肺结核合并肺曲菌球病的外科治疗

目的总结肺结核合并肺曲菌球病的诊断和外科治疗经验。方法对经手术治疗的24例肺结核合并肺曲菌球病患者的临床资料进行分析。结果 24例患者术前确诊率为37.5%(9/24)。行肺叶切除术20例,全肺切除术4例,19例同时行肥厚胸膜切除术。全组无手术死亡。术后并发症8例(33.3%),分别为胸腔出血1例,支气管胸膜瘘3例,包裹性液气胸2例,肺不张2例。术后随访22例,患者无肺曲菌球病复发。结论肺结核合并肺曲菌球病术前确诊率低;手术切除病变肺叶及肥厚胸膜是治疗肺结核合并肺曲菌球病的有效方法。     

手术联合化疗治疗耐多药肺结核结果分析

目的临床上耐多药肺结核患者治疗效果往往不佳。探讨手术联合化疗治疗耐多药肺结核患者的疗效。方法对自1995年4月至2005年3月住院的48例采用外科手术治疗＋化疗的耐多药肺结核患者进行分析。肺部有空洞病变36例（75％），双侧肺均有病变16例（33．3％）。手术方式包括肺叶切除28例，全肺切除15例，胸膜全肺切除3例，肺段切除1例，楔形切除1例。结果术后死亡率2．1％（n=1）。并发症发生率16．7％（n=8）。术后随访6～90月。痰菌阴转率83．3％。结论耐多药肺结核患者若有良好的心肺功能储备，手术治疗安全有效，配合化疗能提高患者的治愈率。     

手术联合化疗治疗耐多药肺结核结果分析

目的临床上耐多药肺结核患者治疗效果往往不佳。探讨手术联合化疗治疗耐多药肺结核患者的疗效。方法对1995年4月-2005年3月住院的48例采用外科手术治疗＋化疗的耐多药肺结核患者进行分析。肺部有空洞病变36例（75％），双侧肺均有病变16例（33．3％）。手术方式包括肺叶切除28例，全肺切除15例，胸膜全肺切除3例，肺段切除1例，楔形切除1例。结果术后死亡率2．1％（n=1）。并发症发生率16．7％（n=8）。术后随访6—90个月。痰茵阴转率83．3％。结论耐多药肺结核患者若有良好的心肺功能储备，手术治疗安全有效，配合化疗能提高患者的治愈率。     

外科手术治疗74例肺结核并发肺曲菌球病患者的临床价值

目的 分析外科手术治疗肺结核并发肺曲菌球病的临床价值。方法 搜集2007—2016年在广西壮族自治区龙潭医院行外科手术的74例肺结核并发肺曲菌球病患者,对手术方式、手术治疗转归、并发症、术后随访等临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 74例患者中,择期手术68例(91.9%),急诊手术6例(8.1%);73例(98.6%)手术顺利,术中因大出血死亡1例;行肺叶切除术54例(73.0%),肺段切除术5例,全肺切除术2例,复合肺切除术9例,肺楔形切除术4例。24例(32.4%)出现术后并发症:术后大出血1例,再次开胸止血治愈;呼吸功能衰竭1例,呼吸机辅助呼吸28d后成功脱机治愈;肺不张5例,4例经纤维支气管镜吸痰后肺膨胀良好,1例纤维支气管镜吸痰无效,继发呼吸功能衰竭后自动放弃治疗出院后死亡;脓胸4例,3例细菌性脓胸经持续引流治愈,1例曲霉菌性脓胸于术后15个月行电视胸腔镜脓胸廓清术时发生肺动脉破溃大出血,改为体外循环下左余肺切除术,但因不能纠正休克而死亡;肺泡胸膜瘘5例,3例经持续胸腔引流,2例行碘伏胸膜固定术加持续胸腔引流后治愈;支气管胸膜瘘1例,给予患者持续的胸腔引流3周后瘘口逐渐闭合治愈;胸部净化残腔7例,未处理。72例患者术后获得随访,1例患者随访期间死亡。最终治愈71例(96.0%),随访1~48个月,平均(11±3)个月,未见肺结核及肺曲菌球病复发。结论 选择合适的患者行外科手术,治愈率高,并发症发生率及死亡率在可以接受的范围之内,绝大多数患者能治愈。     

两种治疗肺曲菌球外科手术方法的探讨（附63例报告）

目的 探讨肺结核合并肺曲菌球手术适应症和手术方法.方法 63例病人分别采用肺叶切除术和肺曲菌球剔除加带血管蒂肋间肌瓣填塞的方法得到治疗.结果 本病肺叶切除术术式二次进胸止血、呼吸机辅助呼吸、术后胸腔感染发生率高,肋间肌瓣填塞术无严重并发症.结论 对于局限的肺结核合并肺曲菌球患者及早行肺叶切除术,对于周边的局限的肺曲菌球以及老年病人采用肋间肌瓣填塞术能减少并发症的发生.     

肺曲菌球手术出血情况分析及术前评估

目的明确合并有肺曲菌球的不同类别肺切除手术的出血情况及并发症相关性,为术前评估及术后并发症预防提供依据。方法对合并有肺曲菌球的各类肺叶切除手术按胸膜腔黏连情况及手术方式与手术出血情况,术后并发症进行分类对比。数据进行统计学处理,明确各类手术相关情况。结果132例中手术出血及并发症与胸腔黏连情况存在显著性差异,而与手术方式无明确相关性。结论对合并有曲菌球的肺手术,在术前评估时应充分考虑病史体征及症状,对黏连情况做出正确判断,选择恰当的手术方案将减少不必要的手术风险和术后并发症的发生。     

肺曲菌球病48例的诊断与治疗

曲菌球病患者常因长期肺部疾病，手术和术后处理难度较大，死亡率高。总结我院手术治疗曲菌球的病例，探讨其手术适应证、手术疗效和术后并发症。 研究对象我院1990年1月至2005年12月手术治疗的48例肺曲菌球患者，男20例，女28例，平均年龄45岁（25—73岁）。术后均经病理检查确诊。根据Belcher分类，将曲菌球分为两类：单纯型曲菌球为薄壁空洞，周边肺组织基本正常；复杂型为厚壁空洞或存在严重的肺或胸膜病变。     

胸腔镜手术治疗支气管扩张症

目的探讨胸腔镜手术在支气管扩张症中的应用价值。方法2002年7月～2010年3月,对20例支气管扩张症行胸腔镜手术治疗。12例施行胸腔镜辅助小切口肺叶切除术,8例施行胸腔镜肺楔形切除术。结果1例因出血中转开胸。全组无围手术期死亡,围手术期并发症3例：术后肺持续漏气2例,肺部感染1例。平均胸管置管时间3．6d（2～7d）,术后住院平均9d（7～14d）。20例随访3～36个月,均恢复良好。结论胸腔镜手术治疗支气管扩张症在技术上是安全可行的,对于具有手术指征需行肺楔形切除或肺叶切除的支气管扩张症患者,胸腔镜手术是一种值得推荐的手术方式。     

肺结核患者采用不同电视辅助胸腔镜术式的临床及疗效分析

目的对肺结核患者采用不同电视辅助胸腔镜手术（video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS）术式的临床及疗效进行客观分析。方法回顾分析新疆维吾尔自治区胸科医院胸外中心2009年9月至2016年2月实施VATS治疗的299例肺结核患者的临床资料。其中,134例行肺叶、肺段或全肺切除术（简称“A组”）,A组患者均确诊肺结核,111例经6个月以上规范抗结核药物治疗后,效果不佳,病灶局限单侧一肺叶内,23例大咯血患者经过药物及栓塞治疗无法止血;96例行肺部分切除术（简称“B组”）,B组患者中82例为术前临床影像学诊断为肺结核球患者,结核球直径〉2．5cm、〈5cm,经过规范药物治疗6个月以上后,疗效不佳,14例术前疑似肺部肿瘤;69例行胸膜剥脱术（简称“C组”）,均诊断为结核性胸膜炎,置管引流失败或无法置管引流,胸部CT扫描提示胸膜增厚,形成包裹性胸膜炎。结果299例实施VATS的患者中,A组手术平均时间（175．6±63．8）min,术中平均出血量（415．9±515．7）ml,中转开胸12例（9．0％,12／134）,术后平均胸管留置时间（3．2±1．5）d,发生并发症10例（7．5014,10／134）。B组患者手术平均时间（78．6±40．8）min,平均出血量（62．5±107．2）ml,中转开胸2例（2．1％,2／96）,术后平均胸管留置时间（3．3±1．5）d,发生并发症3例（3．1％,3／96）。C组患者手术平均时间（103．0±53．4）min,平均出血量（169．5±174．2）ml,中转开胸4例（5．8％,4／69）,术后平均胸管留置时间（3．0±0．8）d。3组患者平均随访20个月,A组中远期并发症有1例,是大咯血患者急诊行肺叶切除术,术后1个月出现结核播散,并发现耐药感染,根据药物敏感性试验结果调整治疗2个月后病灶吸收,B组与C组无远期并发症发生。结论对于符合上述不同手术方式适应证的肺结核患者,VATS治疗是安全、可行并且疗效肯定的选择。     

手术联合化疗治疗耐多药肺结核结果分析

目的临床上耐多药肺结核患者治疗效果往往不佳。探讨手术联合化疗治疗耐多药肺结核患者的疗效。方法对1995年4月—2005年3月住院的48例采用外科手术治疗+化疗的耐多药肺结核患者进行分析。肺部有空洞病变36例(75%),双侧肺均有病变16例(33.3%)。手术方式包括肺叶切除28例,全肺切除15例,胸膜全肺切除3例,肺段切除1例,楔形切除1例。结果术后死亡率2.1%(n=1)。并发症发生率16.7%(n=8)。术后随访6～90个月。痰菌阴转率83.3%。结论耐多药肺结核患者若有良好的心肺功能储备,手术治疗安全有效,配合化疗能提高患者的治愈率。     

Results of surgical treatment for pulmonary aspergilloma with 26 cases in six years: a single center experience

Surgery for pulmonary aspergilloma is reputed to be risky. We analyzed our results of the surgical treatment for pulmonary aspergilloma. Between 2003 and 2009, 26 patients underwent thoracotomy for treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma in our center. Results were evaluated retrospectively. There were 5 female and 21 male patients, with a mean age of 44 ± 11.6 years (28-70). The patients were divided into two groups, group A (simple aspergilloma; n= 8) and group B (complex aspergilloma; n= 18). Major underlying diseases were tuberculosis (61.5%). The most common indication for operation was hemoptysis (57.6%). Of our patients, 23% were complaining of massive hemoptysis or recurrent hemoptysis. Other patients were complaining of mild symptoms and some of them were totally asymptomatic. We performed 15 (57.6%) lobectomies (3 with associated segmentectomies), 8 (30.6%) segmentectomies/wedge resections, 2 (7.6%) pneumonectomies, and 1 (3.8%) cavernoplasty. Postoperative complications occurred in 15 (57.6%) patients. Complications occurred in 72.2% patients of complex aspergilloma, whereas 25% occurred in simple aspergilloma (p= 0.03). Major complications included prolonged air leak, empyema, air space. One patient who underwent lobectomies for complex aspergilloma developed bronchopleural fistula and died of respiratory failure on the 20th postoperative day. Operative mortality was 3.8%. The average postoperative hospital stay was 12.9 days. The mean follow-up period was average 44 months. The actuarial survival at 3 years was 90% and 100% for complex aspergilloma and simple aspergilloma, respectively (p> 0.05). There was two recurrence of disease (8%). But no recurrence of hemoptysis. Low morbidity rate may have been due to the selection of patients with localized pulmonary disease in this study. Surgical resection of asymptomatic or symptomatic pulmonary aspergilloma is effective in preventing recurrence or massive hemoptysis for patients whose condition is fit for pulmonary resection with reasonable mortality, morbidity and survival rates.     

肺曲菌球40例临床分析

目的 探讨肺曲菌球的诊断和治疗方法. 方法 分析2001-2005年武汉市结核病院收治的40例肺曲菌球患者的临床诊治情况. 结果 40例中男24例,女16例,年龄17～61岁,平均37.7岁.40例中支气管扩张症和空洞型肺结核37例,肺囊肿2例,空洞型肺癌1例;咯血33例,反复间断小量咯血(＜20 ml/次)27例,大咯血6例;咳嗽、咳痰5例次;发热、盗汗3例次.40例患者均无基础疾病及长期使用抗生素史.术前、术后曲菌球的诊断符合率为60%(24例),原发病的诊断符合率为40%(16例).手术切除肺叶39例,全肺切除1例.死亡1例.随访1年,仅1例抗曲霉治疗6个月,余均未按要求服药.除2例大咯血患者复发外,余均痊愈. 结论 肺曲菌球多见于支气管扩张症及空洞型肺结核患者.多数患者可出现反复小量咯血.术前曲菌球和原发病诊断较困难.可根据病情采取不同的治疗方法,是否应首选手术或预防性手术有待商榷.出院后的抗曲霉治疗似乎并非必要.     

Pulmonary aspergilloma: A rational approach to treatment

A prospective study of 15 patients with pulmonary aspergilloma was undertaken over an 11 year period. Serious underlying diseases, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and alcoholic cirrhosis, were present in 12 of them. Eight of 15 patients whose clinical and roentgenographic course was followed for an average of 50 months, received no specific therapy. There were four deaths in this group, none attributable to aspergilloma. The aspergilloma had lysed spontaneously in two, decreased in size in one and was unchanged in one. In the four surviving patients who had no treatment, the aspergilloma lysed spontaneously in one, remained unchanged in two and increased in size in one. Of the seven patients who were treated medically or surgically, three died. Among the seven deaths (untreated and treated patients combined), six were clearly related to underlying disease. The prognosis of aspergilloma is related primarily to the nature and severity of the underlying diseased). Contrary to the conclusions of previous reports, the experience in our series of patients suggests that routine surgical excision of aspergilloma is not indicated.     

Clinical evaluation of 61 patients with pulmonary aspergilloma

OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 61 cases with pulmonary aspergilloma representing patients admitted to Nagasaki University Hospital between January 1991 to June 1998. RESULTS: Fifty-two (85%) were males and 9 (15%) were females, aged between 14 to 80 years (average, 65 years). Forty-four (72%) patients had history of old pulmonary tuberculosis. Chest radiographs showed "fungus ball" in the cavities in 42 (67%) cases while 16 (26%) cases showed thickening of the cavity wall. Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated in 24 (39%) patients. Aspergillus antigen or antibody was positive in 8 (13%) and 43 (70%) patients, respectively. Oral itraconazole was used in 16 (26%) of patients, and surgical excision was performed in 15 (25%) patients. During hospitalization or after discharge, 19 (31 %) patients died. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: Pulmonary aspergilloma usually occurs in elderly patients with old tuberculosis and respiratory failure. Many cases did not respond to antifungal therapy with itraconazole or amphotericin B. Our analysis indicates that more effective and appropriate therapeutic regimens are needed for the treatment of patients with pulmonary aspergilloma.     

Stage IV sarcoidosis: comparison of survival with the general population and causes of death

The objectives of this study were to compare the survival of sarcoid patients with pulmonary fibrosis with that of the general population and to determine the causes of death and the incidence of evolutive complications. This retrospective cohort included 142 sarcoid patients in radiographic stage IV (74 males; mean ± SD age 48.1 ± 12 yrs). Their survival was compared with that of the general French population, matched for the year and age at diagnosis of stage IV disease, sex and length of follow-up. Expected survival probabilities were calculated year-by-year on the basis of probabilities provided by official demographic data for France. Survival curves were based on the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. During the follow-up period (7.1 ± 4.8 yrs), pulmonary hypertension (PH) was observed in 29.7% of cases and aspergilloma in 11.3%. Long-term oxygen therapy was required in 12%. Survival was 84.1% at 10 yrs, which was worse than for the general population (p = 0.013). 16 (11.3%) patients died from the following causes: refractory PH (n = 5), chronic respiratory insufficiency (n = 4), acute respiratory insufficiency (n = 2), haemoptysis due to aspergilloma (n = 1), heart sarcoidosis (n = 1), nocardiosis (n = 1) and unknown causes (n = 2). Survival is significantly decreased in stage IV patients. 75% of fatalities are directly attributable to respiratory causes.     

Surgical management of pulmonary aspergilloma

Records of 59 patients (41 males and 18 females) who underwent 70 operations for pulmonary aspergilloma in a 23-year period were examined retrospectively. Sixty-three operations were for primary treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma, and 7 were for complications of surgery. Twenty-six postoperative complications occurred in 19 patients. Three lobectomies that resulted in bronchopleural fistula were managed by intercostal muscle-flap closure and partial thoracomyoplasty. Two patients died within the first week of surgery. Surgery is the treatment of choice for most patients with pulmonary aspergilloma. Selective bronchial artery embolization is helpful only in combating hemoptysis, and this has been considered a temporary measure in most reports. Thus, open thoracotomy and anatomical resection are recommended as early as possible after the diagnosis is established.     

Tuberculosis sequelae: clinical aspects

We studied the pulmonary diseases which had developed as consequent deformities after healing of tuberculosis, which we called tuberculosis sequelae. Results are described as follows. 1. The frequency of tuberculosis sequelae was about 6% in the patients with pulmonary diseases admitted to our hospital. 2. 93 cases of them consisted of 4 groups, which were 39 of repeated bacterial infection of lower respiratory tract, 23 of pulmonary aspergilloma, 13 of atypical mycobacteriosis and 28 of chronic respiratory failure. 3. Patients with tuberculosis sequelae were distributed more in the younger age group than others with resembled pulmonary diseases. The men to women ratio was about 2:1. Patients with pulmonary aspergilloma were younger than those with atypical mycobacteriosis. 4. Death rate in tuberculosis sequelae was about 5% per year. 46% of patients with atypical mycobacteriosis and 44% with chronic respiratory failure died within 4 years. 5. In chest X-ray findings, fibrosis and shrinkage of the lung, compensatory pulmonary emphysema, deformity or dilatation of bronchi, bulla formation and residual tuberculous cavities were recognized in 40 to 65% of the cases. Severe pleural thickness or past thoracoplasty were frequently recognized in the patients with chronic respiratory failure. All the patients with pulmonary aspergilloma had one or more residual cavities. 6. The frequency of systemic complications was not more than in the control population matched by age. Comparatively, serum IgG and IgA were elevated and PHA-induced lymphocyte activation was not lowered in the patients with pulmonary aspergilloma and atypical mycobacteriosis. From these results, the main factor in the development of tuberculosis sequelae seemed to be local defects of the chest.     

Productive aspergilloma on the inner wall of a cavity

Fungus ball type pulmonary aspergilloma is easily recognizable on chest X-ray. This is a report on "productive aspergilloma on the inner wall of a cavity" (PAIC), named from our clinical experience in 1980, which grew to form aspergillus strata on partial or overall inner walls of the cavity. Our 5 cases with this type supported the existence of this type and revealed an 18% incidence in patients with pulmonary aspergilloma, characteristic clinical features and immunological reactions, thus pointing to the necessity of early diagnosis and treatment for this type of aspergilloma. The species of aspergillus cultured from the patients with this type of disease was Aspergillus fumigatus.     

肺曲菌球病63例临床分析

目的探讨肺曲菌球病的临床特征和治疗方案。方法回顾性分析2008.1~2014.10年收治63例病理确诊肺曲菌球病患者的临床诊治情况。结果 HCT37%24例,血清前白蛋白(PA)200 mg/L20例,LY1.5×10~9/L 19例;肺结核空洞22例,支气管扩张症19例,6例无明确基础疾病;咳嗽46例,咯血59例,大咯血29例。典型影像学表现48例,误诊4例,漏诊11例;可见纵隔淋巴结23例,短径小于1 cm,淋巴结活检提示反应性增生。病灶位于左肺上叶17例,右肺上叶29例。肺功能检查:总弥散量低于比弥散量(t=-9.422,P0.001);均行外科手术治疗;58例随访影像学未见复发;大咯血与相关危险因素的Logistic分析,肺结核空洞OR=6.113,P=0.008,空洞或空腔内长径OR=2.410,P=0.004。结论肺曲菌球病咯血和咳嗽为主要症状;病灶多位于双肺上叶,影像学特征典型,大咯血患者的曲菌球长径、空洞或空腔长内径长于非大咯血患者;弥散功能有一定特征性;首选手术治疗;肺结核空洞和空洞或空腔内长径是大咯血的危险因素。