锂-匹罗卡品致颞叶癫痫小鼠模型的建立及苔藓纤维出芽的实验研究

目的探讨腹腔注射锂-匹罗卡品建立小鼠颞叶癫痫(EP)模型方法及其行为学改变与苔藓纤维出芽的关系。方法小鼠腹腔注射锂-匹罗卡品建立颞叶EP模型,应用ZnSe金属自显影技术(AMG)检测3d、7d、15d、30d及60d的苔藓纤维出芽情况。结果锂-匹罗卡品注射后,约40%的小鼠呈现癫痫持续状态,并出现慢性自发发作。形态学检查发现海马齿状回分子层苔藓纤维出芽,并且随着时间的延长,苔藓纤维出芽逐渐增多。结论腹腔注射锂-匹罗卡品小鼠模型是一种理想的颞叶EP动物模型,苔藓纤维出芽可作为判断SE模型是否成功的形态学标准。     

氯化锂匹罗卡品诱导癫痫大鼠海马神经元GPER1表达的变化

目的:观察G蛋白偶联雌激素受体1(GPER1)在癫痫大鼠海马神经元中表达的变化。方法:成年雄性SD大鼠分成对照组(control)和癫痫组(epilepsy),利用腹腔注射氯化锂-匹罗卡品方法制备癫痫模型,分别在1、2、3、7、14 d和28 d,利用Morris水迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆能力,利用尼氏染色观察大鼠海马神经元形态变化;利用免疫组化和Western Blot技术观察GPER1在海马的表达。结果:水迷宫结果显示,与Control组相比,造模14 d的大鼠逃逸潜伏时间明显延长(P 0. 05),穿越目标象限区域的次数较Control组显著降低(P 0. 05)。尼氏染色结果显示:与Control组相比,造模1 d和2 d的大鼠CA1及CA3区锥体细胞层细胞及DG区颗粒细胞层细胞体积缩小,细胞间距增加,尼氏染色减弱;造模3和7 d的大鼠细胞体积明显缩小,细胞间隙明显增大,尼氏染色加深,CA1及CA3细胞数量明显减少;造模14 d和28 d的大鼠神经元体积逐渐向正常恢复,但仍较Control组小。免疫组化结果显示:GPER1免疫阳性细胞以海马锥体细胞和齿状回颗粒细胞为主,主要分布在细胞膜。与Control组相比,造模2 d和3 d的大鼠海马CA1及CA3区GPER1表达增加(P 0. 05),7 d后增加最明显(P 0. 01),14、28 d后表达下降;在DG区,造模3 d及7 d的大鼠GPER1表达增加(P 0. 05),14 d后表达下降(P 0. 05),28 d大鼠无显著差异。Western Blot结果显示:与Control组比较,造模2 d和3 d的大鼠GPER1相对表达量开始增高,7 d后明显增高(P 0. 05),14 d及28 d的大鼠表达降低。结论:GPER1在海马神经元的表达随着神经元损伤的加重而增高,随着神经元损伤的恢复逐渐降低,提示其表达变化与神经元的损伤与修复有关。     

锂-匹罗卡品癫痫模型的建立及脑电图特征

目的：探讨锂-匹罗卡品癫痫模型发作过程的脑电图（EEG）变化。方法：制作大鼠锂-匹罗卡品癫痫模型于造模前30min清醒状态至造模时连续EEG监测12h及造模后第1、3、7、14、28天每天监测EEG1h，观察EEG变化并总结分析。结果：EEG改变与表现症状衍变过程之间有阶段性、规律性痢性放电的特征。结论：EEG的特征性改变是锂-匹罗卡品急慢性癫痫模型点燃成功的判断标准之一。     

匹罗卡品诱发癫痫持续状态大鼠模型的改良和鉴定

目的 对匹罗卡品诱发的癫痫持续状态大鼠模型进行改良和鉴定.方法 SD大鼠(6 ～ 8周,雌性)注射氯化锂、丁溴东莨菪碱、匹罗卡品诱发癫痫持续状态,分别在急性期和慢性自发癫痫形成期接受脑电监测和海马病理学检查.结果 行为学上急性期匹罗卡品组(PISE)出现Racine分级的IV级或以上发作,慢性自发癫痫形成期每周可见自发...     

孕酮抗氧化作用对去卵巢小鼠学习记忆能力的影响

目的观察孕酮与小鼠学习记忆功能的维持和改善是否存在相关性,并探讨其机制。方法60只雌性昆明小鼠随机分为5组,除SHAM组外,其余各组小鼠行双侧卵巢切除术。术后对各组小鼠分别腹腔注射不同剂量孕酮或生理盐水。Morris水迷宫测试训练检测各组小鼠学习记忆能力,随后取脑,检测海马组织的SOD、MDA含量及T-AOC。结果OVX组在若干个测试训练时段其空间学习记忆能力显著较差,而孕酮各剂量组表现较好。海马组织SOD含量:SHAM组和孕酮各计量组均显著较高(P<0.05);MDA含量:SHAM组和HP组显著较低(P<0.05);T-AOC:SHAM组和HP组显著增高(P<0.05)。结论雌、孕激素的缺乏会引起成年雌性小鼠学习记忆能力下降,孕酮的长期补充治疗可以通过组织抗氧化作用,抵抗脂质过氧化反应,提高组织的抗氧化能力,来缓解或改善小鼠学习记忆功能障碍。     

睡眠剥夺对吗啡成瘾小鼠学习记忆能力的影响

目的:观察睡眠剥夺对吗啡成瘾小鼠的空间学习记忆能力的影响。方法:ICR小鼠40只随机分为4组(n=10):生理盐水对照组、吗啡成瘾实验组、生理盐水+睡眠剥夺对照组、吗啡成瘾+睡眠剥夺实验组。小鼠递增注射吗啡7 d建立成瘾模型后,通过睡眠剥夺箱48 h建立睡眠剥夺模型,水迷宫实验观察其学习记忆的前后差异对比。结果:与单纯吗啡成瘾组及睡眠剥夺组相比,吗啡成瘾+睡眠剥夺组与睡眠剥夺小鼠水迷宫逃避潜伏期时间明显延长(P<0.05)。结论:睡眠剥夺加重吗啡成瘾ICR小鼠的学习记忆能力的损害作用。     

宫内缺氧对新生小鼠额叶皮质神经元内nNOS表达及对成年小鼠学习记忆能力的影响

为探讨孕鼠宫内缺氧对新生小鼠发育时期额叶皮质神经元内nNOS表达及对成年小鼠学习记忆能力的影响,本研究采用Tapanainen建立的缺氧模型致胎龄13、15、17d小鼠宫内缺氧,然后采用Nissl染色观察新生鼠发育时期P1、P7、P14、P28、P90额叶皮质内神经元的数量和形态变化;免疫组织化学染色方法观察新生鼠发育时期P1、P7、P14、P28、P90脑组织内nNOS阳性神经元的表达;Morris水迷宫实验检测P90小鼠的学习和记忆能力。结果显示:与正常组比较,宫内缺氧组小鼠额叶皮质神经元数量明显减少,额叶皮质神经元内nNOS的表达明显减弱。宫内缺氧组小鼠逃避潜伏期延长及穿环次数明显减少。以上结果提示宫内缺氧可导致新生鼠额叶皮质神经元数量明显减少及nNOS的表达也明显减弱,并引起成年小鼠学习记忆能力降低。     

急、慢性高原缺氧对成年大鼠空间学习和记忆功能的影响

 目的： 探讨急性和慢性高原缺氧对成年大鼠空间学习和记忆功能的影响。方法： 研究分三部分。实验一：成年雄性SD大鼠分为平原组（A组）和急性高原缺氧组（B组）（n=15）,B组于低压舱模拟海拔7 000 m高原连续暴露72 h后返回平原,24 h后两组同时进行Morris水迷宫定位巡航实验,连续训练3 d,每天4次,记录大鼠寻找平台的时间,第4天撤除平台,进行空间探索实验并记录大鼠穿越平台的次数和在目标象限停留的时间。实验二：成年雄性SD大鼠分为平原组（C组）和慢性高原缺氧组（D组）（n=13）,D组置于低压舱模拟海拔6 000 m高原连续暴露35 d后返回平原,24 h后两组同时进行Morris水迷宫定位巡航实验,连续训练5 d,每天4次,第6天进行空间探索实验。实验三：成年雄性SD大鼠先进行Morris水迷宫定位巡航实验和空间探索实验(方法同实验二）,于空间探索实验后随机分为平原组（E组）和急性高原缺氧组（F组）（n=15）,F组于低压舱模拟海拔7 000 m高原连续暴露72 h后返回平原,2 h后两组再同时进行空间探索实验。结果： B组缺氧暴露后第1天寻找平台的时间较A组显著缩短（P<0.05）,B组穿越平台次数和在目标象限停留时间百分比与A组比较差异无统计学意义。D组寻找平台潜伏期时间、穿越平台次数及在目标象限停留时间的百分比与C组相比,差异均无统计学意义。F组与E组缺氧前的各项指标均无显著差异,缺氧暴露后,F组穿越平台次数和在目标象限停留时间的百分比与E组相比差异无统计学意义。结论： 在本实验观察期内,急、慢性模拟高原缺氧对成年雄性大鼠对空间位置觉和方向觉（空间定位）的学习和记忆能力无显著影响（P>0.05）。急、慢性高原缺氧对工作记忆和空间参考记忆等功能的影响有待进一步研究。     

低频经颅磁刺激对锂-匹罗卡品致痫大鼠痫性发作的影响

目的：探讨低频经颅磁刺激（TMS）对癫痫大鼠痫性发作的影响。方法：对50只大鼠进行TMS,根据不同刺激频率将大鼠随机分为5个组（每组10只）：0Hz组（假刺激组）、0．3Hz组、0．5Hz组、0．8Hz组、1．0Hz组,分组进行低频重复TMS预处理后,制作氯化锂一匹罗卡品癫痫模型,观察各组造模后70min内痼性发作的潜伏期和痫性发作行为表现。结果：0．3Hz组、0．5Hz组、0．8Hz组及1．0Hz组的痫性发作潜伏期[分别为（16．30±3．10）min、（18．60±3．50）min、（16．40±3．60）min和（15．90±4．10）mini,均比0Hz组[（12．80±3．20）mini延长,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,其中0．5Hz组最长;0．5Hz组大鼠出现的痫性行为表现为点头和（或）甩尾、须动和（或）头面抽动、前肢和（或）后肢抽动、全身抽动、窜动的次数均比0．3Hz组、0．8Hz组、1．0Hz组少,整体发作程度轻,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：适量的低频的TMS可延缓癫痫发作潜伏期、减少癫痫发作次数以及减轻癫痫发作程度,具有抗痢作用。     

mGluR7在氯化锂-匹罗卡品反复致癎大鼠海马的表达及作用

目的:通过氯化锂-匹罗卡品反复致癎大鼠模型,探讨代谢型谷氨酸受体7(mGluR7)在癫癎发作过程中的作用。方法:大鼠分为正常对照组和模型组,用氯化锂-匹罗卡品制作癫癎模型,将模型组中致癎成功鼠分为反复刺激组和静止期组,致癎不成功作为不成功组。制作冰冻切片用免疫组化法检测4组大鼠海马CA1、CA3区及齿状回mGluR7光密度值。结果:与正常对照组相比,静止期组大鼠海马各区表达均减弱,以齿状回差别最明显,反复刺激组各区表达均明显增强,不成功组无明显改变。结论:mGluR7表达上调提示癫癎多次发作可能增强了其对谷氨酸释放的负反馈调节和摄取作用; mGluR7在静止期表达下调提示其可能有助于慢性期癫癎环路的形成。     

Neuropeptide-Y immunoreactivity in the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy

 Neuropeptide-Y (NPY) is expressed by granule cells and mossy fibres of the hippocampal dentate gyrus during experimental temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). This expression may represent an endogenous damping mechanism since NPY has been shown to block seizure-like events following high-frequency stimulation in hippocampal slices. The pilocarpine (PILO) model of epilepsy is characterized by an acute period of status epilepticus followed by spontaneous recurrent seizures and related brain damage. We report peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunostaining for NPY in several brain regions in this model. PILO-injected animals exhibited NPY immunoreactivity in the region of the mossy fibre terminals, in the dentate gyrus inner molecular layer and, in a few cases, within presumed granule cells. NPY immunoreactivity was also dramatically changed in the entorhinal cortex, amygdala and sensorimotor areas. In addition, PILO injected animals exhibited a reduction in the number of NPY-immunoreactive interneurons compared with controls. The results demonstrate that changes in NPY expression, including expression in the granule cells and mossy fibres and the loss of vulnerable NPY neurons, are present in the PILO model of TLE. However, the significance of this changed synthesis of NPY remains to be determined. Received: 19 August 1996 / Accepted: 21 March 1997     

Estrogen effects on pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy in rats

Objetive

To evaluate the effects of conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) on the pilocarpine-induced epilepsy in rats.

Study design

40 female rats were divided into: GPC (positive control) presented “status epilepticus” (SE) induced by pilocarpine; GOC (ovariectomized control) only castrated; GNC (negative control) received only saline solution; GPE received pilocarpine, presented SE, castrated and received 50 μg/kg CEE treatment; GPV received pilocarpine, castrated and received propylene glycol (vehicle). The animals were monitored by a video system. At the end of observation, the brains removed for later histologic analysis using Neo-Timm and Nissl methods.

Results

The GPE presented a reduction in number of seizures compared to GPV. The Neo-Timm analysis showed that GPV had greater sprouting of mossy fibers, with a denser band in the area of the dentate gyrus hilum compared to GPE. On Nissl staining, GPE showed evident neuronal loss in the CA3 area. GPV presented loss in CA1 and dentate gyrus.

Conclusion

Estrogen may have a protecting effect on the central nervous system.     

Physical training reverts hippocampal electrophysiological changes in rats submitted to the pilocarpine model of epilepsy

Physical exercise and fitness programs in patients with epilepsy are still a matter of controversy. Effects of physical exercise in animals with epilepsy have been demonstrated. To further investigate the possible mechanisms by which physical activity interferes with epileptogenesis, the present work was aimed to study the effect of aerobic exercise on "in vitro" hippocampal electrophysiological parameters observed in rats submitted to the pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Electrophysiological changes were monitored by extracellular field potentials recorded from CA1 area. Control rats and rats with epilepsy were submitted to an aerobic exercise program. The number of population spikes (PS) and slope of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSP) were analyzed. Trained rats with epilepsy exhibited a reduction in PS when compared with nontrained rats with epilepsy in different concentrations of extracellular potassium or bicuculline. Physical training also enhanced the late phase of LTP in rats with epilepsy. Our results indicate that physical training reduces CA1 hyperresponsiveness and can modify synaptic plasticity in rats submitted to the pilocarpine model of limbic epilepsy.     

人参皂甙Rd对慢性颞叶癫痫大鼠空间学习记忆能力的影响

[ 目的：研究人参皂甙Rd（GsRd）对氯化锂一匹罗卡品点燃慢性白发性颞叶癫痫（TLE）大鼠空间学习记忆能力及海马苔藓纤维发芽（MFS）的干预作用。方法：建立氯化锂一匹罗卡品点燃TLE大鼠模型,将24只造模成功的TLE大鼠随机分为单纯TLE组（生理盐水10ml／kg腹腔注射）12只及加用GSRd干预组12只（GsRd2mg／kg腹腔注射）,另选6只正常大鼠作为正常对照组。采用Morris水迷宫进行行为观察以了解各组大鼠空间学习记忆能力,取脑进行Timms染色作病理学观察以了解海马MFS情况。结果：与正常对照组相比,TLE组大鼠空间学习记忆功能下降,海马齿状回MFS明显增多（P〈0．05）;与TLE组相比,GSRd干预组可显著提高大鼠空间学习记忆能力及减少MFS（P〈0．05）。结论：GSRd可能通过抑制MFS减轻TLE大鼠的认知功能损害,有助于阻断慢性自发性TLE的形成和发展。     

应用水迷宫测试糖尿病大鼠空间记忆能力变化的研究

目的 研究大鼠患糖尿病后,空间记忆能力和空间关联记忆能力受到的影响.方法 将70只SD大鼠（体质量180 g±20 g）随机分成3组,对照组、1型糖尿病组和2型糖尿病组.采用STZ一次性腹腔注射和联合高脂饲料喂养的方法分别制备1型和2型糖尿病大鼠模型,检测血糖水平.在造模成功的1个月和3个月后,分别进行水迷宫实验,包括4 d的定位航行和1 d的空间探索实验.结果 在糖尿病造模成功的1个月后,大鼠没有发生明显的空间记忆能力或空间关联记忆能力障碍.造模3个月后,在定位航行实验中,2组糖尿病大鼠的逃避潜伏期都比对照组时间长,具有统计学差异（P＜0.05）.实验第2天开始,对照组逃避潜伏期的下降趋势明显,而糖尿病组下降缓慢.1型和2型糖尿病组之间的逃避潜伏期没有显著差异（P＞0.05）.造模3个月后,在空间探索实验中,从训练过的Ⅰ象限入水时,2个糖尿病模型组平台象限游泳时间短,第1环点数和总得分等参数低,与对照组的差异都具有显著意义（P＜0.05）,2型糖尿病组的参数值比1型糖尿病组稍低.从未训练的Ⅳ象限入水时,糖尿病模型组的参数值也均低于正常对照组,具有统计学差异（P＜0.05）,且1型糖尿病组的总得分比2型糖尿病组更低一些.结论 1型或2型的糖尿病大鼠会发生空间记忆能力和空间关联记忆能力的下降.本实验中2型糖尿病组的空间记忆能力比1型糖尿病组受到了更明显的影响,而1型糖尿病组的空间关联记忆能力受到的影响比2型糖尿病组更大.     

Reactive oxygen species generated by NADPH oxidase are involved in neurodegeneration in the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) appear to be involved in several neurodegenerative disorders. We tested the hypothesis that oxidative stress could have a role in the hippocampal neurodegeneration observed in temporal lobe epilepsy induced by pilocarpine. We first determined the spatio-temporal pattern of ROS generation, by means of detection with dihydroethidium oxidation, in the CA1 and CA3 areas and the dentate gyrus of the dorsal hippocampus during status epilepticus induced by pilocarpine. Fluoro-Jade B assays were also performed to detect degenerating neurons. ROS generation was increased in CA1, CA3 and the dentate gyrus after pilocarpine-induced seizures, which was accompanied by marked cell death. Treatment of rats with a NADPH oxidase inhibitor (apocynin) for 7 days prior to induction of status epilepticus was effective in decreasing both ROS production (by an average of 20%) and neurodegeneration (by an average of 61%). These results suggest an involvement of ROS generated by NADPH oxidase in neuronal death in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy.     

Acupuncture improved cognitive impairment caused by multi-infarct dementia in rats

Recent studies have demonstrated that acupuncture is feasible to treat vascular dementia (VD). The aim of this study was to present behavioral evidence that acupuncture could improve the learning and memory of multi-infarct dementia rats. The pattern of multi-infarct dementia in rats was made by injecting homogeneous emboli into the internal carotid artery. Of them the rats which showed damage in learning and memory (n = 43) were randomly allocated to 3 groups: impaired group (n = 14), acupuncture group (n = 15) and placebo-acupuncture group (n = 14). Moreover, normal group (n = 15) and sham-operated group (n = 15) were set as control groups. The acupuncture group was given acupuncture, which consisted of Tanzhong (CV17), Zhongwan (CV12), Qihai (CV6), Zusanli (ST36) and Xuehai (SP10). Morris water maze test was employed to assess spatial discriminational ability per group respectively and to analyze the curative effects of acupuncture. Compared to the impaired and placebo-acupuncture groups, no cognition impairment was found in the normal and sham-operated groups, and the statistic analysis showed that there were significant differences between normal and impaired groups in ANOVA. Shortened mean escape latency was detected in the acupuncture group compared with the impaired group during the same trial days. Search strategy changed from random pattern adopted by impaired and placebo-acupuncture rats to tendency or linear pattern popular in normal group. The present results suggested that the acupuncture exerted a protective effect on cognitive impairment caused by cerebral multi-infarction in rats, and acupuncture has a specificity of cure. Acupuncture as a potential clinic method in treating VD should be developed and investigated in the future.     

灵芝孢子油与深海鱼油联合应用对小鼠学习记忆及海马神经元表达NOS的影响

目的探讨灵芝孢子油与深海鱼油联合应用对小鼠学习记忆及海马神经元表达NOS的影响。方法将受孕小鼠随机分为4组,自受孕第1天起分别胃饲生理盐水、灵芝孢子油、深海鱼油和灵芝孢子油加深海鱼油。在母鼠分娩21d后改为胃饲其幼鼠,然后将出生后45d的幼鼠处死。处死前进行Morris水迷宫行为学测试,处死后应用酶组织化学法检测海马神经元NOS的表达。结果在Morris水迷宫检测中,灵芝孢子油组、深海鱼油组和灵芝孢子油加深海鱼油组小鼠的逃逸潜伏期明显缩短。灵芝孢子油组和灵芝孢子油加深海鱼油组的小鼠平台象限游泳距离有增加。灵芝孢子油加深海鱼油组的小鼠大脑海马NOS阳性神经元与其它组的小鼠比较有显著性增加。结论灵芝孢子油和深海鱼油联合应用能够促进小鼠学习记忆能力及其大脑海马神经元表达NOS。