated with insulin resistance.     

Prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus in the first trimester: comparison of C-reactive protein,fasting plasma glucose,insulin and insulin sensitivity indices

Objective: To develop a predictive index based on high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting plasma insulin (FPI) measurements for early diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Methods: Healthy pregnant women who were screened for GDM during their first antenatal visit were included in this retrospective cohort study. FPG, FPI and serum hs-CRP concentrations were measured between weeks 11 and 14. A two-step glucose challenge test was carried out between gestational weeks 24 and 28. Fasting glucose/insulin ratio (FIGR), Homeostatic Model Assessment Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), HOMA-β indices and Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) were used to estimate insulin sensitivity and β-cell function.

Results: Of the 450 women who were eligible for the study, 49 (11.2%) were diagnosed with GDM at weeks 24–28. The median FPG and hs-CRP levels were higher in the GDM diagnosed women compared to the others. Comparison of accuracy measures resulted in the highest specificity (87.2%; 95% CI 83.5–90.1) and diagnostic odds ratio (3.9; 95% CI 2.1–7.6) for hs-CRP.

Conclusion: FPG and hs-CRP in the first trimester are correlated with later development of GDM in the pregnancy. In our study, FPG provided a better sensitivity while hs-CRP exhibited a better specificity for prediction of GDM.     

The effects of hyaluronic acid vaginal gel on the vaginal epithelium of ovariectomized rats

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate plasma gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in pregnant women at oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and the diagnosis of GDM and to explore whether this activity is associated with metabolic parameters. Method: This prospective control study included 37 women with GDM and 42 women with normal glucose tolerance in pregnancy (control group). In the study group (GDM), blood was taken for analyzing 100?g OGTT from women who have abnormal 50?g glucose challenge test (GCT). Results: Compared with the controls, the GDM group had significantly higher mean values for serum fasting glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglyceride and GGT. Within the GDM group, GGT levels were only negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein (r?=??0.41, p?=?0.01). GGT was determined to be an independent metabolic parameter for GDM. While performing analyses receiver operational curve analysis, GGT cutoff set was set at 16 IU/L, the sensitivity was calculated as 86%, and specificity was as 37%. Conclusion: The increase at GGT level is an independent risk factor for GDM and identified as high-risk women for diagnosis of GDM.     

The number of abnormal plasma glucose values in the oral glucose tolerance test and the feto-maternal outcome of pregnancy

OBJECTIVE: With respect to the feto-maternal outcome of pregnancy both appropriate screening and treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remain a matter of debate. Furthermore, the importance of only one abnormal glucose value at the glucose tolerance test (GTT) is still discussed, including the term "gestational impaired glucose tolerance" with normal fasting but an increased 2h postprandial glucose value. STUDY DESIGN: We have evaluated the feto-maternal outcome of pregnancy in 152 women with abnormal glucose values during the oral 100g GTT. The data were analysed with respect to the number of abnormal GTT values and compared to age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched control groups including 304 women with normal GTT values. RESULTS: A positive family history of diabetes was found in 24.4% of the GDM women and in 16.4% of the control group. In 45.9% of the women with abnormal GTT values glucose target levels could be obtained by dietary management, 54.1% required additional insulin therapy. Insulin therapy was administered in 32.8% of the women with one abnormal GTT value, in 65.0% of the women with two abnormal values and in 83.3% of the women with three abnormal values. Compared to the age- and BMI-matched control group the percentage of women with hypertension was increased in women with one, two and three abnormal GTT values. The percentage of LGA and macrosomic infants was significantly increased only in women with three abnormal GTT values. Women with one, two or three abnormal GTT values revealed an increased percentage of caesarean section compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that women with three abnormal GTT values are at an overall increased risk with respect to the feto-maternal outcome of pregnancy. Compared to the control group also women with only one abnormal GTT value revealed an increased risk indicating a need for further control and therapy.     

Metabolic disorders in patients with recent gestational diabetes mellitus

AIM: To determine metabolic disorders in patients with recent gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) compared with controls. METHODS: Thirty-six patients with recent GDM and treated with a diabetic diet only, and 33 controls with normal pregnancies, were included in the study. An oral glucose tolerance test, with corresponding insulin and hormone levels, was performed; the homeostatic model assessment scores were calculated to estimate insulin resistance; prevalence of polycystic ovarian morphology on ultrasound scan was assessed; and results were recorded 10-15 months after delivery. RESULTS: Waist : hip ratio and fasting cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in women with recent GDM; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol did not differ between groups. Fasting, 1-h and 2-h plasma glucose levels were significantly higher in the GDM group; no statistically significant difference was found between groups regarding fasting insulin levels, 1-h and 2-h insulin response, and homeostatic model assessment scores. Serum hormone levels did not differ between groups. The prevalence of polycystic ovarian morphology was greater in women with GDM. There was no difference in any metabolic parameter between women in the GDM group with polycystic ovaries and those with normal ovaries. CONCLUSIONS: We found a higher prevalence of polycystic ovarian morphology in women with GDM than in controls. Among women with recent GDM, higher waist : hip ratios and fasting plasma glucose and triglyceride levels may indicate metabolic syndrome. In women with recent GDM managed by diet only, insulin resistance may not be detected in the short term.